网页webpage新闻journalism贴吧post Bar知道be aware of网盘network disk图片picture视频video地图map文库资讯采购purchase百科encyclopedia 百度首页Baidu homepage 个人中心personal Center 中华人民共和国宪法 Constitution of the People's Republic of China 播报broadcast 编辑 compile 上传视频 upload videos 中华人民共和国的根本大法Fundamental Law of the People's Republic of China 展开unfold6个同名词条A term of the same name. 秒懂TASeconds to understand TA 《宪法》法律亮点和案例全面解读A Comprehensive Interpretation of the Legal Highlights and Cases of the Constitution 05:57 法律亮点 根据宪法，公民具有哪些权利与义务？What rights and obligations do citizens have under the Constitution? 03:38 案例分析case analysis 生命无价！宪法如何消除不平等赔偿规定？Life is priceless! How does the Constitution eliminate unequal compensation provisions? 03:01 案例分析case analysis 生命无价！宪法如何消除不平等赔偿规定？Life is priceless! How does the Constitution eliminate unequal compensation provisions? 03:01 法律冷知识 劳动是义务吗？休息是权利吗？快来来看看宪法中的这些冷知识Is labor compulsory? Is rest a right? Let's take a look at this cold knowledge in the Constitution. 02:51 最新修订latest revised 最新的宪法修正案涉及哪些内容？What are the latest constitutional amendments? 02:47 最新修订latest revised 最新的宪法修正案涉及哪些内容？What are the latest constitutional amendments? 02:47 查看全部see all 收藏 7641 5450 本词条由This entry is made by中共党史出版社和党建读物出版社Communist Party History Publishing House and Party Building Books Publishing House提供内容provide content。 《中华人民共和国宪法》是中华人民共和国的根本大法，The Constitution of the People's Republic of China is the fundamental law of the People's Republic of China.规定stipulate拥有最高法律效力。中华人民共和国成立后，曾于1954年9月20日、1975年1月17日、1978年3月5日和1982年12月4日通过四个宪法，现行宪法为1982年宪法，并历经1988年、1993年、1999年、2004年、2018年五次修正。 Has the highest legal authority. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, four constitutions were adopted on September 20, 1954, January 17, 1975, March 5, 1978 and December 4, 1982. The current constitution is the Constitution of 1982 and has been amended five times in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004 and 2018. [13] 中文名 中华人民共和国宪法Constitution of the People's Republic of China 制定时间make a timetable 1954年 现行宪法current constitution 八二宪法82 Constitution 目录 catalogue 1修订历史revision history ▪共同纲领Common Programme ▪五四宪法May Fourth Constitution ▪七五宪法seventh five-year Constitution ▪七八宪法78 Constitution ▪八二宪法82 Constitution 2审议历程Review history 3宪法内容constitutional content 4宪法意义constitutional significance ▪宪法修改方式Constitutional amendment method ▪宪法修改机关constitutional amendment organ ▪宪法修改程序Constitutional amendment procedure ▪宪法解释权the Constitution ▪宪法的地位 ▪宪法作用constitutional role 修订历史 revision history 播报broadcast 编辑compile 中华人民共和国People's Republic of China成立前夕召开的中国China on the eve of its founding人民people政治协商会议的第一届全体会议通过的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》于1949年9月29日颁布，具有临时宪法constitution的作用。随后起草制定的中华人民共和国宪法历经四部，均以相应的年号作为区别。一般默认的宪法为最新版本，即八二宪法的2018年修正版。[1] 共同纲领 Common Programme 1949年9月29日，On September 29, 9,中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议First Plenary Session of China People's Political Consultative Conference选举了中央人民政府委员会，宣告了中华人民共和国People's Republic of China的成立，并且通过了起临时宪法作用的《It was established and adopted as a provisional constitution.中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》。1949年颁布的《中国人民政治协商会议共同纲领》，虽不是真正意义上的宪法，却为宪法的订立奠定了基础。 》。The Common Program of China People's Political Consultative Conference promulgated in 1949 laid the foundation for the constitution although it was not a constitution in the true sense. 五四宪法 第一部《中华人民共和国宪法》于1954年9月20日在第一届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上通过，共4章106条。被称为 The first Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted at the First Session of the First National People's Congress on September 20, 1954, with 106 articles in 4 chapters. be called 五四宪法。五四宪法是一部较为完善的宪法。。The May 4th Constitution is a relatively perfect constitution.[2]这是中华人民共和国的第一部宪法，是在对建国前夕由全国政协制定的起临时宪法作用的《 This is the first constitution of the People's Republic of China and plays the role of provisional constitution formulated by the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China. 共同纲领Common Programme》进行修改的基础上制定的。based on changes made. 七五宪法 是一部有严重缺点、错误的宪法（可参阅文化大革命Cultural Revolution）。第二部《中华人民共和国宪法》于1975年1月17日在第四届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上通过，共30条，被称为 ）。The second part of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China was adopted at the first session of the Fourth National People's Congress on January 17, 1975. There are 30 articles in total, which are called 七五宪法seventh five-year Constitution。[3]当时仍处于was still in the middle of文化大革命时期，所以带有比较浓重的period, so with a stronger文革the Cultural Revolution色彩。Color. 七八宪法 第三部《中华人民共和国宪法》于1978年3月5日在第五届全国人民代表大会第一次会议上通过，共4章60条。被称为 The third part, the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, was adopted at the First Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on March 5, 1978, with a total of 4 chapters and 60 articles. be called 七八宪法78 Constitution。[4] 八二宪法 82 Constitution 我国当前现行宪法。 1982年12月4日，中华人民共和国第四部宪法在第五届全国人大第五次会议上正式通过并颁布。 On December 4, 1982, the Fourth Constitution of the People's Republic of China was formally adopted and promulgated at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress. [5]并根据1988年4月12日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China》[6]、1993年3月29日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》 Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 29, 1993 [7]、1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》 Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999 [8]、2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》进行了修正、 The Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March 14, 2004 was amended. [9]2018年3月11日第十三届全国人大一次会议第三次全体会议经投票表决通过了《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》。 On March 11, 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the First Session of the 13th National People's Congress voted to pass the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. [1] 审议历程 Review history 播报broadcast 编辑compile 1982年12月4日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过。1982年12月4日全国人民代表大会公告公布施行 Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982. Promulgated by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 根据1988年4月12日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1993年3月29日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》和2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》修正。 According to the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 12, 1988, the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the First Session of the Eighth National People's Congress on March 29, 1993, Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Ninth National People's Congress on March 15, 1999 and Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China adopted at the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress on March 14, 2004. 中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第二次全体会议，于2018年1月18日至19日在北京举行，全会审议通过了《中共中央关于修改宪法部分内容的建议》。2018年3月11日第十三届全国人大一次会议第三次全体会议经投票表决通过了《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》。 The second plenary session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held in Beijing from January 18 to 19, 2018. The plenary session deliberated and adopted the Proposal of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Amending Part of the Constitution. On March 11, 2018, the Third Plenary Session of the First Session of the 13th National People's Congress voted to pass the Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China. [10-11] 宪法内容 constitutional content 播报broadcast 编辑compile （1982年12月4日第五届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过　1982年12月4日全国人民代表大会公告公布施行 (Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 Promulgated by the National People's Congress on December 4, 1982 根据1988年4月12日第七届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1993年3月29日第八届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、1999年3月15日第九届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》、2004年3月14日第十届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》和2018年3月11日第十三届全国人民代表大会第一次会议通过的《中华人民共和国宪法修正案》修正）[12] 序言preface 中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。 China is one of the oldest countries in the world. The people of all ethnic groups in China have jointly created a splendid culture with a glorious revolutionary tradition. 一八四〇年以后，封建的中国逐渐变成After 1840, feudal China gradually became半殖民地、半封建semi-feudal的国家。中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。 country. The people of China waged successive heroic struggles for national independence, national liberation, democracy and freedom. 二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。In the 20th century, China underwent earth-shaking great historical changes. 一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命Xinhai revolution，废除了封建帝制，创立了Abolished the feudal monarchy, created中华民国Republic of China。但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。 一九四九年，以In 1949,毛泽东Mao Zedong主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和 led the people of all nationalities in China through protracted and tortuous armed struggles and struggles in other forms and finally overthrew imperialism, feudalism and 官僚资本主义bureaucratic capitalism的统治，取得了The rule was achieved.新民主主义革命new Democratic revolution的伟大胜利，建立了Great victory, established中华人民共和国。从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权力，成为国家的主人。。Since then, the people of China have grasped the power of the state and become the masters of the country. 中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。工人阶级working class领导的、以led by,工农联盟worker-peasant Alliance为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。 The people's democratic dictatorship based on the rule of law, essentially the dictatorship of the proletariat, has been consolidated and developed. The China people and the China People's Liberation Army have defeated imperialist and hegemonist aggression, sabotage and armed provocation, safeguarded national independence and security and strengthened national defense. Major achievements have been made in economic construction, an independent and relatively complete socialist industrial system has basically taken shape, and agricultural production has increased significantly. Great progress has been made in education, science, culture and other undertakings, and remarkable results have been achieved in socialist ideological education. the livelihood of the broad masses of people has been greatly improved. 中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。我国将长期处于社会主义初级阶段。国家的根本任务是，沿着中国特色社会主义道路，集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观、习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义市场经济，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法治，贯彻新发展理念，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，推动物质文明、政治文明、精神文明、社会文明、生态文明协调发展，把我国建设成为富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国，实现中华民族伟大复兴。 The victory of China's new-democratic revolution and the achievements of its socialist cause have been achieved by the people of all ethnic groups in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought, upholding truth, correcting mistakes and overcoming numerous difficulties and obstacles. China will remain in the primary stage of socialism for a long time. The fundamental task of the state is to concentrate on socialist modernization along the road of socialism with China characteristics. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China and under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory, the important thought of "Three Represents," the Scientific Outlook on Development and Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with China Characteristics for a New Era, the people of all ethnic groups in China will continue to adhere to the people's democratic dictatorship, adhere to the socialist road, persist in reform and opening up, constantly improve socialist systems, develop the socialist market economy, develop socialist democracy and improve the socialist rule of law. We will implement the new concept of development, rely on ourselves and work hard to gradually modernize industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology, promote the coordinated development of material civilization, political civilization, spiritual civilization, social civilization and ecological civilization, build China into a prosperous, democratic, civilized, harmonious and beautiful socialist modern power, and realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 在我国，剥削阶级作为阶级已经消灭，但是阶级斗争还将在一定范围内长期存在。