网页webpage新闻journalism贴吧post Bar知道be aware of网盘network disk图片picture视频video地图map文库library资讯information采购purchase百科encyclopedia 百度首页Baidu homepage 173******09 消息information 商城shopping mall 设置set 百度百科 帮助help 百度百科 播报broadcast编辑compile收藏collect 赞praise 173******09 首页home page 历史上的今天Today in History 百科冷知识Cold knowledge 图解百科graphic encyclopedia 秒懂百科Second understanding encyclopedia 懂啦get it. 秒懂本尊答Second, understand the answer. 秒懂大师说Second Master said. 秒懂看瓦特Seconds understand Watt 秒懂五千年5,000 years in seconds. 秒懂全视界Second understanding full horizon 特色百科Featured encyclopedia 数字博物馆digital museum 非遗百科Intangible heritage encyclopedia 恐龙百科Dinosaur encyclopedia 多肉百科Encyclopedia of meat 艺术百科art Encyclopedia 科学百科science Encyclopedia 知识专题Knowledge topics 史记2023·科学100词2023 Science 100 words 中国航天China Aerospace 古鱼崛起Ancient fish rise 食品百科Food encyclopedia 二十四节气the 24 solar terms the Beginning of Spring 环游《山海经》Travel around the mountains and seas 加入百科Join Wikipedia 新人成长New growth. 进阶成长advanced growth 任务广场Mission Square 百科团队Encyclopedia Team 校园团Campus League 分类达人团Category Talent Group 热词团hot word group 繁星团star cluster 蝌蚪团tadpole mass 权威合作authoritative cooperation 合作模式cooperation model 常见问题common problem 联系方式contact information 个人中心personal Center 中华人民共和国民法典 Civil Code of the People's Republic of China 播报broadcast 锁定 lock 上传视频 upload videos 中国社会生活的百科全书An encyclopedia of social life in China 展开unfold5个同名词条A term of the same name. 秒懂TASeconds to understand TA 《民法典》法律亮点和案例全面解读A Comprehensive Interpretation of the Legal Highlights and Cases of the Civil Code 07:56 法律亮点Legal highlights 民法典新规如何维护见义勇为的行为？How does the new regulation of Civil Code safeguard the behavior of bravery? 02:31 案例分析case analysis 父母能自创姓氏吗？取名要依法行事！Can parents create their own last name? Name must be done according to law! 02:17 案例分析case analysis 父母能自创姓氏吗？取名要依法行事！Can parents create their own last name? Name must be done according to law! 02:17 法律冷知识Cold knowledge of law 被物业断水断电？帮人带娃闯了祸？民法典这些冷知识你知道吗？Cut off water and electricity by property? Help someone bring a baby into trouble? Do you know these cold civil laws? 07:45 查看全部see all 收藏collect 1907 7472 《中华人民共和国民法典》被称为“社会生活的百科全书”，是新中国第一部以The Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, known as the "encyclopedia of social life," is the first book of the new China titled法典code命名的法律，在法律体系中居于基础性地位，也是市场经济的基本法。The named law occupies a fundamental position in the legal system and is also the basic law of the market economy. 《中华人民共和国民法典》共7编、1260条，各编依次为总则、物权、合同、人格权、婚姻家庭、继承、侵权责任，以及附则。通篇贯穿以人民为中心的发展思想，着眼满足人民对美好生活的需要，对公民的人身权、财产权、人格权等作出明确详实的规定，并规定侵权责任，明确权利受到削弱、减损、侵害时的请求权和救济权等，体现了对人民权利的充分保障，被誉为“新时代人民权利的宣言书”。 The Civil Code of the People's Republic of China consists of 7 parts and 1260 articles, each part of which is in turn general provisions, real rights, contracts, personality rights, marriage and family, inheritance, tort liability and supplementary provisions. The people-centered development idea runs through the whole article, focusing on meeting the people's needs for a better life, making clear and detailed provisions on citizens 'personal rights, property rights and personality rights, and stipulating tort liability, clarifying the right of claim and relief when rights are weakened, derogated or infringed, reflecting the full protection of people's rights, which is praised as "Declaration of People's Rights in the New Era". [1-4] 2020年5月28日，十三届全国人大三次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国民法典》，自2021年1月1日起施行。 On May 28,2020, the Third Session of the 13th National People's Congress voted to adopt the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, which shall come into force as of January 1,2021. 婚姻法law of marriage、继承法inheritance law、民法通则general principles of civil law、收养法law of adoption、担保法Guarantee Law、合同法Contract Law、物权法property law、侵权责任法tort liability law、民法总则general principles of civil law同时废止。Repeal at the same time.[5-6] 中文名Chinese name 中华人民共和国民法典Civil Code of the People's Republic of China 颁布时间promulgation date 2020年5月28日28 May 2020[6] 编纂时间compilation time 2015-2020年2015-2020 year[7] 制定机关enacting body 中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会People's Republic of China National People's Congress[8] 施行时间implementation time 2021年1月1日on January 1,2021[6] 通过会议through meetings 十三届全国人大三次会议Third Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress[6] 目录 catalogue 1立法经过legislative history 2法律全文Full text of the law ▪目录catalogue ▪第一编 总则Part 1 General provisions ▪第二编 物权Part II Property Rights ▪第三编 合同Part III Contracts ▪第四编 人格权Title IV Personal Rights ▪第五编 婚姻家庭Part V Marriage and Family ▪第六编 继承Part VI Succession ▪第七编 侵权责任Part VII Liability for Tort ▪附则supplementary articles 3司法解释judicial interpretation 4首案判决First judgment 立法经过 legislative history 播报broadcast 1954年，全国人大常委会组织力量起草民法典。此后，由于反右斗争扩大化，立法活动被终止。 In 1954, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress organized forces to draft the Civil Code. Since then, due to the expansion of the anti-rightist struggle, legislative activities have been terminated. 1962年，民法典起草工作再次被提上议程，并于1964年完成了草案In 1962, the drafting of the Civil Code was again put on the agenda and the draft was completed in 1964.（试拟稿）(Trial Draft)。后因“。After that,"文化大革命Cultural Revolution”而停止。"And stop. 1979年11月，全国人大常委会第三次组织民法典起草工作，至1982年形成民法草案第四稿。虽然草案并未正式通过成为法律，但现行的民法通则都是以该草案为基础。 In November 1979, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress organized the drafting of the Civil Code for the third time, and the fourth draft of the Civil Code was formed in 1982. Although the draft was not formally adopted into law, the current general principles of civil law are based on it. 2002年12月，December 2,第九届全国人大常委会Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC第三十一次会议审议民法草案。之后，由于物权法尚未制定，加之对民法草案认识分歧较大等原因，民法草案最终被搁置下来。 Consideration of the draft civil code at the thirty-first meeting. Later, because the property law has not yet been formulated, and there are great differences in understanding of the draft civil law, the draft civil law was finally shelved. 2014年11月，党的November 2014, Party十八届四中全会fourth plenary session of the eighteenth central明确提出编纂民法典。Clearly proposed the codification of the Civil Code. 2015年3月，全国人大常委会法制工作委员会启动民法典编纂工作，着手第一步的民法总则制定工作，以1986年制定的民法通则为基础，系统梳理总结有关民事法律的实践经验，提炼民事法律制度中具有普遍适用性和引领性的规则，形成民法总则草案。 In March 2015, the Legislative Affairs Committee of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress started the compilation of the Civil Code and began the first step of formulating the general provisions of the Civil Law. Based on the general provisions of the Civil Law formulated in 1986, it systematically sorted out and summarized the practical experience of civil law, refined the rules with universal applicability and guidance in the civil legal system, and formed the draft general provisions of the Civil Law. [7] 2016年3月4日，十二届全国人大四次会议副秘书长、发言人On March 4, 2016, Deputy Secretary-General and Spokesman of the Fourth Session of the 12th National People's Congress傅莹Fu Ying在新闻发布会上表示，民法典编纂工作已经启动，从做法上分两步走，第一步是制定民法总则，第二步是全面整合民事法律。民法总则的征求意见稿已经出来，预期6月份能够提请人大常委会进行审议 At the press conference, it was said that the compilation of the Civil Code had been started and was divided into two steps from the practice. The first step was to formulate the general principles of civil law and the second step was to fully integrate civil law. The draft for comments on the general provisions of the Civil Law has been issued and is expected to be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for deliberation in June. [9]。6月，十二届全国人大常委会第二十一次会议初次审议了民法总则草案，标志着民法典编纂工作进入立法程序 。In June, the 21st meeting of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress reviewed the draft general provisions of the Civil Law for the first time, marking the entry of the compilation of the Civil Code into the legislative process. [10]。 2017年3月15日，《March 15, 2017中华人民共和国民法总则General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China》由中华人民共和国第十二届全国人民代表大会第五次会议通过，自2017年10月1日起施行。 Adopted at the Fifth Session of the Twelfth National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China and effective as of October 1, 2017. [11] 2018年8月27日，民法典各分编草案提请第十三届全国人大常委会第五次会议审议，不再保留计划生育的有关内容，新增离婚冷静期 On August 27,2018, the draft of each sub-part of the Civil Code was submitted to the Fifth Session of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress for deliberation. The relevant contents of family planning will no longer be retained and a new divorce cooling period will be added. [12]。12月23日，民法典侵权责任编草案提请十三届全国人大常委会第七次会议审议 。On December 23, the draft tort liability compilation of the Civil Code was submitted to the 7th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress for deliberation [13]。12月23日，民法典合同编草案二审稿提交全国人大常委会审议。为体现对合同的保护，二审稿规定，依法成立的合同，受法律保护。 。On December 23, the second draft of the Civil Code Contract was submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for deliberation. In order to reflect the protection of contracts, the second draft stipulates that contracts established according to law are protected by law. [14] 2019年6月25日，June 25, 9栗战书Li zhanshu委员长主持召开十三届全国人大常委会第十一次会议，会议审议了民法典婚姻家庭编草案和民法典继承编草案 The Chairman presided over the 11th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress, which reviewed the draft Marriage and Family Code and the draft Inheritance Code of the Civil Code. [15]。12月20日，法工委对民法典各分编草案进行了修改完善，并将2017年已经出台施行的《 。On December 20, the Law Working Committee revised and improved the draft chapters of the Civil Code, and put into effect the draft articles already issued in 2017. 中华人民共和国民法总则General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China》编入草案，重新编排条文序号，形成《中华人民共和国民法典（草案）》，提请12月常委会会议审议 "incorporated into the draft, rearranged the serial number of articles, formed the" Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (Draft),"submitted to the Standing Committee meeting in December for deliberation [16]。12月23日上午，十三届全国人大常委会第十五次会议听取全国人大宪法和法律委员会副主任委员沈春耀作关于《民法典各分编（草案）》修改情况和《中华人民共和国民法典（草案）》编纂情况的汇报。据沈春耀介绍，民法典（草案）共7编，依次为总则编、物权编、合同编、人格权编、婚姻家庭编、继承编、侵权责任编，以及附则，共1260条 。On the morning of December 23, the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress heard Shen Chunyao, vice chairman of the Constitution and Law Committee of the National People's Congress, make a report on the revision of the Civil Code (Draft) and the compilation of the Civil Code (Draft) of the People's Republic of China. According to Shen Chunyao, the draft Civil Code consists of 7 parts, including General Provisions, Property Rights, Contracts, Personality Rights, Marriage and Family, Inheritance, Tort Liability and Supplementary Provisions, totaling 1260 articles [17]。12月24日上午，十三届全国人大常委会第十五次会议举行分组会议，审议民法典草案 。On the morning of December 24, the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress held a sub-group meeting to review the draft Civil Code [18]。12月28日上午，十三届全国人大常委会第十五次会议表决通过了全国人大常委会关于提请审议民法典草案的议案，决定将民法典草案提请2020年召开的 。On the morning of December 28, the 15th meeting of the Standing Committee of the 13th National People's Congress voted to pass the proposal of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on submitting the draft Civil Code for deliberation, and decided to submit the draft Civil Code to be held in 2020. 十三届全国人大三次会议Third Session of the Thirteenth National People's Congress审议consideration[19]。 2020年5月22日，在第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议上，全国人民代表大会常务委员会副委员长 On May 22,2020, at the third session of the 13th National People's Congress, Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress 王晨Wang Chen作关于《About the中华人民共和国民法典（草案）Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (Draft)》的说明Description of[20]。5月28日，十三届全国人大三次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国民法典》，自2021年1月1日起施行 。On May 28, the Third Session of the 13th National People's Congress voted to adopt the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, which shall come into force as of January 1,2021 [5-6][21-22]。 法律全文 Full text of the law 播报broadcast 目录 catalogue 第一编 总则Part 1 General provisions 第一章 基本规定Chapter I Basic Provisions 第二章 自然人Chapter II Natural Persons 第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct 第二节 监护Section 2 Guardianship 第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡Section 3 Declarations of disappearance and death 第四节 个体工商户和农村承包经营户Section 4 Self-employed Industrial and Commercial Households and Contracted Rural Households 第三章 法人Chapter III legal persons 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 营利法人Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons 第三节 非营利法人Section 3 Non-Profit Legal Persons 第四节 特别法人Section 4 Special Legal Persons 第四章 非法人组织Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations 第五章 民事权利Chapter V civil rights 第六章 民事法律行为Chapter VI Civil Juristic Acts 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 意思表示Section 2: Meaning 第三节 民事法律行为的效力Section 3 Validity of Civil Juristic Acts 第四节 民事法律行为的附条件和附期限Section 4 Conditions and Time Limits Attached to Civil Juristic Acts 第七章 代理Chapter VII Agency 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 委托代理Section 2 Entrusted Agents 第三节 代理终止Section 3 Termination of Agency 第八章 民事责任Chapter VIII Civil Liability 第九章 诉讼时效Chapter IX Limitation of Action 第十章 期间计算Chapter X Duration Calculation 第二编 物权Part II Property Rights 第一分编 通则PART I. GENERAL 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭Chapter II Establishment, Alteration, Transfer and Extinction of Real Rights 第一节 不动产登记Section 1 Registration of Real Estate 第二节 动产交付Section 2 Delivery of Movable Property 第三节 其他规定Section III Other Provisions 第三章 物权的保护Chapter III Protection of Real Rights 第二分编 所有权Subpart II Ownership 第四章 一般规定Chapter IV General Provisions 第五章 国家所有权和集体所有权、私人所有权Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership 第六章 业主的建筑物区分所有权Chapter VI The Owner's Condominium Ownership of Buildings 第七章 相邻关系Chapter VII Neighborhood Relations 第八章 共有Chapter 8: The Common 第九章 所有权取得的特别规定Chapter IX Special Provisions on Acquisition of Ownership 第三分编 用益物权Subpart III: usufructuary rights 第十章 一般规定Chapter X General Provisions 第十一章 土地承包经营权Chapter XI Right to Contracted Management of Land 第十二章 建设用地使用权Chapter XII Right to the Use of Construction Land 第十三章 宅基地使用权Chapter XIII Right to the Use of Homestead 第十四章 居住权Chapter XIV Right of Residence 第十五章 地役权Chapter XV Easements 第四分编 担保物权Subpart IV. Security interests 第十六章 一般规定Chapter XVI General Provisions 第十七章 抵押权Chapter XVII Mortgage Rights 第一节 一般抵押权Section 1 General Mortgage Rights 第二节 最高额抵押权Section 2 Maximum Mortgage 第十八章 质权Chapter XVIII Pledge 第一节 动产质权Section 1 Pledge of Chattels 第二节 权利质权Section 2 Pledge of Rights 第十九章 留置权Chapter XIX Liens 第五分编 占有Part V Possession 第二十章 占有Possession 第三编 合同Part III Contracts 第一分编 通则PART I. GENERAL 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 合同的订立Chapter II Formation of Contracts 第三章 合同的效力Chapter III Validity of Contracts 第四章 合同的履行Chapter IV Performance of Contracts 第五章 合同的保全Chapter V Preservation of Contracts 第六章 合同的变更和转让Chapter VI Modification and Assignment of Contracts 第七章 合同的权利义务终止Chapter VII Termination of Contract Rights and Obligations 第八章 违约责任Chapter VIII Liability for Breach of Contract 第二分编 典型合同Part II Typical contracts 第九章 买卖合同Chapter IX Sales Contracts 第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同Chapter X Contracts for the Supply of Electricity, Water, Gas and Heat 第十一章 赠与合同Chapter XI Gift Contracts 第十二章 借款合同Chapter XII Loan Contracts 第十三章 保证合同Chapter XIII Guarantee Contract 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 保证责任Section 2 Warranty Liability 第十四章 租赁合同Chapter XIV Lease Contract 第十五章 融资租赁合同Chapter XV Financial Lease Contracts 第十六章 保理合同Chapter XVI Factoring Contracts 第十七章 承揽合同Chapter XVII Contract of Contracting 第十八章 建设工程合同Chapter XVIII Construction Project Contracts 第十九章 运输合同Chapter XIX Contract of Carriage 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 客运合同Section 2 Passenger Transport Contract 第三节 货运合同Section 3 Freight Contract 第四节 多式联运合同Section IV Multimodal Transport Contract 第二十章 技术合同Chapter XX Technology Contracts 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第二节 技术开发合同Section 2 Technology Development Contracts 第三节 技术转让合同和技术许可合同Section III Technology Transfer Contracts and Technology Licensing Contracts 第四节 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同Section IV Technical Consulting Contracts and Technical Service Contracts 第二十一章 保管合同Chapter XXI Custody Contract 第二十二章 仓储合同Chapter XXII Storage Contract 第二十三章 委托合同Chapter XXIII Entrustment Contract 第二十四章 物业服务合同Chapter XXIV Property Services Contract 第二十五章 行纪合同Chapter 25-The Contract 第二十六章 中介合同Chapter XXVI Intermediary Contracts 第二十七章 合伙合同Chapter XXVII Partnership Contract 第三分编 准合同Third, prepare the contract 第二十八章 无因管理Cause-Free Management 第二十九章 不当得利Chapter 29 Unjustified Enrichment 第四编 人格权Title IV Personal Rights 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 生命权、身体权和健康权Chapter II Right to life, body and health 第三章 姓名权和名称权Chapter III Name and Name Rights 第四章 肖像权Chapter IV Portrait Rights 第五章 名誉权和荣誉权Chapter V Right to Reputation and Honor 第六章 隐私权和个人信息保护Chapter VI Privacy and Personal Information Protection 第五编 婚姻家庭Part V Marriage and Family 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 结婚Chapter 2 Marriage 第三章 家庭关系Chapter III Family Relations 第一节 夫妻关系Section 1. 第二节 父母子女关系和其他近亲属关系Section 2 Parent-Child Relationships and Other Close Kinship Relationships 第四章 离婚Chapter 4 Divorce 第五章 收养Chapter V Adoption 第一节 收养关系的成立Section 1 Establishment of Adoption Relationship 第二节 收养的效力Section 2 Effect of Adoption 第三节 收养关系的解除Section 3 Termination of Adoption Relationship 第六编 继承Part VI Succession 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 法定继承Chapter II Legal Succession 第三章 遗嘱继承和遗赠Chapter III Testamentary Succession and Legacy 第四章 遗产的处理Chapter IV Disposal of Heritage 第七编 侵权责任Part VII Liability for Tort 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二章 损害赔偿Chapter II Compensation for Damage 第三章 责任主体的特殊规定Chapter III Special Provisions on the Subject of Liability 第四章 产品责任Chapter IV Product Liability 第五章 机动车交通事故责任Chapter V Liability for Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents 第六章 医疗损害责任Chapter VI Liability for Medical Damage 第七章 环境污染和生态破坏责任Chapter VII Responsibility for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Destruction 第八章 高度危险责任Chapter VIII High Risk Liability 第九章 饲养动物损害责任Chapter IX Liability for Damage Caused by Raising Animals 第十章 建筑物和物件损害责任Chapter X Liability for Damage to Buildings and Objects 附则supplementary articles 第一编 总则 Part 1 General provisions 第一章 基本规定Chapter I Basic Provisions 第一条 为了保护民事主体的合法权益，调整民事关系，维护社会和经济秩序，适应中国特色社会主义发展要求，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，根据宪法，制定本法。 Article 1 This Law is enacted in accordance with the Constitution for the purpose of protecting the lawful rights and interests of civil subjects, adjusting civil relations, maintaining social and economic order, meeting the requirements of the development of socialism with China characteristics and carrying forward the core values of socialism. 第二条 民法调整平等主体的自然人、法人和非法人组织之间的人身关系和财产关系。 