中国人民对敌视和破坏我国社会主义制度的国内外的敌对势力和敌对分子，必须进行斗争。 In our country the exploiting class has been eliminated as a class, but class struggle will continue to exist within certain limits for a long time. The people of China must wage struggle against hostile forces and elements at home and abroad who are hostile to and undermine our socialist system. 台湾是中华人民共和国的神圣领土的一部分。完成统一祖国的大业是包括台湾同胞在内的全中国人民的神圣职责。 社会主义的建设事业必须依靠工人、农民和知识分子，团结一切可以团结的力量。在长期的革命、建设、改革过程中，已经结成由中国共产党领导的，有各民主党派和各人民团体参加的，包括全体社会主义劳动者、社会主义事业的建设者、拥护社会主义的爱国者、拥护祖国统一和致力于中华民族伟大复兴的爱国者的广泛的爱国统一战线，这个统一战线将继续巩固和发展。中国人民政治协商会议是有广泛代表性的统一战线组织，过去发挥了重要的历史作用，今后在国家政治生活、社会生活和对外友好活动中，在进行社会主义现代化建设、维护国家的统一和团结的斗争中，将进一步发挥它的重要作用。中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展。 中华人民共和国是全国各族人民共同缔造的统一的多民族国家。平等团结互助和谐的社会主义民族关系已经确立，并将继续加强。在维护民族团结的斗争中，要反对大民族主义，主要是大汉族主义，也要反对地方民族主义。国家尽一切努力，促进全国各民族的共同繁荣。 The People's Republic of China is a unified multi-ethnic state jointly founded by the people of all ethnic groups in China. Socialist ethnic relations based on equality, solidarity and mutual assistance have been established and will continue to be strengthened. In the struggle to safeguard national unity, we must combat big nationalism, mainly han chauvinism, as well as local nationalism. The state makes every effort to promote the common prosperity of all ethnic groups in the country. 中国革命、建设、改革的成就是同世界人民的支持分不开的。中国的前途是同世界的前途紧密地联系在一起的。中国坚持独立自主的对外政策，坚持互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处的五项原则，坚持和平发展道路，坚持互利共赢开放战略，发展同各国的外交关系和经济、文化交流，推动构建人类命运共同体；坚持反对帝国主义、霸权主义、殖民主义，加强同世界各国人民的团结，支持被压迫民族和发展中国家争取和维护民族独立、发展民族经济的正义斗争，为维护世界和平和促进人类进步事业而努力。 China's achievements in revolution, construction and reform are inseparable from the support of the people of the world. The future of China is closely linked to the future of the world. China adheres to an independent foreign policy, adheres to the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, mutual non-aggression, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence, adheres to the path of peaceful development, adheres to the strategy of mutual benefit and win-win opening up, develops diplomatic relations and economic and cultural exchanges with other countries, and promotes the construction of a community of human destiny. We should persist in opposing imperialism, hegemonism and colonialism, strengthen unity with the people of all countries in the world, support the oppressed nations and developing countries in their just struggle to win and safeguard national independence and develop their national economies, and work hard to safeguard world peace and promote the cause of human progress. 本宪法以法律的形式确认了中国各族人民奋斗的成果，规定了国家的根本制度和根本任务，是国家的根本法，具有最高的法律效力。全国各族人民、一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织，都必须以宪法为根本的活动准则，并且负有维护宪法尊严、保证宪法实施的职责。 This Constitution affirms in the form of law the achievements of the struggle of the people of all ethnic groups in China, stipulates the fundamental system and tasks of the state, is the fundamental law of the state and has the highest legal effect. The people of all nationalities, all state organs and armed forces, all political parties and public organizations, and all enterprises and institutions throughout the country must take the Constitution as the fundamental criterion for their activities and have the duty to safeguard the dignity of the Constitution and ensure its implementation. 第一章　总纲Chapter I General Program 第一条　中华人民共和国是工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政的社会主义国家。 Article 1 The People's Republic of China is a socialist state under the people's democratic dictatorship led by the working class and based on the alliance of workers and peasants. 社会主义制度是中华人民共和国的根本制度。中国共产党领导是中国特色社会主义最本质的特征。禁止任何组织或者个人破坏社会主义制度。 Socialism is the fundamental system of the People's Republic of China. The leadership of the Communist Party of China is the most essential feature of socialism with China characteristics. Destruction of the socialist system by any organization or individual is prohibited. 第二条　中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民。Article 2 All power in the People's Republic of China belongs to the people. 人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。The organs through which the people exercise state power are the National People's Congress and the local people's congresses at various levels. 人民依照法律规定，通过各种途径和形式，管理国家事务，管理经济和文化事业，管理社会事务。 The people administer state affairs, economic and cultural undertakings and social affairs through various channels and in various forms in accordance with the law. 第三条　中华人民共和国的国家机构实行民主集中制的原则。Article 3 The state organs of the People's Republic of China shall practise the principle of democratic centralism. 全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。 国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，对它负责，受它监督。 The administrative, supervisory, judicial and procuratorial organs of the state are all created by the people's congresses and are responsible to them and subject to their supervision. 中央和地方的国家机构职权的划分，遵循在中央的统一领导下，充分发挥地方的主动性、积极性的原则。 第四条　中华人民共和国各民族一律平等。国家保障各少数民族的合法的权利和利益，维护和发展各民族的平等团结互助和谐关系。禁止对任何民族的歧视和压迫，禁止破坏民族团结和制造民族分裂的行为。 Article 4 All nationalities in the People's Republic of China are equal. The state safeguards the lawful rights and interests of all ethnic minorities and upholds and develops harmonious relations of equality, unity and mutual assistance among all ethnic groups. Discrimination against and oppression of any ethnic group are prohibited, as are acts undermining ethnic unity and creating ethnic divisions. 国家根据各少数民族的特点和需要，帮助各少数民族地区加速经济和文化的发展。 The state helps ethnic minority areas accelerate their economic and cultural development in accordance with the characteristics and needs of the ethnic minorities. 各少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，设立自治机关，行使自治权。各民族自治地方都是中华人民共和国不可分离的部分。 Regional autonomy shall be exercised in areas where minority nationalities live in compact communities, and organs of self-government shall be established to exercise the right of autonomy. All ethnic autonomous areas are inseparable parts of the People's Republic of China. 各民族都有使用和发展自己的语言文字的自由，都有保持或者改革自己的风俗习惯的自由。 All nationalities have the freedom to use and develop their own spoken and written languages and to maintain or reform their own customs and habits. 第五条　中华人民共和国实行依法治国，建设社会主义法治国家。Article 5 The People's Republic of China administers the country according to law and builds a socialist country ruled by law. 国家维护社会主义法制的统一和尊严。 一切法律、行政法规和地方性法规都不得同宪法相抵触。No law, administrative regulation or local decree may contravene the Constitution. 一切国家机关和武装力量、各政党和各社会团体、各企业事业组织都必须遵守宪法和法律。一切违反宪法和法律的行为，必须予以追究。 All state organs, armed forces, political parties, public organizations, enterprises and institutions must abide by the Constitution and the law. All acts in violation of the Constitution and the law must be investigated. 任何组织或者个人都不得有超越宪法和法律的特权。No organization or individual shall have the privilege of exceeding the Constitution and the law. 第六条　中华人民共和国的社会主义经济制度的基础是生产资料的社会主义公有制，即全民所有制和劳动群众集体所有制。社会主义公有制消灭人剥削人的制度，实行各尽所能、按劳分配的原则。 Article 6 The basis of the socialist economic system of the People's Republic of China is socialist public ownership of the means of production, that is, ownership by the whole people and collective ownership by the working masses. Socialist public ownership eliminates the exploitation of man by man and applies the principle of each according to his ability and to each according to his work. 国家在社会主义初级阶段，坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，坚持按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。 In the primary stage of socialism, the state adheres to the basic economic system in which public ownership is the mainstay and diverse forms of ownership develop side by side, and to the distribution system in which distribution according to work is the mainstay and diverse forms of distribution coexist. 第七条　国有经济，即社会主义全民所有制经济，是国民经济中的主导力量。国家保障国有经济的巩固和发展。 Article 7 The state-owned economy, that is, the socialist economy under ownership by the whole people, is the leading force in the national economy. The state guarantees the consolidation and development of the state-owned economy. 第八条　农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。农村中的生产、供销、信用、消费等各种形式的合作经济，是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。参加农村集体经济组织的劳动者，有权在法律规定的范围内经营自留地、自留山、家庭副业和饲养自留畜。 Article 8 Rural collective economic organizations shall practice a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified management with decentralized management. The rural cooperative economy in various forms, such as production, supply and marketing, credit and consumption, is an economy under collective ownership by the socialist working masses. Working people who are members of rural collective economic organizations have the right, within the limits prescribed by law, to operate plots of land and hills reserved for private use, household sideline production and the raising of privately owned livestock. 城镇中的手工业、工业、建筑业、运输业、商业、服务业等行业的各种形式的合作经济，都是社会主义劳动群众集体所有制经济。 国家保护城乡集体经济组织的合法的权利和利益，鼓励、指导和帮助集体经济的发展。 The state protects the lawful rights and interests of urban and rural collective economic organizations and encourages, guides and assists the development of the collective economy. 第九条　矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，都属于国家所有，即全民所有；由法律规定属于集体所有的森林和山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂除外。 Article 9. Mineral resources, streams, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, that is, by the whole people, with the exception of forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches that are collectively owned by law. 国家保障自然资源的合理利用，保护珍贵的动物和植物。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏自然资源。 The state ensures the rational utilization of natural resources and protects precious animals and plants. Appropriation or destruction of natural resources by any organization or individual by any means is prohibited. 第十条　城市的土地属于国家所有。 农村和城市郊区的土地，除由法律规定属于国家所有的以外，属于集体所有；宅基地和自留地、自留山，也属于集体所有。 Land in rural areas and suburban areas is owned collectively, except for that which is owned by the state as prescribed by law; homestead and private plots of land and hills are also owned collectively. 国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律规定对土地实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。 任何组织或者个人不得侵占、买卖或者以其他形式非法转让土地。土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让。 No organization or individual may appropriate, buy, sell or otherwise illegally transfer land. The right to the use of land may be transferred in accordance with the provisions of law. 一切使用土地的组织和个人必须合理地利用土地。All organizations and individuals that use land must make rational use of it. 第十一条　在法律规定范围内的个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济，是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分。 Article 11 The individual economy, the private economy and other non-public economies within the limits prescribed by law are important components of the socialist market economy. 国家保护个体经济、私营经济等非公有制经济的合法的权利和利益。国家鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展，并对非公有制经济依法实行监督和管理。 第十二条　社会主义的公共财产神圣不可侵犯。Socialist public property is sacred and inviolable. 国家保护社会主义的公共财产。禁止任何组织或者个人用任何手段侵占或者破坏国家的和集体的财产。 The state protects socialist public property. Appropriation or destruction of state or collective property by any organization or individual by any means is prohibited. 第十三条　公民的合法的私有财产不受侵犯。Article 13 Citizens 'lawful private property shall be inviolable. 国家依照法律规定保护公民的私有财产权和继承权。The state protects citizens 'rights to private property and inheritance in accordance with the law. 国家为了公共利益的需要，可以依照法律规定对公民的私有财产实行征收或者征用并给予补偿。 The state may expropriate or expropriate citizens 'private property and compensate for it in accordance with the law when necessary for the public interest. 第十四条　国家通过提高劳动者的积极性和技术水平，推广先进的科学技术，完善经济管理体制和企业经营管理制度，实行各种形式的社会主义责任制，改进劳动组织，以不断提高劳动生产率和经济效益，发展社会生产力。 Article 14. The state constantly raises labour productivity and economic efficiency and develops the productive forces by enhancing the enthusiasm and technical level of the working people, popularizing advanced science and technology, perfecting the economic management system and enterprise management system, practicing various forms of the socialist responsibility system and improving the organization of labour. 国家厉行节约，反对浪费。The state practices strict economy and combats waste. 国家合理安排积累和消费，兼顾国家、集体和个人的利益，在发展生产的基础上，逐步改善人民的物质生活和文化生活。 国家建立健全同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障制度。The state establishes and improves a social protection system commensurate with the level of economic development. 第十五条　国家实行社会主义市场经济。 国家加强经济立法，完善宏观调控。The state strengthens economic legislation and improves macro-control. 国家依法禁止任何组织或者个人扰乱社会经济秩序。The state prohibits, in accordance with law, any organization or individual from disrupting social and economic order. 第十六条　国有企业在法律规定的范围内有权自主经营。Article 16 State-owned enterprises shall have the right to operate independently within the limits prescribed by law. 国有企业依照法律规定，通过职工代表大会和其他形式，实行民主管理。State-owned enterprises practise democratic management through staff and workers 'congresses and other forms in accordance with the law. 第十七条　集体经济组织在遵守有关法律的前提下，有独立进行经济活动的自主权。 Article 17 Collective economic organizations shall have the autonomy to conduct their economic activities independently, provided that they abide by relevant laws. 集体经济组织实行民主管理，依照法律规定选举和罢免管理人员，决定经营管理的重大问题。 Collective economic organizations practise democratic management, elect and remove their managerial personnel and decide on major issues of operation and management in accordance with the law. 第十八条　中华人民共和国允许外国的企业和其他经济组织或者个人依照中华人民共和国法律的规定在中国投资，同中国的企业或者其他经济组织进行各种形式的经济合作。 Article 18 The People's Republic of China permits foreign enterprises, other economic organizations or individuals to invest in China and to carry out various forms of economic cooperation with China enterprises or other economic organizations in accordance with the provisions of the laws of the People's Republic of China. 在中国境内的外国企业和其他外国经济组织以及中外合资经营的企业，都必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。它们的合法的权利和利益受中华人民共和国法律的保护。 Foreign enterprises and other foreign economic organizations as well as Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures in China must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China. Their lawful rights and interests are protected by the laws of the People's Republic of China. 第十九条　国家发展社会主义的教育事业，提高全国人民的科学文化水平。Article 19 The state develops socialist education and raises the scientific and cultural level of the people throughout the country. 国家举办各种学校，普及初等义务教育，发展中等教育、职业教育和高等教育，并且发展学前教育。 The state runs schools of all kinds, universalizes compulsory primary education, develops secondary, vocational and higher education, and develops preschool education. 国家发展各种教育设施，扫除文盲，对工人、农民、国家工作人员和其他劳动者进行政治、文化、科学、技术、业务的教育，鼓励自学成才。 国家鼓励集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和其他社会力量依照法律规定举办各种教育事业。 The state encourages collective economic organizations, state enterprises and institutions and other social forces to organize educational undertakings of all kinds in accordance with the law. 国家推广全国通用的普通话。 第二十条　国家发展自然科学和社会科学事业，普及科学和技术知识，奖励科学研究成果和技术发明创造。 第二十一条　国家发展医疗卫生事业，发展现代医药和我国传统医药，鼓励和支持农村集体经济组织、国家企业事业组织和街道组织举办各种医疗卫生设施，开展群众性的卫生活动，保护人民健康。 Article 21 The State develops medical and public health undertakings, develops modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, encourages and supports rural collective economic organizations, State enterprises and institutions and neighbourhood organizations in setting up medical and public health facilities and in carrying out public health activities of a mass character, so as to protect the health of the people. 国家发展体育事业，开展群众性的体育活动，增强人民体质。The state develops physical culture and sports, conducts mass sports activities and strengthens the people's health. 第二十二条　国家发展为人民服务、为社会主义服务的文学艺术事业、新闻广播电视事业、出版发行事业、图书馆博物馆文化馆和其他文化事业，开展群众性的文化活动。 Article 22 The State develops literature and art, the press, radio and television, publishing and distribution, libraries, museums, cultural centres and other cultural undertakings that serve the people and socialism, and promotes mass cultural activities. 国家保护名胜古迹、珍贵文物和其他重要历史文化遗产。The state protects historical sites, precious cultural relics and other important historical and cultural heritages. 第二十三条　国家培养为社会主义服务的各种专业人才，扩大知识分子的队伍，创造条件，充分发挥他们在社会主义现代化建设中的作用。 Article 23. The state trains qualified professionals of all kinds to serve socialism, expands the ranks of intellectuals and creates conditions for them to play their full role in socialist modernization. 第二十四条　国家通过普及理想教育、道德教育、文化教育、纪律和法制教育，通过在城乡不同范围的群众中制定和执行各种守则、公约，加强社会主义精神文明的建设。 Article 24 The state strengthens the construction of socialist spiritual civilization by popularizing ideal education, moral education, cultural education, discipline and legal education, and by formulating and implementing various codes and conventions among people in different urban and rural areas. 国家倡导社会主义核心价值观，提倡爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义的公德，在人民中进行爱国主义、集体主义和国际主义、共产主义的教育，进行辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的教育，反对资本主义的、封建主义的和其他的腐朽思想。 The state advocates socialist core values, advocates public ethics of love for the motherland, the people, labour, science and socialism, educates the people in patriotism, collectivism, internationalism and communism, conducts education in dialectical materialism and historical materialism, and opposes capitalist, feudal and other decadent ideas. 第二十五条　国家推行计划生育，使人口的增长同经济和社会发展计划相适应。Article 25 The State promotes family planning so that population growth can keep pace with the plans for economic and social development. 第二十六条　国家保护和改善生活环境和生态环境，防治污染和其他公害。Article 26 The State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and controls pollution and other public hazards. 国家组织和鼓励植树造林，保护林木。The state organizes and encourages afforestation and protects trees. 第二十七条　一切国家机关实行精简的原则，实行工作责任制，实行工作人员的培训和考核制度，不断提高工作质量和工作效率，反对官僚主义。 一切国家机关和国家工作人员必须依靠人民的支持，经常保持同人民的密切联系，倾听人民的意见和建议，接受人民的监督，努力为人民服务。 国家工作人员就职时应当依照法律规定公开进行宪法宣誓。State functionaries shall, when assuming office, publicly take the constitutional oath in accordance with the law. 第二十八条　国家维护社会秩序，镇压叛国和其他危害国家安全的犯罪活动，制裁危害社会治安、破坏社会主义经济和其他犯罪的活动，惩办和改造犯罪分子。 第二十九条　中华人民共和国的武装力量属于人民。它的任务是巩固国防，抵抗侵略，保卫祖国，保卫人民的和平劳动，参加国家建设事业，努力为人民服务。 Article 29 The armed forces of the People's Republic of China belong to the people. Its tasks are to consolidate national defence, resist aggression, defend the motherland, defend the people's peaceful labour, take part in national construction and strive to serve the people. 国家加强武装力量的革命化、现代化、正规化的建设，增强国防力量。The state strengthens the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the armed forces and strengthens the national defense forces. 第三十条　中华人民共和国的行政区域划分如下：Article 30 The administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China are as follows: （一）全国分为省、自治区、直辖市；(1) The whole country is divided into provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; （二）省、自治区分为自治州、县、自治县、市；(2) Provinces and autonomous regions are divided into autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; （三）县、自治县分为乡、民族乡、镇。 直辖市和较大的市分为区、县。自治州分为县、自治县、市。 自治区、自治州、自治县都是民族自治地方。Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties are all ethnic autonomous areas. 第三十一条　国家在必要时得设立特别行政区。在特别行政区内实行的制度按照具体情况由全国人民代表大会以法律规定。 Article 31 The state may establish special administrative regions when necessary. The systems to be practised in special administrative regions shall be prescribed by law enacted by the National People's Congress in the light of the specific circumstances. 第三十二条　中华人民共和国保护在中国境内的外国人的合法权利和利益，在中国境内的外国人必须遵守中华人民共和国的法律。 Article 32. The People's Republic of China protects the lawful rights and interests of aliens in China. Aliens in China must abide by the laws of the People's Republic of China. 中华人民共和国对于因为政治原因要求避难的外国人，可以给予受庇护的权利。The People's Republic of China may grant asylum to aliens who request asylum for political reasons. 第二章　公民的基本权利和义务Chapter II Fundamental Rights and Duties of Citizens 第三十三条　凡具有中华人民共和国国籍的人都是中华人民共和国公民。Article 33 All persons holding the nationality of the People's Republic of China are citizens of the People's Republic of China. 中华人民共和国公民在法律面前一律平等。All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal before the law. 国家尊重和保障人权。The State respects and guarantees human rights. 任何公民享有宪法和法律规定的权利，同时必须履行宪法和法律规定的义务。Every citizen enjoys the rights prescribed by the Constitution and the law, and at the same time must fulfill the obligations prescribed by the Constitution and the law. 第三十四条　中华人民共和国年满十八周岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权；但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人除外。 Article 34 All citizens of the People's Republic of China who have reached the age of 18 have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of nationality, race, sex, occupation, family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except persons deprived of political rights in accordance with law. 第三十五条　中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威的自由。 第三十六条　中华人民共和国公民有宗教信仰自由。 任何国家机关、社会团体和个人不得强制公民信仰宗教或者不信仰宗教，不得歧视信仰宗教的公民和不信仰宗教的公民。 No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in any religion or not to believe in any religion, nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in any religion or not. 国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。 The State protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, harm the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. 宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配。Religious organizations and religious affairs are not subject to foreign domination. 第三十七条　中华人民共和国公民的人身自由不受侵犯。Article 37 The freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. 任何公民，非经人民检察院批准或者决定或者人民法院决定，并由公安机关执行，不受逮捕。 禁止非法拘禁和以其他方法非法剥夺或者限制公民的人身自由，禁止非法搜查公民的身体。 Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens 'personal freedom by other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of citizens' bodies is prohibited. 第三十八条　中华人民共和国公民的人格尊严不受侵犯。禁止用任何方法对公民进行侮辱、诽谤和诬告陷害。 Article 38 The personal dignity of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable. Insult, slander or false accusation against citizens by any means is prohibited. 第三十九条　中华人民共和国公民的住宅不受侵犯。禁止非法搜查或者非法侵入公民的住宅。 Article 39 The homes of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable. Unlawful search of or intrusion into citizens 'homes is prohibited. 第四十条　中华人民共和国公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护。除因国家安全或者追查刑事犯罪的需要，由公安机关或者检察机关依照法律规定的程序对通信进行检查外，任何组织或者个人不得以任何理由侵犯公民的通信自由和通信秘密。 Article 40 The freedom and privacy of correspondence of citizens of the People's Republic of China are protected by law. No organization or individual may, on any grounds, infringe upon citizens 'freedom and privacy of correspondence, except when the examination of correspondence is carried out by public security or procuratorial organs in accordance with procedures prescribed by law to meet the needs of State security or the investigation of criminal offences. 第四十一条　中华人民共和国公民对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员，有提出批评和建议的权利；对于任何国家机关和国家工作人员的违法失职行为，有向有关国家机关提出申诉、控告或者检举的权利，但是不得捏造或者歪曲事实进行诬告陷害。 Article 41 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to criticize and make suggestions concerning any state organ or functionary; they have the right to lodge complaints or charges against or expose to the relevant state organs any illegal or dereliction of duty committed by any state organ or functionary; however, false accusations or distortions of facts are not allowed. 