Article 2 Civil law regulates personal and property relations among natural persons, legal persons and organizations without legal personality as equal subjects. 第三条 民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。 Article 3 The personal rights, property rights and other legitimate rights and interests of civil entities shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual. 第四条 民事主体在民事活动中的法律地位一律平等。Article 4 Civil subjects shall have equal legal status in civil activities. 第五条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循自愿原则，按照自己的意思设立、变更、终止民事法律关系。 Article 5 Civil subjects engaged in civil activities shall abide by the principle of voluntariness and establish, alter or terminate civil legal relationships according to their own will. 第六条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循公平原则，合理确定各方的权利和义务。 Article 6 Civil subjects engaged in civil activities shall abide by the principle of fairness and reasonably determine the rights and obligations of all parties. 第七条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循诚信原则，秉持诚实，恪守承诺。Article 7 Civil subjects engaged in civil activities shall abide by the principle of good faith, uphold honesty and abide by commitments. 第八条 民事主体从事民事活动，不得违反法律，不得违背公序良俗。Article 8 When a civil subject engages in civil activities, he shall not violate the law or public order and good custom. 第九条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当有利于节约资源、保护生态环境。Article 9 Civil activities undertaken by civil subjects shall be conducive to conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment. 第十条 处理民事纠纷，应当依照法律；法律没有规定的，可以适用习惯，但是不得违背公序良俗。 Article 10 Civil disputes shall be handled in accordance with the law; custom may be applied where there are no provisions in the law, provided that public order and good custom are not violated. 第十一条 其他法律对民事关系有特别规定的，依照其规定。Article 11 Where other laws have special provisions on civil relations, such provisions shall prevail. 第十二条 中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 12 The laws of the People's Republic of China shall apply to civil activities within the territory of the People's Republic of China. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第二章 自然人Chapter II Natural Persons 第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力Section 1 Capacity for Civil Rights and Capacity for Civil Conduct 第十三条 自然人从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。 Article 13 A natural person has capacity for civil rights from birth to death, enjoys civil rights and bears civil obligations according to law. 第十四条 自然人的民事权利能力一律平等。Article 14 All natural persons are equal in their capacity for civil rights. 第十五条 自然人的出生时间和死亡时间，以出生证明、死亡证明记载的时间为准；没有出生证明、死亡证明的，以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的时间为准。有其他证据足以推翻以上记载时间的，以该证据证明的时间为准。 Article 15 The time of birth and death of a natural person shall be the time recorded in the birth certificate or death certificate; in the absence of a birth certificate or death certificate, the time recorded in the household registration or other valid identity registration shall prevail. If there is other evidence sufficient to disprove the time recorded above, the time proved by such evidence shall prevail. 第十六条 涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎儿利益保护的，胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是，胎儿娩出时为死体的，其民事权利能力自始不存在。 Article 16 Where the protection of foetal interests involves inheritance, acceptance of gifts, etc., the foetus shall be deemed to have the capacity for civil rights. However, if the fetus is dead at birth, its civil capacity does not exist from the beginning. 第十七条 十八周岁以上的自然人为成年人。不满十八周岁的自然人为未成年人。Article 17 Natural persons over the age of 18 are adults. Natural persons under the age of eighteen are minors. 第十八条 成年人为完全民事行为能力人，可以独立实施民事法律行为。Article 18 An adult is a person with full capacity for civil conduct and may independently perform civil juristic acts. 十六周岁以上的未成年人，以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的，视为完全民事行为能力人。 Minors over the age of 16 whose main source of livelihood is their own income from labour shall be regarded as persons with full capacity for civil conduct. 第十九条 八周岁以上的未成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认；但是，可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力相适应的民事法律行为。 Article 19 A minor over the age of eight shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct and shall perform civil juristic acts on his behalf by his legal representative or with the consent or ratification of his legal representative; however, he may independently perform civil juristic acts for which he obtains net benefit or which are appropriate to his age or intelligence. 第二十条 不满八周岁的未成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。 Article 20 A minor under the age of eight is a person without capacity for civil conduct and shall be represented by his legal representative in performing civil juristic acts. 第二十一条 不能辨认自己行为的成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。 Article 21 An adult who is unable to recognize his own conduct is a person without capacity for civil conduct, and his legal representative shall perform a civil juristic act on his behalf. 八周岁以上的未成年人不能辨认自己行为的，适用前款规定。The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to minors over eight years of age who are unable to recognize their own conduct. 第二十二条 不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认；但是，可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。 Article 22 An adult who is unable to fully recognize his own conduct shall be a person with limited capacity for civil conduct, and he shall perform civil juristic acts on his behalf by his legal representative or with the consent or ratification of his legal representative; however, he may independently perform civil juristic acts for pure benefit or civil juristic acts appropriate to his intellectual and mental health. 第二十三条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人是其法定代理人。Article 23 The guardian of a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be his legal representative. 第二十四条 不能辨认或者不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人，其利害关系人或者有关组织，可以向人民法院申请认定该成年人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人。 Article 24 An interested party or relevant organization of an adult who is unable to identify or fully identify his own conduct may apply to a people's court for recognition of the adult as a person without capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct. 被人民法院认定为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的，经本人、利害关系人或者有关组织申请，人民法院可以根据其智力、精神健康恢复的状况，认定该成年人恢复为限制民事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人。 If a people's court determines that an adult has no capacity for civil conduct or limited capacity for civil conduct, the people's court may, upon application by the person concerned, an interested party or a relevant organization, determine that the adult has been restored to a person with limited capacity for civil conduct or full capacity for civil conduct on the basis of the state of his intellectual and mental health recovery. 本条规定的有关组织包括：居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。 The organizations mentioned in this article include residents committees, villagers committees, schools, medical institutions, women's federations, disabled persons 'federations, organizations of the elderly established according to law, and civil affairs departments. 第二十五条 自然人以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的居所为住所；经常居所与住所不一致的，经常居所视为住所。 Article 25 The domicile of a natural person shall be the domicile recorded in his household registration or other valid identity registration; where his habitual residence is inconsistent with his domicile, his habitual residence shall be regarded as his domicile. 第二节 监护Section 2 Guardianship 第二十六条 父母对未成年子女负有抚养、教育和保护的义务。Article 26 Parents shall have the duty to bring up, educate and protect their minor children. 成年子女对父母负有赡养、扶助和保护的义务。Adult children have the obligation to support, assist and protect their parents. 第二十七条 父母是未成年子女的监护人。Article 27 Parents are guardians of minor children. 未成年人的父母已经死亡或者没有监护能力的，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人： If a minor's parents are dead or incapable of guardianship, the following persons capable of guardianship shall act as guardians in that order: （一）祖父母、外祖父母；(1) grandparents; （二）兄、姐；(2) brothers and sisters; （三）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。 (3) other individuals or organizations willing to act as guardians, subject to the consent of the residents committee, villagers committee or civil affairs department at the place of the minor's residence. 第二十八条 无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的成年人，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人： Article 28 For adults without or with limited capacity for civil conduct, the following persons with guardianship capacity shall act as guardians in that order: （一）配偶；(i) spouse; （二）父母、子女；(2) parents and children; （三）其他近亲属；(3) Other close relatives; （四）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。 (4) any other individual or organization willing to act as guardian, provided that the consent of the residents committee, villagers committee or civil affairs department in the place where the ward lives is obtained. 第二十九条 被监护人的父母担任监护人的，可以通过遗嘱指定监护人。Article 29 If the parents of a ward act as guardians, they may appoint a guardian through a will. 第三十条 依法具有监护资格的人之间可以协议确定监护人。协议确定监护人应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿。 Article 30 Guardians may be appointed by agreement between persons qualified for guardianship according to law. The agreement establishes that the guardian shall respect the true wishes of the ward. 第三十一条 对监护人的确定有争议的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门指定监护人，有关当事人对指定不服的，可以向人民法院申请指定监护人；有关当事人也可以直接向人民法院申请指定监护人。 Article 31 If there is a dispute over the appointment of a guardian, the residents committee, villagers committee or civil affairs department at the place of residence of the ward shall appoint a guardian. If the party concerned is not satisfied with the appointment, he may apply to the people's court for appointment of a guardian; the party concerned may also apply directly to the people's court for appointment of a guardian. 居民委员会、村民委员会、民政部门或者人民法院应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿，按照最有利于被监护人的原则在依法具有监护资格的人中指定监护人。 The residents committee, villagers committee, civil affairs department or people's court shall respect the true wishes of the ward and appoint a guardian from among the persons qualified for guardianship according to law in accordance with the principle of being most beneficial to the ward. 依据本条第一款规定指定监护人前，被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益处于无人保护状态的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会、法律规定的有关组织或者民政部门担任临时监护人。 Before a guardian is appointed in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of this article, if the personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests of the ward are unprotected, the residents committee, villagers committee, relevant organization as provided for by law or civil affairs department at the place where the ward has his domicile shall act as temporary guardian. 监护人被指定后，不得擅自变更；擅自变更的，不免除被指定的监护人的责任。After a guardian has been appointed, he shall not be changed without authorization; unauthorized changes shall not exempt the appointed guardian from responsibility. 第三十二条 没有依法具有监护资格的人的，监护人由民政部门担任，也可以由具备履行监护职责条件的被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会担任。 Article 32 If there is no person qualified for guardianship according to law, the guardian shall be appointed by the civil affairs department, or by the residents 'committee or villagers' committee in the place where the ward has his domicile, which is qualified to perform guardianship duties. 第三十三条 具有完全民事行为能力的成年人，可以与其近亲属、其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织事先协商，以书面形式确定自己的监护人，在自己丧失或者部分丧失民事行为能力时，由该监护人履行监护职责。 Article 33 An adult with full capacity for civil conduct may, after consultation in advance with his close relatives or other individuals or organizations willing to act as guardians, appoint in writing a guardian for him, who shall perform the duties of guardianship when he loses or partially loses his capacity for civil conduct. 第三十四条 监护人的职责是代理被监护人实施民事法律行为，保护被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益等。 Article 34 The duty of a guardian is to perform civil legal acts on behalf of the ward and to protect his personal rights, property rights and other lawful rights and interests. 监护人依法履行监护职责产生的权利，受法律保护。The rights arising from the lawful performance of guardianship duties by guardians shall be protected by law. 监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人合法权益的，应当承担法律责任。A guardian who fails to perform his guardianship duties or infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of his ward shall bear legal responsibility. 因发生突发事件等紧急情况，监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，被监护人的生活处于无人照料状态的，被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门应当为被监护人安排必要的临时生活照料措施。 If the guardian is temporarily unable to perform his guardianship duties due to emergencies or other emergencies, and the ward is left unattended, the residents committee, villagers committee or civil affairs department at the place where the ward resides shall arrange necessary temporary measures for the ward's livelihood. 第三十五条 监护人应当按照最有利于被监护人的原则履行监护职责。监护人除为维护被监护人利益外，不得处分被监护人的财产。 Article 35 A guardian shall perform his guardianship duties in accordance with the principle of being most beneficial to the ward. A guardian may not dispose of his ward's property except to safeguard his ward's interests. 未成年人的监护人履行监护职责，在作出与被监护人利益有关的决定时，应当根据被监护人的年龄和智力状况，尊重被监护人的真实意愿。 The guardian of a minor shall, in the performance of his guardianship duties, respect the true wishes of the ward in accordance with his age and intellectual condition when making decisions concerning the ward's interests. 成年人的监护人履行监护职责，应当最大程度地尊重被监护人的真实意愿，保障并协助被监护人实施与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。对被监护人有能力独立处理的事务，监护人不得干涉。 The guardian of an adult shall, in performing his guardianship duties, respect the true wishes of the ward to the greatest extent and ensure and assist the ward in carrying out civil legal acts appropriate to his intellectual and mental health. The guardian shall not interfere in the ward's affairs which he is capable of handling independently. 第三十六条 监护人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根据有关个人或者组织的申请，撤销其监护人资格，安排必要的临时监护措施，并按照最有利于被监护人的原则依法指定监护人： Article 36 If a guardian falls into any of the following circumstances, the people's court shall, upon application by the individual or organization concerned, revoke his or her guardian status, arrange for necessary temporary guardianship measures, and appoint a guardian according to law in accordance with the principle that is most beneficial to the ward: （一）实施严重损害被监护人身心健康的行为；(1) committing acts that seriously harm the physical and mental health of the ward; （二）怠于履行监护职责，或者无法履行监护职责且拒绝将监护职责部分或者全部委托给他人，导致被监护人处于危困状态； (2) neglecting to perform guardianship duties, or failing to perform guardianship duties and refusing to entrust part or all of guardianship duties to others, resulting in the ward being in a state of danger; （三）实施严重侵害被监护人合法权益的其他行为。(3) committing other acts that seriously infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of the ward. 本条规定的有关个人、组织包括：其他依法具有监护资格的人，居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、未成年人保护组织、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。 The individuals and organizations mentioned in this Article include: other persons with guardianship qualifications according to law, residents committees, villagers committees, schools, medical institutions, women's federations, disabled persons 'federations, organizations for the protection of minors, organizations for the elderly established according to law, civil affairs departments, etc. 前款规定的个人和民政部门以外的组织未及时向人民法院申请撤销监护人资格的，民政部门应当向人民法院申请。 If the individuals mentioned in the preceding paragraph and organizations other than civil affairs departments fail to apply to the people's court for revocation of guardianship in a timely manner, the civil affairs department shall apply to the people's court. 第三十七条 依法负担被监护人抚养费、赡养费、扶养费的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，应当继续履行负担的义务。 Article 37 The parents, children, spouses, etc. who bear the maintenance, alimony and maintenance expenses of the ward according to law shall continue to perform their obligations after the people's court revokes their guardianship status. 第三十八条 被监护人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，除对被监护人实施故意犯罪的外，确有悔改表现的，经其申请，人民法院可以在尊重被监护人真实意愿的前提下，视情况恢复其监护人资格，人民法院指定的监护人与被监护人的监护关系同时终止。 Article 38 After the guardian status of a ward has been revoked by a people's court, if the guardian's parents or children show signs of repentance, other than those who have committed intentional crimes against the ward, upon application, the people's court may, on the premise of respecting the ward's true wishes, restore his guardian status according to the circumstances, and the guardianship relationship between the guardian appointed by the people's court and the ward shall terminate at the same time. 第三十九条 有下列情形之一的，监护关系终止：Article 39 The guardianship relationship shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: （一）被监护人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力；(1) The ward acquires or recovers full capacity for civil conduct; （二）监护人丧失监护能力；(2) The guardian loses his guardianship ability; （三）被监护人或者监护人死亡；(3) Death of the ward or guardian; （四）人民法院认定监护关系终止的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances under which the people's court determines that the guardianship relationship has terminated. 监护关系终止后，被监护人仍然需要监护的，应当依法另行确定监护人。If the ward still needs guardianship after the termination of the guardianship relationship, another guardian shall be appointed according to law. 第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡Section 3 Declarations of disappearance and death 第四十条 自然人下落不明满二年的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人为失踪人。 Article 40 If the whereabouts of a natural person have been unknown for two years, an interested party may apply to a people's court for a declaration that the natural person is missing. 第四十一条 自然人下落不明的时间自其失去音讯之日起计算。战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间自战争结束之日或者有关机关确定的下落不明之日起计算。 Article 41 The time when the whereabouts of a natural person are unknown shall be counted from the date on which he or she is lost. If his whereabouts are unknown during the war, the period of time when his whereabouts are unknown shall be counted from the date of the end of the war or the date on which his whereabouts are confirmed by the relevant organs as unknown. 第四十二条 失踪人的财产由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意担任财产代管人的人代管。 Article 42 The property of a missing person shall be entrusted to his spouse, adult children, parents or other persons willing to act as custodians of the property. 