对于公民的申诉、控告或者检举，有关国家机关必须查清事实，负责处理。任何人不得压制和打击报复。 由于国家机关和国家工作人员侵犯公民权利而受到损失的人，有依照法律规定取得赔偿的权利。 Citizens who have suffered losses as a result of infringement of their rights by state organs or functionaries have the right to compensation in accordance with the law. 第四十二条　中华人民共和国公民有劳动的权利和义务。 国家通过各种途径，创造劳动就业条件，加强劳动保护，改善劳动条件，并在发展生产的基础上，提高劳动报酬和福利待遇。 The state, through various channels, creates conditions for employment, strengthens labour protection, improves working conditions and, on the basis of expanding production, raises remuneration and welfare benefits for labour. 劳动是一切有劳动能力的公民的光荣职责。国有企业和城乡集体经济组织的劳动者都应当以国家主人翁的态度对待自己的劳动。国家提倡社会主义劳动竞赛，奖励劳动模范和先进工作者。国家提倡公民从事义务劳动。 Labour is the honorable duty of all citizens capable of working. Labourers in state-owned enterprises and urban and rural collective economic organizations should treat their labour as masters of the state. The state advocates socialist labour competitions and rewards model workers and advanced workers. The state encourages citizens to engage in voluntary labour. 国家对就业前的公民进行必要的劳动就业训练。The state provides necessary training for citizens before they are employed. 第四十三条　中华人民共和国劳动者有休息的权利。 国家发展劳动者休息和休养的设施，规定职工的工作时间和休假制度。The state develops rest and recuperation facilities for workers and stipulates working hours and vacation systems for employees. 第四十四条　国家依照法律规定实行企业事业组织的职工和国家机关工作人员的退休制度。退休人员的生活受到国家和社会的保障。 Article 44 The State shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, institute a retirement system for employees of enterprises and institutions and functionaries of State organs. Retirees 'livelihood is guaranteed by the state and society. 第四十五条　中华人民共和国公民在年老、疾病或者丧失劳动能力的情况下，有从国家和社会获得物质帮助的权利。国家发展为公民享受这些权利所需要的社会保险、社会救济和医疗卫生事业。 Article 45 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right to material assistance from the state and society in old age, illness or incapacity to work. The State develops social insurance, social relief and medical and health services necessary for citizens to enjoy these rights. 国家和社会保障残废军人的生活，抚恤烈士家属，优待军人家属。 国家和社会帮助安排盲、聋、哑和其他有残疾的公民的劳动、生活和教育。The state and society help arrange for the work, livelihood and education of blind, deaf, mute and other disabled citizens. 第四十六条　中华人民共和国公民有受教育的权利和义务。Article 46 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the right as well as the duty to receive education. 国家培养青年、少年、儿童在品德、智力、体质等方面全面发展。The state cultivates youth, adolescents and children for all-round moral, intellectual and physical development. 第四十七条　中华人民共和国公民有进行科学研究、文学艺术创作和其他文化活动的自由。国家对于从事教育、科学、技术、文学、艺术和其他文化事业的公民的有益于人民的创造性工作，给以鼓励和帮助。 Article 47 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have freedom to engage in scientific research, literary and artistic creation and other cultural activities. The state encourages and assists creative work beneficial to the people by citizens engaged in education, science, technology, literature, art and other cultural undertakings. 第四十八条　中华人民共和国妇女在政治的、经济的、文化的、社会的和家庭的生活等各方面享有同男子平等的权利。 Article 48 Women in the People's Republic of China enjoy equal rights with men in all aspects of political, economic, cultural, social and family life. 国家保护妇女的权利和利益，实行男女同工同酬，培养和选拔妇女干部。The state protects women's rights and interests, practices equal pay for men and women for equal work, and trains and selects women cadres. 第四十九条　婚姻、家庭、母亲和儿童受国家的保护。Article 49 Marriage, family, mother and children shall be protected by the state. 夫妻双方有实行计划生育的义务。Both spouses have the obligation to practice family planning. 父母有抚养教育未成年子女的义务，成年子女有赡养扶助父母的义务。Parents have the duty to bring up and educate their minor children, and adult children have the duty to support and assist their parents. 禁止破坏婚姻自由，禁止虐待老人、妇女和儿童。Destruction of the freedom of marriage and maltreatment of the elderly, women and children are prohibited. 第五十条　中华人民共和国保护华侨的正当的权利和利益，保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益。 Article 50. The People's Republic of China protects the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese and the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives. 第五十一条　中华人民共和国公民在行使自由和权利的时候，不得损害国家的、社会的、集体的利益和其他公民的合法的自由和权利。 Article 51 In exercising their freedoms and rights, citizens of the People's Republic of China may not infringe upon the interests of the state, society or collectives or upon the lawful freedoms and rights of other citizens. 第五十二条　中华人民共和国公民有维护国家统一和全国各民族团结的义务。Article 52 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty to safeguard the unity of the country and the unity of all its nationalities. 第五十三条　中华人民共和国公民必须遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，爱护公共财产，遵守劳动纪律，遵守公共秩序，尊重社会公德。 Article 53 Citizens of the People's Republic of China must abide by the Constitution and the law, keep State secrets, protect public property, observe labour discipline, observe public order and respect social ethics. 第五十四条　中华人民共和国公民有维护祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的义务，不得有危害祖国的安全、荣誉和利益的行为。 Article 54 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the duty to safeguard the security, honour and interests of the motherland and may not commit acts endangering them. 第五十五条　保卫祖国、抵抗侵略是中华人民共和国每一个公民的神圣职责。Article 55 It is the sacred duty of every citizen of the People's Republic of China to defend the motherland and resist aggression. 依照法律服兵役和参加民兵组织是中华人民共和国公民的光荣义务。It is the glorious duty of citizens of the People's Republic of China to perform military service and participate in militia organizations in accordance with the law. 第五十六条　中华人民共和国公民有依照法律纳税的义务。Article 56 Citizens of the People's Republic of China have the obligation to pay taxes in accordance with law. 第三章chapter three　国家机构state institution 第一节　全国人民代表大会Section 1 The National People's Congress 第五十七条　中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会是最高国家权力机关。它的常设机关是全国人民代表大会常务委员会。 第五十八条　全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使国家立法权。 Article 58 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the State. 第五十九条　全国人民代表大会由省、自治区、直辖市、特别行政区和军队选出的代表组成。各少数民族都应当有适当名额的代表。 Article 59 The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected by the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, special administrative regions and the armed forces. All ethnic minorities should be appropriately represented. 全国人民代表大会代表的选举由全国人民代表大会常务委员会主持。The election of deputies to the National People's Congress is presided over by its Standing Committee. 全国人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。 第六十条　全国人民代表大会每届任期五年。Article 60 The term of office of the National People's Congress is five years. 全国人民代表大会任期届满的两个月以前，全国人民代表大会常务委员会必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。如果遇到不能进行选举的非常情况，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会以全体组成人员的三分之二以上的多数通过，可以推迟选举，延长本届全国人民代表大会的任期。在非常情况结束后一年内，必须完成下届全国人民代表大会代表的选举。 Two months before the expiration of the term of office of the National People's Congress, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress must complete the election of deputies to the next National People's Congress. If extraordinary circumstances make it impossible to hold an election, the election may be postponed and the term of office of the current National People's Congress extended by a vote of more than two-thirds of all its members. Within one year after the end of the extraordinary circumstances, the election of deputies to the next National People's Congress must be completed. 第六十一条　全国人民代表大会会议每年举行一次，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会召集。如果全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要，或者有五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，可以临时召集全国人民代表大会会议。 Article 61 The National People's Congress meets once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress may convene an ad hoc session of the National People's Congress if it deems it necessary, or if more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose. 全国人民代表大会举行会议的时候，选举主席团主持会议。When the National People's Congress is in session, it elects a Presidium to preside over its sessions. 第六十二条　全国人民代表大会行使下列职权：Article 62 The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers: （一）修改宪法；(1) amending the Constitution; （二）监督宪法的实施；(2) to supervise the implementation of the Constitution; （三）制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律； （四）选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席； （五）根据中华人民共和国主席的提名，决定国务院总理的人选；根据国务院总理的提名，决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选； (5) to decide on the choice of the Premier of the State Council upon nomination by the President of the People's Republic of China; to decide on the choice of the Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council upon nomination by the Premier; （六）选举中央军事委员会主席；根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选； （七）选举国家监察委员会主任；(7) Election of the Director of the State Supervisory Commission; （八）选举最高人民法院院长；(8) to elect the President of the Supreme People's Court; （九）选举最高人民检察院检察长； （十）审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告；(10) to examine and approve plans for national economic and social development and reports on their implementation; （十一）审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告；(11) to examine and approve the State budget and reports on its implementation; （十二）改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定；(12) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress; （十三）批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置； （十四）决定特别行政区的设立及其制度；(14) to decide on the establishment of special administrative regions and their systems; （十五）决定战争和和平的问题；(15) Deciding on questions of war and peace; （十六）应当由最高国家权力机关行使的其他职权。(16) Other functions and powers that should be exercised by the highest organ of state power. 第六十三条　全国人民代表大会有权罢免下列人员：Article 63 The National People's Congress shall have the power to remove from office: （一）中华人民共和国主席、副主席；(1) President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China; （二）国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长； (2) the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries and commissions, Auditor-General and Secretary-General of the State Council; （三）中央军事委员会主席和中央军事委员会其他组成人员；(3) the Chairman of the Central Military Commission and other members of the Central Military Commission; （四）国家监察委员会主任；(4) Director of the State Supervisory Commission; （五）最高人民法院院长；(5) President of the Supreme People's Court; （六）最高人民检察院检察长。(6) Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate. 第六十四条　宪法的修改，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议，并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。 Article 64 Amendments to the Constitution shall be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and adopted by the National People's Congress by a majority of more than two-thirds of all the deputies. 法律和其他议案由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的过半数通过。Laws and other bills shall be adopted by the National People's Congress by a majority of all its deputies. 第六十五条　全国人民代表大会常务委员会由下列人员组成：Article 65 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following: 委员长，Chairman, 副委员长若干人，Several vice-chairmen, 秘书长，Secretary General, 委员若干人。Several members. 全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员中，应当有适当名额的少数民族代表。The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall include an appropriate number of representatives of ethnic minorities. 全国人民代表大会选举并有权罢免全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。The National People's Congress elects and has the power to recall members of its Standing Committee. 全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。 No member of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress may hold office in any administrative, supervisory, judicial or procuratorial organ of the State. 第六十六条　全国人民代表大会常务委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，它行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出新的常务委员会为止。 Article 66 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress and exercises its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress. 委员长、副委员长连续任职不得超过两届。The Chairman and Vice-Chairmen shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 第六十七条　全国人民代表大会常务委员会行使下列职权：Article 67 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers: （一）解释宪法，监督宪法的实施；(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its implementation; （二）制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律；(2) to enact and amend laws other than those that should be enacted by the National People's Congress; （三）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会制定的法律进行部分补充和修改，但是不得同该法律的基本原则相抵触； (3) to supplement and amend part of the laws enacted by the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session, provided that this does not contravene the basic principles of the laws in question; （四）解释法律；(iv) interpretation of the law; （五）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划、国家预算在执行过程中所必须作的部分调整方案； (5) to examine and approve, when the National People's Congress is not in session, partial adjustment programmes that must be made in the course of implementing the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget; （六）监督国务院、中央军事委员会、国家监察委员会、最高人民法院和最高人民检察院的工作； (6) to supervise the work of the State Council, the Central Military Commission, the State Supervisory Commission, the Supreme People's Court and the Supreme People's Procuratorate; （七）撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令；(7) to annul administrative regulations, decisions and orders formulated by the State Council that contravene the Constitution and laws; （八）撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议； (8) to annul local regulations and resolutions enacted by organs of state power of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government that contravene the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations; （九）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据国务院总理的提名，决定部长、委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选； (9) to decide, upon nomination by the Premier of the State Council, on the appointment of ministers, commission chairmen, auditor-general and secretary-general when the National People's Congress is not in session; （十）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，根据中央军事委员会主席的提名，决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选； (10) to decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, on the selection of other members of the Central Military Commission; （十一）根据国家监察委员会主任的提请，任免国家监察委员会副主任、委员；(11) To appoint and remove vice-directors and members of the State Supervisory Commission at the request of the director of the State Supervisory Commission; （十二）根据最高人民法院院长的提请，任免最高人民法院副院长、审判员、审判委员会委员和军事法院院长； (12) to appoint or remove, upon the recommendation of the President of the Supreme People's Court, the Vice-Presidents and judges of the Supreme People's Court, members of the Judicial Committee and the President of the Military Court; （十三）根据最高人民检察院检察长的提请，任免最高人民检察院副检察长、检察员、检察委员会委员和军事检察院检察长，并且批准省、自治区、直辖市的人民检察院检察长的任免； (13) to appoint or remove, at the proposal of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Deputy Procurator-General and procurators of the Supreme People's Procuratorate, members of the Procuratorial Committee and the Procurator-General of the Military Procuratorate, and to approve the appointment or removal of the Procurator-General of the People's Procuratorates of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; （十四）决定驻外全权代表的任免；(14) to decide on the appointment and removal of plenipotentiary representatives abroad; （十五）决定同外国缔结的条约和重要协定的批准和废除；(15) to decide on the ratification and abrogation of treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign States; （十六）规定军人和外交人员的衔级制度和其他专门衔级制度；(16) to stipulate the system of ranks and grades for military and diplomatic personnel and other special ranks and grades; （十七）规定和决定授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号；(17) to stipulate and decide on the conferment of State medals and honorary titles; （十八）决定特赦；(18) To decide on amnesty; （十九）在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况，决定战争状态的宣布； (19) To decide, when the National People's Congress is not in session, on the declaration of a state of war in the event of armed aggression against the country or in fulfilment of international treaties on joint prevention of aggression; （二十）决定全国总动员或者局部动员；(20) to decide on general mobilization or partial mobilization; （二十一）决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态；(21) to decide that the whole country or individual provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall enter a state of emergency; （二十二）全国人民代表大会授予的其他职权。(22) to exercise other functions and powers conferred upon it by the National People's Congress. 第六十八条　全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长主持全国人民代表大会常务委员会的工作，召集全国人民代表大会常务委员会会议。副委员长、秘书长协助委员长工作。 Article 68 The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress presides over its work and convenes its meetings. The vice-chairmen and secretary-general assist the chairman in his work. 委员长、副委员长、秘书长组成委员长会议，处理全国人民代表大会常务委员会的重要日常工作。 The chairman, vice-chairmen and secretary-general form a chairmanship council to handle the important day-to-day work of the standing committee of the national people's congress. 第六十九条　全国人民代表大会常务委员会对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作。 Article 69 The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work. 第七十条　全国人民代表大会设立民族委员会、宪法和法律委员会、财政经济委员会、教育科学文化卫生委员会、外事委员会、华侨委员会和其他需要设立的专门委员会。在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，各专门委员会受全国人民代表大会常务委员会的领导。 Article 70 The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Constitution and Law Committee, a Finance and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee and such other special committees as are necessary. When the National People's Congress is not in session, the special committees are under the leadership of its Standing Committee. 各专门委员会在全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会领导下，研究、审议和拟订有关议案。 Under the leadership of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, the special committees study, deliberate and draft relevant proposals. 第七十一条　全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会认为必要的时候，可以组织关于特定问题的调查委员会，并且根据调查委员会的报告，作出相应的决议。 Article 71 The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, form commissions of inquiry on specific questions and, on the basis of their reports, adopt corresponding resolutions. 调查委员会进行调查的时候，一切有关的国家机关、社会团体和公民都有义务向它提供必要的材料。 All State organs, public organizations and citizens concerned are obliged to provide the necessary information to the commission of inquiry when it conducts its investigations. 第七十二条　全国人民代表大会代表和全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员，有权依照法律规定的程序分别提出属于全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会职权范围内的议案。 Article 72 Deputies to the National People's Congress and members of its Standing Committee shall have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to introduce proposals within the scope of their functions and powers. 第七十三条　全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会开会期间，全国人民代表大会常务委员会组成人员在常务委员会开会期间，有权依照法律规定的程序提出对国务院或者国务院各部、各委员会的质询案。受质询的机关必须负责答复。 Article 73 Deputies to the National People's Congress, when the National People's Congress is in session, and members of its Standing Committee, when the Standing Committee is in session, shall have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to raise questions to the State Council or to the ministries and committees of the State Council. The organ questioned must answer. 第七十四条　全国人民代表大会代表，非经全国人民代表大会会议主席团许可，在全国人民代表大会闭会期间非经全国人民代表大会常务委员会许可，不受逮捕或者刑事审判。 Article 74 Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be arrested or put on criminal trial without the permission of the Presidium of a current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, of its Standing Committee. 第七十五条　全国人民代表大会代表在全国人民代表大会各种会议上的发言和表决，不受法律追究。 Article 75 Deputies to the National People's Congress shall be immune from legal action for their speeches and votes at its meetings. 第七十六条　全国人民代表大会代表必须模范地遵守宪法和法律，保守国家秘密，并且在自己参加的生产、工作和社会活动中，协助宪法和法律的实施。 Article 76 Deputies to the National People's Congress must be exemplary in observing the Constitution and the law, keeping State secrets and, in the production, work and social activities in which they participate, assisting in the implementation of the Constitution and the law. 全国人民代表大会代表应当同原选举单位和人民保持密切的联系，听取和反映人民的意见和要求，努力为人民服务。 Deputies to the National People's Congress shall maintain close contact with the units which elected them and with the people, listen to and reflect the opinions and demands of the people, and strive to serve the people. 第七十七条　全国人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督。原选举单位有权依照法律规定的程序罢免本单位选出的代表。 Article 77 Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to the supervision of the units that elected them. The original electoral unit shall have the right to recall the deputies elected by it in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law. 第七十八条　全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的组织和工作程序由法律规定。 Article 78 The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee shall be prescribed by law. 第二节　中华人民共和国主席Section II President of the People's Republic of China 第七十九条　中华人民共和国主席、副主席由全国人民代表大会选举。Article 79 The President and Vice-Presidents of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress. 有选举权和被选举权的年满四十五周岁的中华人民共和国公民可以被选为中华人民共和国主席、副主席。 Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 may be elected President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China. 中华人民共和国主席、副主席每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。The term of office of the President and Vice-Presidents of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress. 第八十条　中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，公布法律，任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长，授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号，发布特赦令，宣布进入紧急状态，宣布战争状态，发布动员令。 Article 80 The President of the People's Republic of China, in accordance with decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates laws, appoints and dismisses the Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councillors, Ministers in charge of ministries and commissions, the Auditor-General and the Secretary-General of the State Council, confers State medals and honorary titles, issues decrees of amnesty, proclaims a state of emergency, proclaims a state of war and issues mobilization orders. 第八十一条　中华人民共和国主席代表中华人民共和国，进行国事活动，接受外国使节；根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定，派遣和召回驻外全权代表，批准和废除同外国缔结的条约和重要协定。 Article 81 The President of the People's Republic of China conducts state activities on behalf of the People's Republic of China, receives foreign diplomatic envoys, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad in accordance with decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign States. 第八十二条　中华人民共和国副主席协助主席工作。Article 82 The Vice-Presidents of the People's Republic of China assist the President in his work. 中华人民共和国副主席受主席的委托，可以代行主席的部分职权。The Vice-Presidents of the People's Republic of China may, upon authorization by the President, exercise part of the President's functions and powers. 第八十三条　中华人民共和国主席、副主席行使职权到下届全国人民代表大会选出的主席、副主席就职为止。 Article 83 The President and Vice-Presidents of the People's Republic of China exercise their powers until the President and Vice-Presidents elected by the next National People's Congress assume office. 第八十四条　中华人民共和国主席缺位的时候，由副主席继任主席的职位。Article 84 In the event that the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice-President shall succeed him. 中华人民共和国副主席缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选。In the event that the office of Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice-President. 中华人民共和国主席、副主席都缺位的时候，由全国人民代表大会补选；在补选以前，由全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长暂时代理主席职位。 In the event that the office of President and Vice-President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a by-election; the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall act as President temporarily until such by-election. 