代管有争议，没有前款规定的人，或者前款规定的人无代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。 If there is a dispute over custody, and there is no person specified in the preceding paragraph, or if the person specified in the preceding paragraph is unable to administer, the custody shall be entrusted to a person designated by the people's court. 第四十三条 财产代管人应当妥善管理失踪人的财产，维护其财产权益。Article 43 The property custodian shall properly manage the property of the missing person and safeguard his property rights and interests. 失踪人所欠税款、债务和应付的其他费用，由财产代管人从失踪人的财产中支付。 Taxes, debts and other expenses due from the missing person shall be paid by the trustee out of the missing person's property. 财产代管人因故意或者重大过失造成失踪人财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。If the property custodian intentionally or through gross negligence causes property losses to the missing person, he shall be liable for compensation. 第四十四条 财产代管人不履行代管职责、侵害失踪人财产权益或者丧失代管能力的，失踪人的利害关系人可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。 Article 44 If the trustee fails to perform his duties, infringes upon the property rights and interests of the missing person, or loses his ability to administer, the interested party of the missing person may apply to the people's court for a change of trustee. 财产代管人有正当理由的，可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。The property custodian may apply to the people's court for a change of the property custodian if he has justifiable reasons. 人民法院变更财产代管人的，变更后的财产代管人有权请求原财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。 If the people's court changes the property custodian, the changed property custodian shall have the right to request the original property custodian to hand over the relevant property in a timely manner and report the property custody situation. 第四十五条 失踪人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销失踪宣告。 Article 45 If a missing person reappears, the people's court shall, upon application by the missing person or an interested party, revoke the declaration of disappearance. 失踪人重新出现，有权请求财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。The missing person reappears and has the right to request the escrow agent to hand over the property in a timely manner and to report on the escrow. 第四十六条 自然人有下列情形之一的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人死亡： Article 46 Where a natural person falls under any of the following circumstances, the interested party may apply to the people's court for a declaration of the natural person's death: （一）下落不明满四年；(1) his whereabouts have been unknown for four years; （二）因意外事件，下落不明满二年。(2) his whereabouts have been unknown for two years due to an accident. 因意外事件下落不明，经有关机关证明该自然人不可能生存的，申请宣告死亡不受二年时间的限制。 If the whereabouts of a natural person are unknown due to an accident and it is proved by the relevant authorities that it is impossible for the natural person to survive, the application for declaration of death shall not be subject to the two-year time limit. 第四十七条 对同一自然人，有的利害关系人申请宣告死亡，有的利害关系人申请宣告失踪，符合本法规定的宣告死亡条件的，人民法院应当宣告死亡。 Article 47 If an interested party applies for a declaration of death or an interested party applies for a declaration of disappearance of the same natural person and the conditions for declaring death as provided for in this Law are met, the people's court shall declare the person dead. 第四十八条 被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判决作出之日视为其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件发生之日视为其死亡的日期。 Article 48 For a person declared dead, the date on which the people's court makes the judgment declaring him dead shall be deemed to be the date of his death; for a person declared dead because his whereabouts are unknown due to an accident, the date on which the accident occurred shall be deemed to be the date of his death. 第四十九条 自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影响该自然人在被宣告死亡期间实施的民事法律行为的效力。 Article 49 The fact that a natural person is declared dead but not dead shall not affect the validity of civil juristic acts performed by that natural person during the period when he is declared dead. 第五十条 被宣告死亡的人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销死亡宣告。 Article 50 If a person who has been declared dead reappears, the people's court shall revoke the declaration of death upon application by the person or an interested party. 第五十一条 被宣告死亡的人的婚姻关系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤销的，婚姻关系自撤销死亡宣告之日起自行恢复。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登记机关书面声明不愿意恢复的除外。 Article 51 The marital relationship of a person who has been declared dead shall be dissolved as of the day on which the death is declared. If the declaration of death is revoked, the marriage relationship shall be restored automatically from the day the declaration of death is revoked. However, the spouse remarries or declares in writing to the marriage registration office that he or she is unwilling to resume marriage. 第五十二条 被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期间，其子女被他人依法收养的，在死亡宣告被撤销后，不得以未经本人同意为由主张收养行为无效。 Article 52 If a child of a person who has been declared dead is adopted by another person according to law during the period of his death, after the declaration of death has been revoked, the adoption may not be invalidated on the ground that he did not consent. 第五十三条 被撤销死亡宣告的人有权请求依照本法第六编取得其财产的民事主体返还财产；无法返还的，应当给予适当补偿。 Article 53 A person whose declaration of death has been revoked shall have the right to request the civil subject who obtained his property in accordance with Part 6 of this Law to return the property; if it cannot be returned, appropriate compensation shall be given. 利害关系人隐瞒真实情况，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其财产的，除应当返还财产外，还应当对由此造成的损失承担赔偿责任。 If an interested party conceals the truth and causes another person to be declared dead and obtains his property, he shall, in addition to returning the property, be liable for compensation for the losses caused thereby. 第四节 个体工商户和农村承包经营户Section 4 Self-employed Industrial and Commercial Households and Contracted Rural Households 第五十四条 自然人从事工商业经营，经依法登记，为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。 Article 54 Natural persons engaged in industrial and commercial operations shall be registered as self-employed industrial and commercial households according to law. Self-employed industrial and commercial households may adopt a trade name. 第五十五条 农村集体经济组织的成员，依法取得农村土地承包经营权，从事家庭承包经营的，为农村承包经营户。 Article 55 Members of rural collective economic organizations who have acquired the right to contracted management of rural land according to law and who engage in contracted management of rural land on a household basis are rural contracted households. 第五十六条 个体工商户的债务，个人经营的，以个人财产承担；家庭经营的，以家庭财产承担；无法区分的，以家庭财产承担。 Article 56 The debts of an individual industrial or commercial household shall be borne by his personal property if he is run by an individual; by family property if he is run by a family; or by family property if he is unable to distinguish between them. 农村承包经营户的债务，以从事农村土地承包经营的农户财产承担；事实上由农户部分成员经营的，以该部分成员的财产承担。 The debts of rural contracted management households shall be borne by the property of the peasant households engaged in contracted management of rural land; if in fact they are managed by some members of the peasant households, they shall be borne by the property of such members. 第三章 法人Chapter III legal persons 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第五十七条 法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。 Article 57 A legal person is an organization that has capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct and independently enjoys civil rights and assumes civil obligations according to law. 第五十八条 法人应当依法成立。Article 58 A legal person shall be established according to law. 法人应当有自己的名称、组织机构、住所、财产或者经费。法人成立的具体条件和程序，依照法律、行政法规的规定。 A legal person shall have its own name, organizational structure, domicile, property or funds. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of a legal person shall be in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 设立法人，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。Where the establishment of a legal person is subject to approval by the relevant authorities as provided for by laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail. 第五十九条 法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力，从法人成立时产生，到法人终止时消灭。 Article 59 The capacity for civil rights and capacity for civil conduct of a legal person shall arise at the time of its establishment and shall expire at the time of its termination. 第六十条 法人以其全部财产独立承担民事责任。Article 60 A legal person shall bear civil liability independently with all its property. 第六十一条 依照法律或者法人章程的规定，代表法人从事民事活动的负责人，为法人的法定代表人。 Article 61 In accordance with the provisions of the law or the articles of association of a legal person, the person in charge who engages in civil activities on behalf of the legal person shall be the legal representative of the legal person. 法定代表人以法人名义从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受。The legal consequences of civil activities undertaken by legal representatives in the name of legal persons shall be borne by legal persons. 法人章程或者法人权力机构对法定代表人代表权的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。The restrictions imposed by the articles of association of a legal person or by the organ of power of a legal person on the representative power of a legal representative shall not oppose a bona fide counterpart. 第六十二条 法定代表人因执行职务造成他人损害的，由法人承担民事责任。