第三节　国务院Section 3 State Council 第八十五条　中华人民共和国国务院，即中央人民政府，是最高国家权力机关的执行机关，是最高国家行政机关。 Article 85 The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive organ of the highest organ of state power and the highest organ of state administration. 第八十六条　国务院由下列人员组成：Article 86 The State Council shall be composed of the following persons: 总理，Prime Minister, 副总理若干人，deputy prime ministers, 国务委员若干人，State councillors, 各部部长，Ministers, 各委员会主任，Committee directors, 审计长，Auditor General, 秘书长。Secretary General. 国务院实行总理负责制。各部、各委员会实行部长、主任负责制。The State Council practices a system of premier responsibility. All ministries and commissions shall exercise the responsibility system of ministers and directors. 国务院的组织由法律规定。The organization of the State Council shall be prescribed by law. 第八十七条　国务院每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。Article 87 The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress. 总理、副总理、国务委员连续任职不得超过两届。The premier, vice-premiers and state councillors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 第八十八条　总理领导国务院的工作。副总理、国务委员协助总理工作。Article 88 The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The vice-premiers and state councilors assist the premier in his work. 总理、副总理、国务委员、秘书长组成国务院常务会议。The Premier, Vice-Premiers, State Councilors and Secretary-General constitute the executive meeting of the State Council. 总理召集和主持国务院常务会议和国务院全体会议。The Premier convenes and presides over executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council. 第八十九条　国务院行使下列职权：Article 89 The State Council shall exercise the following functions and powers: （一）根据宪法和法律，规定行政措施，制定行政法规，发布决定和命令；(1) to prescribe administrative measures, enact administrative regulations and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and laws; （二）向全国人民代表大会或者全国人民代表大会常务委员会提出议案；(2) to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee; （三）规定各部和各委员会的任务和职责，统一领导各部和各委员会的工作，并且领导不属于各部和各委员会的全国性的行政工作； (3) to define the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions, to exercise unified leadership over their work and to direct administrative work of a national character that does not fall under the purview of the ministries and commissions; （四）统一领导全国地方各级国家行政机关的工作，规定中央和省、自治区、直辖市的国家行政机关的职权的具体划分； (4) to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at various levels throughout the country and to stipulate the specific division of functions and powers between the central government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; （五）编制和执行国民经济和社会发展计划和国家预算；(5) to draw up and implement plans for national economic and social development and the State budget; （六）领导和管理经济工作和城乡建设、生态文明建设；(6) To lead and administer economic work, urban and rural construction and ecological civilization construction; （七）领导和管理教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育和计划生育工作；(7) to direct and administer education, science, culture, public health, physical culture and family planning; （八）领导和管理民政、公安、司法行政等工作；(8) to direct and administer civil affairs, public security and judicial administration; （九）管理对外事务，同外国缔结条约和协定；(9) to manage foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign countries; （十）领导和管理国防建设事业；(10) to direct and administer the cause of national defense construction; （十一）领导和管理民族事务，保障少数民族的平等权利和民族自治地方的自治权利； (11) to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities and to safeguard the equal rights of the minority nationalities and the right of autonomy of the national autonomous areas; （十二）保护华侨的正当的权利和利益，保护归侨和侨眷的合法的权利和利益；(12) to protect the legitimate rights and interests of overseas Chinese and the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and their relatives; （十三）改变或者撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章；(13) to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives and regulations issued by ministries and commissions; （十四）改变或者撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令；(14) to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders of local organs of state administration at various levels; （十五）批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分，批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置和区域划分； (15) to approve the division of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties and cities; （十六）依照法律规定决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区进入紧急状态； (16) to decide, in accordance with law, that a state of emergency shall be declared in some areas within the limits of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government; （十七）审定行政机构的编制，依照法律规定任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政人员； (17) to examine and approve the establishment of administrative organs, appoint, remove, train, appraise, reward and punish administrative personnel in accordance with law; （十八）全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会授予的其他职权。(18) to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may assign to it. 第九十条　国务院各部部长、各委员会主任负责本部门的工作；召集和主持部务会议或者委员会会议、委务会议，讨论决定本部门工作的重大问题。 Article 90 Ministers in charge of ministries and commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments; they convene and preside over ministerial meetings or committee meetings to discuss and decide on major issues concerning the work of their respective departments. 各部、各委员会根据法律和国务院的行政法规、决定、命令，在本部门的权限内，发布命令、指示和规章。 The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives and rules within the limits of their authority in accordance with laws and administrative regulations, decisions and orders of the State Council. 第九十一条　国务院设立审计机关，对国务院各部门和地方各级政府的财政收支，对国家的财政金融机构和企业事业组织的财务收支，进行审计监督。 Article 91 The State Council shall establish an auditing organ to supervise through auditing the financial revenues and expenditures of all departments under the State Council and of local governments at various levels, as well as those of financial institutions, enterprises and institutions of the State. 审计机关在国务院总理领导下，依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权，不受其他行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Under the leadership of the Premier of the State Council, audit institutions independently exercise their power of supervision through auditing in accordance with law and are free from interference by other administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. 第九十二条　国务院对全国人民代表大会负责并报告工作；在全国人民代表大会闭会期间，对全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。 Article 92 The State Council is responsible and reports on its work to the National People's Congress; when the National People's Congress is not in session, it is responsible and reports on its work to its Standing Committee. 第四节　中央军事委员会Section 4 Central Military Commission 第九十三条　中华人民共和国中央军事委员会领导全国武装力量。Article 93 The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the whole country. 中央军事委员会由下列人员组成：The Central Military Commission is composed of: 主席，Chairman, 副主席若干人，Vice-Chairmen, 委员若干人。Several members. 中央军事委员会实行主席负责制。The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible for the work of the Commission. 中央军事委员会每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同。The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress. 第九十四条　中央军事委员会主席对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。 Article 94 The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. 第五节　地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府Section 5 Local People's Congresses and Local People's Governments at Various Levels 第九十五条　省、直辖市、县、市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇设立人民代表大会和人民政府。 Article 95 People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships and towns. 地方各级人民代表大会和地方各级人民政府的组织由法律规定。The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels shall be prescribed by law. 自治区、自治州、自治县设立自治机关。自治机关的组织和工作根据宪法第三章第五节、第六节规定的基本原则由法律规定。 Autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties shall establish organs of self-government. The organization and work of organs of self-government shall be regulated by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections 5 and 6 of Chapter III of the Constitution. 第九十六条　地方各级人民代表大会是地方国家权力机关。Article 96 Local people's congresses at various levels are local organs of state power. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会设立常务委员会。Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees. 第九十七条　省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表由下一级的人民代表大会选举；县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表由选民直接选举。 Article 97 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships and towns are elected directly by their voters. 地方各级人民代表大会代表名额和代表产生办法由法律规定。The number of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels and the method for their election shall be prescribed by law. 第九十八条　地方各级人民代表大会每届任期五年。Article 98 The term of office of local people's congresses at various levels is five years. 第九十九条　地方各级人民代表大会在本行政区域内，保证宪法、法律、行政法规的遵守和执行；依照法律规定的权限，通过和发布决议，审查和决定地方的经济建设、文化建设和公共事业建设的计划。 Article 99 Local people's congresses at various levels ensure observance and implementation of the Constitution, the law and administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas; within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on local plans for economic and cultural development and for the development of public undertakings. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会审查和批准本行政区域内的国民经济和社会发展计划、预算以及它们的执行情况的报告；有权改变或者撤销本级人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定。 Local people's congresses at and above the county level examine and approve the plans and budgets for national economic and social development and reports on their implementation in their respective administrative areas; they have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their standing committees. 民族乡的人民代表大会可以依照法律规定的权限采取适合民族特点的具体措施。The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their powers as prescribed by law, adopt specific measures suited to the characteristics of the nationalities. 第一百条　省、直辖市的人民代表大会和它们的常务委员会，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规相抵触的前提下，可以制定地方性法规，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。 Article 100 The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government and their standing committees may enact local regulations, provided that they do not contravene the Constitution, laws and administrative regulations, and report them to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record. 设区的市的人民代表大会和它们的常务委员会，在不同宪法、法律、行政法规和本省、自治区的地方性法规相抵触的前提下，可以依照法律规定制定地方性法规，报本省、自治区人民代表大会常务委员会批准后施行。 The people's congresses of cities divided into districts and their standing committees may enact local regulations in accordance with the provisions of law, provided that they do not contravene the Constitution, laws, administrative regulations and local regulations of the respective provinces or autonomous regions, and report them to the standing committees of the people's congresses of the respective provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect. 第一百零一条　地方各级人民代表大会分别选举并且有权罢免本级人民政府的省长和副省长、市长和副市长、县长和副县长、区长和副区长、乡长和副乡长、镇长和副镇长。 Article 101 Local people's congresses at various levels elect, and have the power to recall, governors and deputy governors, mayors and deputy mayors, heads and deputy heads of districts, townships and deputy townships of the people's governments at the corresponding levels. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并且有权罢免本级监察委员会主任、本级人民法院院长和本级人民检察院检察长。选出或者罢免人民检察院检察长，须报上级人民检察院检察长提请该级人民代表大会常务委员会批准。 Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, the chairmen of supervisory committees, the presidents of people's courts and the procurator-general of people's procuratorates at the corresponding levels. The election or removal of a chief procurator of a people's procuratorate shall be reported to the chief procurator of the people's procuratorate at a higher level for approval by the standing committee of the people's congress at that level. 第一百零二条　省、直辖市、设区的市的人民代表大会代表受原选举单位的监督；县、不设区的市、市辖区、乡、民族乡、镇的人民代表大会代表受选民的监督。 