Article 62 If the legal representative causes damage to others in the performance of his duties, the legal person shall bear civil liability. 法人承担民事责任后，依照法律或者法人章程的规定，可以向有过错的法定代表人追偿。 After a legal person bears civil liability, it may, in accordance with the law or its articles of association, recover compensation from its legal representative who is at fault. 第六十三条 法人以其主要办事机构所在地为住所。依法需要办理法人登记的，应当将主要办事机构所在地登记为住所。 Article 63 A legal person shall have its domicile at the place where its principal office is located. Where legal person registration is required according to law, the place where the principal office is located shall be registered as the domicile. 第六十四条 法人存续期间登记事项发生变化的，应当依法向登记机关申请变更登记。 Article 64 If any change occurs in the registered items during the existence of a legal person, it shall apply to the registration authority for registration of change according to law. 第六十五条 法人的实际情况与登记的事项不一致的，不得对抗善意相对人。Article 65 Where the actual circumstances of a legal person are inconsistent with the registered particulars, it shall not oppose a bona fide counterpart. 第六十六条 登记机关应当依法及时公示法人登记的有关信息。Article 66 The registration authority shall timely publicize the relevant information of legal person registration according to law. 第六十七条 法人合并的，其权利和义务由合并后的法人享有和承担。Article 67 Where legal persons are merged, their rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the merged legal person. 法人分立的，其权利和义务由分立后的法人享有连带债权，承担连带债务，但是债权人和债务人另有约定的除外。 Where a legal person is divided, its rights and obligations shall be enjoyed by the legal person after division, and the legal person shall bear joint and several claims and liabilities, except as otherwise agreed by the creditor and debtor. 第六十八条 有下列原因之一并依法完成清算、注销登记的，法人终止：Article 68 A legal person shall terminate if liquidation or cancellation of registration is completed in accordance with the law for any of the following reasons: （一）法人解散；(1) dissolution of a legal person; （二）法人被宣告破产；(2) The legal person is declared bankrupt; （三）法律规定的其他原因。(3) Other reasons stipulated by law. 法人终止，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。Where the termination of a legal person is subject to approval by the relevant authorities as provided for by laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail. 第六十九条 有下列情形之一的，法人解散：Article 69 A legal person shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances: （一）法人章程规定的存续期间届满或者法人章程规定的其他解散事由出现；(1) the expiration of the period of existence prescribed in the articles of association or the occurrence of other causes for dissolution prescribed in the articles of association of the legal person; （二）法人的权力机构决议解散；(2) Resolution of dissolution of the legal person by its organ of authority; （三）因法人合并或者分立需要解散；(3) dissolution is necessary due to merger or division of legal persons; （四）法人依法被吊销营业执照、登记证书，被责令关闭或者被撤销；(4) The business license or registration certificate of a legal person has been revoked, or the legal person has been ordered to close down or revoked; （五）法律规定的其他情形。(5) Other circumstances provided for by law. 第七十条 法人解散的，除合并或者分立的情形外，清算义务人应当及时组成清算组进行清算。 Article 70 In case of dissolution of a legal person, except in case of merger or division, the liquidation obligors shall promptly form a liquidation group to carry out liquidation. 法人的董事、理事等执行机构或者决策机构的成员为清算义务人。法律、行政法规另有规定的，依照其规定。 The members of the executive or decision-making bodies such as directors and directors of a legal person are liquidation obligors. Where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 清算义务人未及时履行清算义务，造成损害的，应当承担民事责任；主管机关或者利害关系人可以申请人民法院指定有关人员组成清算组进行清算。 If the liquidation obligor fails to perform his liquidation obligations in time and causes damage, he shall bear civil liability; the competent authority or interested party may apply to the people's court to appoint relevant persons to form a liquidation group to conduct liquidation. 第七十一条 法人的清算程序和清算组职权，依照有关法律的规定；没有规定的，参照适用公司法律的有关规定。 Article 71 The liquidation procedures of a legal person and the powers and functions of the liquidation group shall be in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws; in the absence of such provisions, the relevant provisions of applicable company laws shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第七十二条 清算期间法人存续，但是不得从事与清算无关的活动。Article 72 A legal person shall exist during the liquidation period, but may not engage in activities unrelated to liquidation. 法人清算后的剩余财产，按照法人章程的规定或者法人权力机构的决议处理。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 The residual property of a legal person after liquidation shall be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person or the resolution of the organ of power of the legal person. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 清算结束并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止；依法不需要办理法人登记的，清算结束时，法人终止。 The legal person shall be terminated upon completion of liquidation and completion of cancellation of registration of the legal person; if registration of the legal person is not required according to law, the legal person shall be terminated upon completion of liquidation. 第七十三条 法人被宣告破产的，依法进行破产清算并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止。 Article 73 Where a legal person is declared bankrupt, it shall terminate when bankruptcy liquidation is carried out in accordance with the law and the registration of cancellation of the legal person is completed. 第七十四条 法人可以依法设立分支机构。法律、行政法规规定分支机构应当登记的，依照其规定。 Article 74 A legal person may establish branches in accordance with law. Where laws and administrative regulations stipulate that a branch office shall register, such provisions shall be followed. 分支机构以自己的名义从事民事活动，产生的民事责任由法人承担；也可以先以该分支机构管理的财产承担，不足以承担的，由法人承担。 If a branch engages in civil activities in its own name, the civil liability incurred shall be borne by the legal person; it may also be borne first by the property managed by the branch. If it is insufficient to bear the civil liability, the legal person shall bear it. 第七十五条 设立人为设立法人从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受；法人未成立的，其法律后果由设立人承受，设立人为二人以上的，享有连带债权，承担连带债务。 Article 75 The legal consequences of civil activities undertaken by a corporation for the purpose of establishing a legal person shall be borne by the legal person; if the legal person is not established, the legal consequences shall be borne by the corporation; if there are two or more persons, they shall enjoy joint claims and bear joint liabilities. 设立人为设立法人以自己的名义从事民事活动产生的民事责任，第三人有权选择请求法人或者设立人承担。 A third party shall have the right to choose whether to request the legal person or the founder to bear civil liability arising from civil activities undertaken in his own name by the founder for the establishment of the legal person. 第二节 营利法人Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons 第七十六条 以取得利润并分配给股东等出资人为目的成立的法人，为营利法人。Article 76 A legal person is a profit-making legal person if it is established for the purpose of obtaining profits and distributing them to shareholders and other contributors. 营利法人包括有限责任公司、股份有限公司和其他企业法人等。For-profit legal persons include limited liability companies, joint stock limited companies and other enterprise legal persons. 第七十七条 营利法人经依法登记成立。Article 77 A profit-making legal person shall be registered and established according to law. 第七十八条 依法设立的营利法人，由登记机关发给营利法人营业执照。营业执照签发日期为营利法人的成立日期。 Article 78 For a profit-making legal person established according to law, the registration authority shall issue a profit-making legal person business license. The date of issuance of the business license shall be the date of establishment of the profit-making legal person. 第七十九条 设立营利法人应当依法制定法人章程。Article 79 To establish a profit-making legal person, its articles of association shall be formulated in accordance with law. 第八十条 营利法人应当设权力机构。Article 80 A profit-making legal person shall have an organ of power. 权力机构行使修改法人章程，选举或者更换执行机构、监督机构成员，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 The organs of power shall exercise such other functions and powers as are prescribed in the articles of association of the legal person, election or replacement of members of executive and supervisory bodies. 第八十一条 营利法人应当设执行机构。Article 81 A profit-making legal person shall have an executive organ. 执行机构行使召集权力机构会议，决定法人的经营计划和投资方案，决定法人内部管理机构的设置，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 The executive organ shall convene meetings of the power organs, decide on the business plan and investment plan of the legal person, decide on the establishment of the internal management organization of the legal person, and exercise other functions and powers stipulated in the articles of association of the legal person. 执行机构为董事会或者执行董事的，董事长、执行董事或者经理按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人；未设董事会或者执行董事的，法人章程规定的主要负责人为其执行机构和法定代表人。 If the executive organ is the board of directors or executive director, the chairman of the board, executive director or manager shall act as the legal representative in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person; if there is no board of directors or executive director, the principal responsible person specified in the articles of association of the legal person shall be its executive organ and legal representative. 第八十二条 营利法人设监事会或者监事等监督机构的，监督机构依法行使检查法人财务，监督执行机构成员、高级管理人员执行法人职务的行为，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。 Article 82 Where a profit-making legal person has a supervisory organ such as a board of supervisors or supervisors, the supervisory organ shall, in accordance with law, inspect the financial affairs of the legal person, supervise the acts of the members and senior managers of the executive organ in performing their duties as a legal person, and exercise other functions and powers prescribed in the articles of association of the legal person. 