Article 102 Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units that elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies. 地方各级人民代表大会代表的选举单位和选民有权依照法律规定的程序罢免由他们选出的代表。 The electoral units and voters of deputies to local people's congresses at various levels have the right to recall the deputies they elected in accordance with procedures prescribed by law. 第一百零三条　县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会由主任、副主任若干人和委员若干人组成，对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。 Article 103 The standing committees of local people's congresses at and above the county level are composed of a chairman, vice-chairmen and members, and are responsible and report on their work to the people's congresses at the corresponding levels. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会选举并有权罢免本级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员。 Local people's congresses at or above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, members of their standing committees. 县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会的组成人员不得担任国家行政机关、监察机关、审判机关和检察机关的职务。 Members of the standing committees of local people's congresses at or above the county level may not hold posts in state administrative, supervisory, judicial or procuratorial organs. 第一百零四条　县级以上的地方各级人民代表大会常务委员会讨论、决定本行政区域内各方面工作的重大事项；监督本级人民政府、监察委员会、人民法院和人民检察院的工作；撤销本级人民政府的不适当的决定和命令；撤销下一级人民代表大会的不适当的决议；依照法律规定的权限决定国家机关工作人员的任免；在本级人民代表大会闭会期间，罢免和补选上一级人民代表大会的个别代表。 Article 104 The standing committees of local people's congresses at and above the county level discuss and decide on major matters in all fields of work in their respective administrative areas; supervise the work of the people's governments, supervisory committees, people's courts and people's procuratorates at the corresponding levels; annul inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's governments at the corresponding levels; annul inappropriate resolutions of the people's congresses at the next lower level; and decide on the appointment and removal of functionaries of State organs within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law. When the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level shall be recalled and by-elected. 第一百零五条　地方各级人民政府是地方各级国家权力机关的执行机关，是地方各级国家行政机关。 Article 105 Local people's governments at various levels are executive organs of local organs of state power and local organs of state administration at various levels. 地方各级人民政府实行省长、市长、县长、区长、乡长、镇长负责制。Local people's governments at various levels practice a system of provincial, mayoral, county, district, township and town responsibility. 第一百零六条　地方各级人民政府每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。Article 106 The term of office of local people's governments at various levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels. 第一百零七条　县级以上地方各级人民政府依照法律规定的权限，管理本行政区域内的经济、教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业、城乡建设事业和财政、民政、公安、民族事务、司法行政、计划生育等行政工作，发布决定和命令，任免、培训、考核和奖惩行政工作人员。 Article 107 Local people's governments at or above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas in respect of the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, ethnic affairs, judicial administration and family planning; issue decisions and orders; appoint, remove, train, appraise and reward or punish administrative personnel. 乡、民族乡、镇的人民政府执行本级人民代表大会的决议和上级国家行政机关的决定和命令，管理本行政区域内的行政工作。 The people's governments of townships, nationality townships and towns carry out the resolutions of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels and the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at higher levels and manage the administrative work in their respective administrative areas. 省、直辖市的人民政府决定乡、民族乡、镇的建置和区域划分。The people's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and division of townships, nationality townships and towns. 第一百零八条　县级以上的地方各级人民政府领导所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的工作，有权改变或者撤销所属各工作部门和下级人民政府的不适当的决定。 Article 108 Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate working departments and of the people's governments at lower levels and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate working departments and of the people's governments at lower levels. 第一百零九条　县级以上的地方各级人民政府设立审计机关。地方各级审计机关依照法律规定独立行使审计监督权，对本级人民政府和上一级审计机关负责。 Article 109 Local people's governments at and above the county level shall establish audit organs. Local audit institutions at various levels independently exercise their power of audit supervision in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's governments at the corresponding levels and to the audit institutions at the next higher level. 第一百一十条　地方各级人民政府对本级人民代表大会负责并报告工作。县级以上的地方各级人民政府在本级人民代表大会闭会期间，对本级人民代表大会常务委员会负责并报告工作。 Article 110 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to the people's congresses at the corresponding levels. Local people's governments at or above the county level are responsible and report on their work to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding levels when the congresses are not in session. 地方各级人民政府对上一级国家行政机关负责并报告工作。全国地方各级人民政府都是国务院统一领导下的国家行政机关，都服从国务院。 Local people's governments at various levels are responsible and report on their work to state administrative organs at the next higher level. Local people's governments at all levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it. 第一百一十一条　城市和农村按居民居住地区设立的居民委员会或者村民委员会是基层群众性自治组织。居民委员会、村民委员会的主任、副主任和委员由居民选举。居民委员会、村民委员会同基层政权的相互关系由法律规定。 Article 111 The residents 'committees or villagers' committees established in urban and rural areas according to the area in which residents live are mass organizations of self-government at the grass-roots level. The chairman, vice-chairmen and members of a residents or villagers committee shall be elected by the residents. The relationship between residents committees, villagers committees and grass-roots political power shall be prescribed by law. 居民委员会、村民委员会设人民调解、治安保卫、公共卫生等委员会，办理本居住地区的公共事务和公益事业，调解民间纠纷，协助维护社会治安，并且向人民政府反映群众的意见、要求和提出建议。 Residents and villagers committees have established people's mediation, public security and public health committees to handle public affairs and public welfare undertakings in their respective residential areas, mediate civil disputes, assist in maintaining public order and convey the opinions, demands and suggestions of the masses to the people's governments. 第六节　民族自治地方的自治机关Section 6 Organs of Self-Government of National Autonomous Areas 第一百一十二条　民族自治地方的自治机关是自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会和人民政府。 Article 112 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties. 第一百一十三条　自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会中，除实行区域自治的民族的代表外，其他居住在本行政区域内的民族也应当有适当名额的代表。 Article 113 In the people's congresses of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties, in addition to the representatives of the ethnic groups exercising regional autonomy, other ethnic groups living in their respective administrative areas shall also have appropriate representation. 自治区、自治州、自治县的人民代表大会常务委员会中应当有实行区域自治的民族的公民担任主任或者副主任。 The standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, autonomous prefecture or autonomous county shall include a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy as chairman or vice-chairman. 第一百一十四条　自治区主席、自治州州长、自治县县长由实行区域自治的民族的公民担任。 Article 114 The chairmanship of an autonomous region, the prefect of an autonomous prefecture or the head of an autonomous county shall be held by a citizen of the nationality exercising regional autonomy. 第一百一十五条　自治区、自治州、自治县的自治机关行使宪法第三章第五节规定的地方国家机关的职权，同时依照宪法、民族区域自治法和其他法律规定的权限行使自治权，根据本地方实际情况贯彻执行国家的法律、政策。 Article 115 The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures and autonomous counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as prescribed in Section 5 of Chapter III of the Constitution, and at the same time exercise the right of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the Law on Regional National Autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the State in the light of the actual conditions in their respective places. 第一百一十六条　民族自治地方的人民代表大会有权依照当地民族的政治、经济和文化的特点，制定自治条例和单行条例。自治区的自治条例和单行条例，报全国人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效。自治州、自治县的自治条例和单行条例，报省或者自治区的人民代表大会常务委员会批准后生效，并报全国人民代表大会常务委员会备案。 Article 116 The people's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact autonomy regulations and separate regulations in the light of the political, economic and cultural characteristics of the nationalities in the areas concerned. Autonomy regulations and separate regulations of autonomous regions shall come into force after being submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval. Autonomy regulations and separate regulations of autonomous prefectures and counties shall come into force after being submitted to the standing committee of the people's congress of the province or autonomous region for approval, and shall be reported to the standing committee of the national people's congress for the record. 第一百一十七条　民族自治地方的自治机关有管理地方财政的自治权。凡是依照国家财政体制属于民族自治地方的财政收入，都应当由民族自治地方的自治机关自主地安排使用。 Article 117 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas shall have the power of autonomy in the management of local finances. All revenues belonging to the national autonomous areas under the state financial system shall be arranged and used independently by the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas. 第一百一十八条　民族自治地方的自治机关在国家计划的指导下，自主地安排和管理地方性的经济建设事业。 Article 118 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans. 国家在民族自治地方开发资源、建设企业的时候，应当照顾民族自治地方的利益。 In exploiting resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall take into account the interests of the national autonomous areas. 第一百一十九条　民族自治地方的自治机关自主地管理本地方的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育事业，保护和整理民族的文化遗产，发展和繁荣民族文化。 Article 119 The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health and physical culture undertakings in their respective areas, protect and organize the cultural heritage of the nationalities and develop and flourish their cultures. 第一百二十条　民族自治地方的自治机关依照国家的军事制度和当地的实际需要，经国务院批准，可以组织本地方维护社会治安的公安部队。 Article 120 The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the State and actual local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order. 第一百二十一条　民族自治地方的自治机关在执行职务的时候，依照本民族自治地方自治条例的规定，使用当地通用的一种或者几种语言文字。 Article 121 In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas use, in accordance with the regulations on autonomy of those areas, the spoken and written language or languages commonly used in the locality. 第一百二十二条　国家从财政、物资、技术等方面帮助各少数民族加速发展经济建设和文化建设事业。 Article 122 The state provides financial, material and technical assistance to the various ethnic minorities to speed up their economic and cultural development. 国家帮助民族自治地方从当地民族中大量培养各级干部、各种专业人才和技术工人。 The state helps ethnic autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at all levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of all kinds from among the local nationalities. 第七节　监察委员会Section 7 Supervisory Committee 第一百二十三条　中华人民共和国各级监察委员会是国家的监察机关。Article 123 Supervisory committees at all levels in the People's Republic of China are the supervisory organs of the state. 第一百二十四条　中华人民共和国设立国家监察委员会和地方各级监察委员会。Article 124 The People's Republic of China establishes a State Supervisory Commission and local supervisory commissions at various levels. 监察委员会由下列人员组成：The Commission shall consist of: 主任，Director, 副主任若干人，Deputy director of a number of people, 委员若干人。Several members. 监察委员会主任每届任期同本级人民代表大会每届任期相同。国家监察委员会主任连续任职不得超过两届。 The term of office of the director of the supervisory committee is the same as that of the people's congress at the corresponding level. The director of the State Supervisory Commission shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 监察委员会的组织和职权由法律规定。The organization and powers of the supervisory committee shall be prescribed by law. 第一百二十五条　中华人民共和国国家监察委员会是最高监察机关。Article 125 The State Supervisory Commission of the People's Republic of China is the highest supervisory organ. 国家监察委员会领导地方各级监察委员会的工作，上级监察委员会领导下级监察委员会的工作。 The State Supervisory Committee directs the work of local supervisory committees at all levels, and supervisory committees at higher levels direct the work of supervisory committees at lower levels. 第一百二十六条　国家监察委员会对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级监察委员会对产生它的国家权力机关和上一级监察委员会负责。 Article 126 The State Supervisory Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local supervisory committees at all levels are responsible to the organs of state power that created them and to supervisory committees at higher levels. 第一百二十七条　监察委员会依照法律规定独立行使监察权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 127 The supervisory committee shall independently exercise its supervisory power in accordance with the law and shall not be subject to interference by administrative agencies, social organizations or individuals. 监察机关办理职务违法和职务犯罪案件，应当与审判机关、检察机关、执法部门互相配合，互相制约。 Supervisory organs handling cases of job-related violations and crimes shall cooperate with judicial organs, procuratorial organs and law enforcement departments and restrict each other. 第八节　人民法院和人民检察院Section 8 People's Courts and People's Procuratorates 第一百二十八条　中华人民共和国人民法院是国家的审判机关。Article 128 The people's courts of the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state. 第一百二十九条　中华人民共和国设立最高人民法院、地方各级人民法院和军事法院等专门人民法院。 Article 129 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court, local people's courts at various levels, military courts and other special people's courts. 最高人民法院院长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，连续任职不得超过两届。 The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and he shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 人民法院的组织由法律规定。The organization of the people's courts shall be prescribed by law. 第一百三十条　人民法院审理案件，除法律规定的特别情况外，一律公开进行。被告人有权获得辩护。 Article 130 Except in special circumstances as provided by law, all cases tried by the people's courts shall be heard in public. The accused has the right to a defence. 第一百三十一条　人民法院依照法律规定独立行使审判权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 131 The people's courts exercise judicial power independently in accordance with the law and are free from interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. 第一百三十二条　最高人民法院是最高审判机关。Article 132 The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ. 最高人民法院监督地方各级人民法院和专门人民法院的审判工作，上级人民法院监督下级人民法院的审判工作。 The Supreme People's Court supervises the judicial work of the local people's courts at various levels and the special people's courts; the people's courts at higher levels supervise the judicial work of the people's courts at lower levels. 第一百三十三条　最高人民法院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民法院对产生它的国家权力机关负责。 Article 133 The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power that created them. 第一百三十四条　中华人民共和国人民检察院是国家的法律监督机关。Article 134 The People's Procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are the state organs for legal supervision. 第一百三十五条　中华人民共和国设立最高人民检察院、地方各级人民检察院和军事检察院等专门人民检察院。 Article 135 The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate, local people's procuratorates at various levels, military procuratorates and other special people's procuratorates. 最高人民检察院检察长每届任期同全国人民代表大会每届任期相同，连续任职不得超过两届。 The term of office of the Procurator-General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and he shall serve no more than two consecutive terms. 人民检察院的组织由法律规定。The organization of the people's procuratorates shall be prescribed by law. 第一百三十六条　人民检察院依照法律规定独立行使检察权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。 Article 136 The people's procuratorates shall exercise procuratorial power independently in accordance with the law and shall be free from interference by administrative organs, public organizations or individuals. 第一百三十七条　最高人民检察院是最高检察机关。Article 137 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ. 最高人民检察院领导地方各级人民检察院和专门人民检察院的工作，上级人民检察院领导下级人民检察院的工作。 The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the local people's procuratorates at various levels and the special people's procuratorates, and the people's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of the people's procuratorates at lower levels. 第一百三十八条　最高人民检察院对全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会负责。地方各级人民检察院对产生它的国家权力机关和上级人民检察院负责。 Article 138 The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's procuratorates at various levels are responsible to the organs of state power that created them and to the people's procuratorates at higher levels. 第一百三十九条　各民族公民都有用本民族语言文字进行诉讼的权利。人民法院和人民检察院对于不通晓当地通用的语言文字的诉讼参与人，应当为他们翻译。 Article 139 Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use their own spoken and written languages in litigation. The people's courts and people's procuratorates shall translate for participants in proceedings who do not understand the spoken and written languages commonly used in the locality. 在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，应当用当地通用的语言进行审理；起诉书、判决书、布告和其他文书应当根据实际需要使用当地通用的一种或者几种文字。 In areas where minority nationalities live in compact communities or where many nationalities live together, trials shall be conducted in the language commonly used in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices and other documents shall, according to actual needs, be written in the language or languages commonly used in the locality. 第一百四十条　人民法院、Article 140 People's Courts,人民检察院people's procuratorate和公安机关办理and the public security organs.刑事案件crown case，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。They should divide their responsibilities, cooperate with each other and check each other to ensure the accurate and effective implementation of the law. 第四章　国旗、国歌、国徽、首都Chapter IV National Flag, National Anthem, National Emblem and Capital 第一百四十一条　中华人民共和国国旗是Article 141 The national flag of the People's Republic of China shall be五星红旗the Five-Starred Red Flag (the national flag of the People's Republic of China)。 中华人民共和国国歌是《People's Republic of China national anthem is "义勇军进行曲March of the volunteers》。 第一百四十二条Article 142中华人民共和国国徽Emblem of the People's Republic of China，中间是五星照耀下的天安门，周围是谷穗和齿轮。In the middle is Tiananmen under the illumination of five stars, surrounded by ears of grain and gears. 第一百四十三条　中华人民共和国首都是北京。Article 143 The capital of the People's Republic of China is Beijing.[12] 宪法意义 constitutional significance 播报broadcast 编辑compile 宪法constitution是国家的根本大法。通常规定一个国家的社会制度和国家制度的基本原则、It is the fundamental law of the country. The basic principles that usually define a country's social system and state system,国家机关state organs的组织和活动的基本原则，公民的基本Basic principles of organization and activity, basic principles of citizenship权利right和sum义务obligation等重要内容，有的还规定Important content, some also stipulate国旗national flag、国歌national anthem、国徽national emblem和sum首都capital以及统治阶级认为重要的其他制度，涉及到国家生活的各个方面。宪法具有最高and other institutions considered important by the ruling class, affecting all aspects of national life. Constitution has the highest法律效力force of law，是制定其他法律的依据，一切法律、法规都不得同宪法相抵触。It is the basis for the formulation of other laws, and all laws and regulations must not conflict with the Constitution. 宪法修改方式 宪法作为中国民主制度的法律化，是国家组织和活动的总章程，是国家As the legalization of China's democratic system, the Constitution is the general constitution of state organizations and activities, and the state法制legal institution的自身基础和核心，所以修改宪法方式的规定必须考虑宪法的稳定性。Therefore, the stability of the constitution must be considered when revising the provisions of the constitution. 宪法修改机关 constitutional amendment organ 根据宪法的规定，中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会为最高国家权力机关，是唯一有权修改宪法的机关。 According to the Constitution, the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power and the only organ with the power to amend the Constitution. 宪法修改程序 为保持宪法的权威性和稳定性，宪法的修改需要按照特别的程序来进行，比修改In order to maintain the authority and stability of the Constitution, amendments to the Constitution need to be carried out in accordance with special procedures.普通法律ordinary law更加严格。More stringent. 宪法解释权 the Constitution 全国人民代表大会常务委员会是我国法律The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is the law of our country规定stipulate的行使解释宪法的职权的机关。The authority to interpret the Constitution. 宪法的地位 是我国的根本大法，是治国安邦的总章程，是保持国家统一、民族团结、经济发展、社会进步和长治久安的法律基础，是中国共产党执政兴国、团结带领全国各族人民建设中国特色社会主义的法律保证。 It is the fundamental law of our country, the general constitution for governing the country and maintaining peace, the legal basis for maintaining national unity, national unity, economic development, social progress and long-term stability, and the legal guarantee for the Communist Party of China to govern and rejuvenate the country and unite and lead the people of all ethnic groups in building socialism with China characteristics. 1.宪法是其他法律的立法基础，其他法律是宪法的具体化；1. Constitution is the legislative basis of other laws, and other laws are the concretization of constitution. 2.任何法律不得同宪法相抵触，否则无效；(b) No law shall contravene the Constitution or be null and void; 3.宪法是治国安邦的总章程；3. Constitution is the general constitution for governing the country and bringing peace to the country. 4.宪法是最高行为准则；4. Constitution is the highest code of conduct; 5.宪法是国家的根本法；5. Constitution is the fundamental law of the country; 宪法作用 constitutional role 1．1.宪法保障constitutional guarantees了我国的改革开放和社会主义现代化建设。China's reform, opening up and socialist modernization drive. 2．宪法促进了我国的社会主义民主建设。2. The Constitution promotes the construction of socialist democracy in our country. 3．宪法推动了我国的社会主义法制建设。3. the constitution has promoted the building of china's socialist legal system. 4．宪法促进了我国4. The Constitution promotes our country.人权human rights事业和各项社会事业的发展。and the development of various social undertakings. 1949年10月October 1949中华人民共和国成立后，第一届、第四届和第五届全国人民代表大会分别于1954年9月、1975年1月、1978年3月和1982年12月先后制定、颁布了四部《中华人民共和国宪法》。 After its founding, the First, Fourth and Fifth National People's Congress formulated and promulgated four Constitutions of the People's Republic of China in September 1954, January 1975, March 1978 and December 1982 respectively. 词条图册entry album更多图册More albums 参考资料 1 十三届全国人大一次会议第三次全体会议表决通过宪法修正案 ．新华网[引用日期2018-03-11] 2 中华人民共和国宪法（1954年） ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 3 中华人民共和国宪法（1975年） ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 4 中华人民共和国宪法（1978年） ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 5 中华人民共和国宪法（1982年）Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 6 中华人民共和国宪法修正案（1988年）Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1988) ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 7 中华人民共和国宪法修正案（1993年）Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1993) ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 8 中华人民共和国宪法修正案（1999年）Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1999) ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 9 中华人民共和国宪法修正案（2004年）Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China (2004) ．中国人大网[引用日期2012-07-2] 10 （两会受权发布）中华人民共和国宪法修正案Amendment to the Constitution of the People's Republic of China ．新华网[引用日期2018-03-12] 展开全部 学术论文 内容来自 张友渔. 一部具有现阶段中国特色的宪法——纪念新宪法颁布施行五周年．《CNKI》，1988黄友敬. 将"人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度"载入宪法的思考．《CNKI;WanFang》，2009黄友敬. 将"人民代表大会制度是我国的根本政治制度"载入宪法的思考．《四川理工学院学报(社会科学版)》，2009李步云. 完善民族区域自治的根本大法——学习新的《中华人民共和国宪法》的体会．《CNKI》，1983李正华. 《中华人民共和国宪法》制订与修改、修正的历史考察．《CNKI》，2002 查看全部 中华人民共和国宪法Constitution of the People's Republic of China的概述图a schematic overview of（1张）(1 photo) 权威合作编辑Authoritative co-editor 权威编辑 党史资料数字化专项工作组Special Working Group on Digitalization of Party History Materials 《中国共产党历史系列辞典》党史百科权威内容..."China Communist Party History Series Dictionary" party history encyclopedia authoritative content... 什么是权威编辑What is an authoritative editor? 1修订历史revision history 共同纲领Common Programme 五四宪法 七五宪法seventh five-year Constitution 七八宪法78 Constitution 八二宪法82 Constitution 2审议历程Review history 3宪法内容constitutional content 4宪法意义constitutional significance 宪法修改方式 宪法修改机关constitutional amendment organ 宪法修改程序 宪法解释权the Constitution 宪法的地位 宪法作用constitutional role 新手上路 成长任务 编辑入门 编辑规则 本人编辑new 我有疑问 内容质疑 在线客服 官方贴吧 意见反馈 投诉建议 举报不良信息 未通过词条申诉 投诉侵权信息 封禁查询与解封 ©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备11000002000001号