第八十三条 营利法人的出资人不得滥用出资人权利损害法人或者其他出资人的利益；滥用出资人权利造成法人或者其他出资人损失的，应当依法承担民事责任。 Article 83 An investor of a profit-making legal person may not abuse the rights of the investor to harm the interests of the legal person or other investors; if the abuse of the rights of the investor causes losses to the legal person or other investors, he shall bear civil liability according to law. 营利法人的出资人不得滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任损害法人债权人的利益；滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任，逃避债务，严重损害法人债权人的利益的，应当对法人债务承担连带责任。 An investor of a for-profit legal person may not abuse the independent status of the legal person and the limited liability of the investor to harm the interests of the creditors of the legal person; if he abuses the independent status of the legal person and the limited liability of the investor to evade debts and seriously harm the interests of the creditors of the legal person, he shall bear joint and several liability for the debts of the legal person. 第八十四条 营利法人的控股出资人、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员不得利用其关联关系损害法人的利益；利用关联关系造成法人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 84 The controlling investor, actual controller, director, supervisor or senior manager of a profit-making legal person shall not take advantage of his/her affiliated relationship to harm the interests of the legal person; if he/she causes losses to the legal person by taking advantage of his/her affiliated relationship, he/she shall be liable for compensation. 第八十五条 营利法人的权力机构、执行机构作出决议的会议召集程序、表决方式违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决议内容违反法人章程的，营利法人的出资人可以请求人民法院撤销该决议。但是，营利法人依据该决议与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。 Article 85 If the procedure for convening meetings and the voting method of resolutions made by the power organs and executive organs of a profit-making legal person violate laws, administrative regulations and the articles of association of the legal person, or if the contents of the resolutions violate the articles of association of the legal person, the investors of the profit-making legal person may request the people's court to annul the resolutions. However, the civil legal relationship formed between the profit-making legal person and the bona fide counterpart in accordance with the resolution shall not be affected. 第八十六条 营利法人从事经营活动，应当遵守商业道德，维护交易安全，接受政府和社会的监督，承担社会责任。 Article 86 In conducting business activities, profit-making legal persons shall abide by business ethics, safeguard transaction safety, accept supervision by the government and society, and assume social responsibilities. 第三节 非营利法人Section 3 Non-Profit Legal Persons 第八十七条 为公益目的或者其他非营利目的成立，不向出资人、设立人或者会员分配所取得利润的法人，为非营利法人。 Article 87 A legal person is a non-profit legal person if it is established for public welfare or other non-profit purposes and does not distribute its profits to its investors, founders or members. 非营利法人包括事业单位、社会团体、基金会、社会服务机构等。Non-profit legal persons include institutions, social organizations, foundations, social service organizations, etc. 第八十八条 具备法人条件，为适应经济社会发展需要，提供公益服务设立的事业单位，经依法登记成立，取得事业单位法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有事业单位法人资格。 Article 88 An institution that meets the requirements of a legal person and is established to provide public welfare services to meet the needs of economic and social development shall obtain the legal person status of an institution upon registration and establishment according to law; if it is not required to go through legal person registration according to law, it shall have the legal person status of an institution from the date of its establishment. 第八十九条 事业单位法人设理事会的，除法律另有规定外，理事会为其决策机构。事业单位法人的法定代表人依照法律、行政法规或者法人章程的规定产生。 Article 89 Where an institution as a legal person has a council, the council shall be its decision-making organ unless otherwise provided by law. The legal representative of an institution as a legal person shall be elected in accordance with the provisions of laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association of the legal person. 第九十条 具备法人条件，基于会员共同意愿，为公益目的或者会员共同利益等非营利目的设立的社会团体，经依法登记成立，取得社会团体法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有社会团体法人资格。 Article 90 A social organization that meets the requirements of a legal person and is established for public welfare purposes or for non-profit purposes such as the common interests of its members based on the common wishes of its members shall acquire the status of a social organization legal person upon registration and establishment according to law; those that do not need to go through legal person registration according to law shall have the status of a social organization legal person from the date of establishment. 第九十一条 设立社会团体法人应当依法制定法人章程。Article 91 To establish a social organization as a legal person, its articles of association shall be formulated in accordance with law. 社会团体法人应当设会员大会或者会员代表大会等权力机构。A social organization as a legal person shall have a general assembly of members or a general assembly of members and other organs of power. 社会团体法人应当设理事会等执行机构。理事长或者会长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。 A social organization as a legal person shall have executive organs such as a council. The chairman of the board of directors or the chairman and other responsible persons shall act as the legal representative in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person. 第九十二条 具备法人条件，为公益目的以捐助财产设立的基金会、社会服务机构等，经依法登记成立，取得捐助法人资格。 Article 92 Foundations and social service organizations that meet the requirements of legal persons and are established with donated property for public welfare purposes shall obtain the status of donated legal persons after being registered and established according to law. 依法设立的宗教活动场所，具备法人条件的，可以申请法人登记，取得捐助法人资格。法律、行政法规对宗教活动场所有规定的，依照其规定。 Places for religious activities established according to law, if qualified as legal persons, may apply for registration as legal persons and obtain the status of donation legal persons. Where laws and administrative regulations have provisions on places for religious activities, such provisions shall be followed. 第九十三条 设立捐助法人应当依法制定法人章程。Article 93 To establish a donor legal person, the articles of association of the legal person shall be formulated according to law. 捐助法人应当设理事会、民主管理组织等决策机构，并设执行机构。理事长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。 Donor legal persons shall have decision-making organs such as councils and democratic management organizations, and executive organs. The chairman of the board of directors and other responsible persons shall act as legal representatives in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person. 捐助法人应当设监事会等监督机构。Donor legal persons shall have supervisory bodies such as a board of supervisors. 第九十四条 捐助人有权向捐助法人查询捐助财产的使用、管理情况，并提出意见和建议，捐助法人应当及时、如实答复。 Article 94 Donors shall have the right to inquire about the use and management of donated property from donor legal persons and put forward opinions and suggestions, and donor legal persons shall give timely and truthful replies. 捐助法人的决策机构、执行机构或者法定代表人作出决定的程序违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决定内容违反法人章程的，捐助人等利害关系人或者主管机关可以请求人民法院撤销该决定。但是，捐助法人依据该决定与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。 If the decision-making organ, executive organ or legal representative of a donation legal person violates laws, administrative regulations or the articles of association of the legal person, or the contents of the decision violate the articles of association of the legal person, the donor and other interested parties or the competent authority may request the people's court to revoke the decision. However, the civil legal relationship formed by the donor legal person with the bona fide counterpart on the basis of the decision is not affected. 第九十五条 为公益目的成立的非营利法人终止时，不得向出资人、设立人或者会员分配剩余财产。剩余财产应当按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议用于公益目的；无法按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议处理的，由主管机关主持转给宗旨相同或者相近的法人，并向社会公告。 Article 95 When a non-profit legal person established for public welfare ends, it may not distribute its residual property to its investors, founders or members. The surplus property shall be used for public welfare purposes in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person or the resolution of the organ of power; if it cannot be disposed of in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association of the legal person or the resolution of the organ of power, it shall be transferred to a legal person with the same or similar purpose under the auspices of the competent authority and shall be announced to the public. 第四节 特别法人Section 4 Special Legal Persons 第九十六条 本节规定的机关法人、农村集体经济组织法人、城镇农村的合作经济组织法人、基层群众性自治组织法人，为特别法人。 Article 96 The organ legal persons, rural collective economic organizations legal persons, urban and rural cooperative economic organizations legal persons and grass-roots mass self-governing organizations legal persons provided for in this Section shall be special legal persons. 第九十七条 有独立经费的机关和承担行政职能的法定机构从成立之日起，具有机关法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。 Article 97 An organ with independent funds and a statutory body performing administrative functions shall, from the date of its establishment, have the status of an organ as a legal person and may engage in civil activities necessary for the performance of its functions. 第九十八条 机关法人被撤销的，法人终止，其民事权利和义务由继任的机关法人享有和承担；没有继任的机关法人的，由作出撤销决定的机关法人享有和承担。 Article 98 If an organ legal person is dissolved, it shall terminate, and its civil rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by its successor; if there is no successor, the organ legal person that made the decision to dissolve it shall enjoy and assume them. 第九十九条 农村集体经济组织依法取得法人资格。Article 99 Rural collective economic organizations shall acquire legal person status according to law. 法律、行政法规对农村集体经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。Where laws and administrative regulations have provisions for rural collective economic organizations, such provisions shall be followed. 第一百条 城镇农村的合作经济组织依法取得法人资格。Article 100 Urban and rural cooperative economic organizations shall acquire the status of legal persons according to law. 法律、行政法规对城镇农村的合作经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。Where laws and administrative regulations have provisions for urban and rural cooperative economic organizations, such provisions shall be observed. 第一百零一条 居民委员会、村民委员会具有基层群众性自治组织法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。 Article 101 Residents committees and villagers committees shall have the status of legal persons as grass-roots mass organizations of self-government and may engage in civil activities necessary for the performance of their functions. 未设立村集体经济组织的，村民委员会可以依法代行村集体经济组织的职能。If no village collective economic organization has been established, the villagers committee may perform the functions of the village collective economic organization according to law. 第四章 非法人组织Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations 第一百零二条 非法人组织是不具有法人资格，但是能够依法以自己的名义从事民事活动的组织。 Article 102 An organization without legal personality is an organization that does not have the status of a legal person but is capable of engaging in civil activities in its own name according to law. 非法人组织包括个人独资企业、合伙企业、不具有法人资格的专业服务机构等。Unincorporated organizations include sole proprietorship enterprises, partnership enterprises, professional service organizations without legal personality, etc. 第一百零三条 非法人组织应当依照法律的规定登记。Article 103 An organization without legal personality shall be registered in accordance with the provisions of law. 设立非法人组织，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。Where laws and administrative regulations stipulate that the establishment of an organization without legal personality shall be subject to the approval of the relevant authorities, such provisions shall be followed. 第一百零四条 非法人组织的财产不足以清偿债务的，其出资人或者设立人承担无限责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 104 If the assets of an organization not a legal person are insufficient to pay off its debts, its contributors or founders shall bear unlimited liability. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第一百零五条 非法人组织可以确定一人或者数人代表该组织从事民事活动。Article 105 An organization without legal personality may appoint one or more persons to engage in civil activities on its behalf. 第一百零六条 有下列情形之一的，非法人组织解散：Article 106 An unincorporated organization shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances: （一）章程规定的存续期间届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现；(1) the expiration of the term of existence prescribed in the articles of association or the occurrence of other causes for dissolution prescribed in the articles of association; （二）出资人或者设立人决定解散；(2) The investor or founder decides to dissolve; （三）法律规定的其他情形。(3) Other circumstances provided for by law. 第一百零七条 非法人组织解散的，应当依法进行清算。Article 107 If an organization without legal personality is dissolved, it shall be liquidated according to law. 第一百零八条 非法人组织除适用本章规定外，参照适用本编第三章第一节的有关规定。 Article 108 In addition to the provisions of this Chapter, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of Chapter III of this Part shall apply mutatis mutandis to organizations without legal personality. 第五章 民事权利Chapter V civil rights 第一百零九条 自然人的人身自由、人格尊严受法律保护。Article 109 Personal freedom and dignity of natural persons shall be protected by law. 第一百一十条 自然人享有生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权、婚姻自主权等权利。 Article 110 Natural persons shall enjoy such rights as the right to life, the right to body, the right to health, the right to name, the right to portrait, the right to reputation, the right to honour, the right to privacy and the right to marital autonomy. 法人、非法人组织享有名称权、名誉权和荣誉权。Legal persons and organizations without legal personality shall enjoy the right of name, reputation and honor. 第一百一十一条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。任何组织或者个人需要获取他人个人信息的，应当依法取得并确保信息安全，不得非法收集、使用、加工、传输他人个人信息，不得非法买卖、提供或者公开他人个人信息。 Article 111 Personal information of natural persons shall be protected by law. Any organization or individual who needs to obtain personal information of others shall obtain and ensure the security of information according to law, and shall not illegally collect, use, process or transmit personal information of others, and shall not illegally buy, sell, provide or disclose personal information of others. 第一百一十二条 自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的人身权利受法律保护。Article 112 The personal rights of natural persons arising from marriage and family relations shall be protected by law. 第一百一十三条 民事主体的财产权利受法律平等保护。Article 113 The property rights of civil subjects shall be equally protected by law. 第一百一十四条 民事主体依法享有物权。Article 114 Civil subjects enjoy real rights according to law. 物权是权利人依法对特定的物享有直接支配和排他的权利，包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权。 Real right is the right that obligee has direct control and exclusive right to specific things according to law, including ownership, usufructuary right and security right. 第一百一十五条 物包括不动产和动产。法律规定权利作为物权客体的，依照其规定。 Article 115 Property includes immovable property and movable property. Where the law stipulates that rights are the object of real rights, its provisions shall prevail. 第一百一十六条 物权的种类和内容，由法律规定。Article 116 The categories and contents of real rights shall be prescribed by law. 第一百一十七条 为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序征收、征用不动产或者动产的，应当给予公平、合理的补偿。 Article 117 Fair and reasonable compensation shall be given to anyone who expropriates or expropriates real or movable property for the public interest in accordance with the authority and procedures prescribed by law. 第一百一十八条 民事主体依法享有债权。Article 118 Civil subjects shall enjoy creditor's rights according to law. 债权是因合同、侵权行为、无因管理、不当得利以及法律的其他规定，权利人请求特定义务人为或者不为一定行为的权利。 Creditor's right is the right of obligee to request specific obligor to do or not to do certain behavior due to contract, tort, management without cause, unjust enrichment and other provisions of law. 第一百一十九条 依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。Article 119 A legally established contract shall be legally binding on the parties. 第一百二十条 民事权益受到侵害的，被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。Article 120 Where a civil right or interest is infringed upon, the infringed party shall have the right to demand that the infringer bear tortious liability. 第一百二十一条 没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而进行管理的人，有权请求受益人偿还由此支出的必要费用。 Article 121 A person who has no legal or contractual obligation to manage in order to avoid losses to the interests of others shall have the right to demand reimbursement of the necessary expenses incurred thereby from the beneficiary. 第一百二十二条 因他人没有法律根据，取得不当利益，受损失的人有权请求其返还不当利益。 Article 122 If another person obtains improper benefits because he has no legal basis, the person who has suffered losses shall have the right to demand the return of the improper benefits. 第一百二十三条 民事主体依法享有知识产权。Article 123 Civil subjects shall enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with law. 知识产权是权利人依法就下列客体享有的专有的权利：Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by the obligee in accordance with law in respect of the following objects: （一）作品；(1) works; （二）发明、实用新型、外观设计；(2) inventions, utility models and designs; （三）商标；(3) trademarks; （四）地理标志；(4) geographical indications; （五）商业秘密；(5) trade secrets; （六）集成电路布图设计；(6) Layout design of integrated circuits; （七）植物新品种；(7) New plant varieties; （八）法律规定的其他客体。(8) Other objects as provided for by law. 第一百二十四条 自然人依法享有继承权。Article 124 Natural persons shall enjoy the right of inheritance in accordance with law. 自然人合法的私有财产，可以依法继承。The lawful private property of a natural person may be inherited according to law. 第一百二十五条 民事主体依法享有股权和其他投资性权利。Article 125 Civil subjects shall enjoy equity and other investment rights according to law. 第一百二十六条 民事主体享有法律规定的其他民事权利和利益。Article 126 Civil subjects shall enjoy other civil rights and interests as prescribed by law. 第一百二十七条 法律对数据、网络虚拟财产的保护有规定的，依照其规定。Article 127 Where laws have provisions on the protection of data and network virtual property, such provisions shall be followed. 第一百二十八条 法律对未成年人、老年人、残疾人、妇女、消费者等的民事权利保护有特别规定的，依照其规定。 Article 128 Where there are special provisions in law for the protection of the civil rights of minors, the elderly, the disabled, women and consumers, such provisions shall prevail. 第一百二十九条 民事权利可以依据民事法律行为、事实行为、法律规定的事件或者法律规定的其他方式取得。 Article 129 Civil rights may be acquired on the basis of civil juristic acts, factual acts, events provided for by law, or by other means provided for by law. 第一百三十条 民事主体按照自己的意愿依法行使民事权利，不受干涉。Article 130 Civil subjects shall exercise their civil rights according to law at their own will and shall be free from interference. 第一百三十一条 民事主体行使权利时，应当履行法律规定的和当事人约定的义务。 Article 131 When exercising rights, a civil subject shall perform the obligations prescribed by law and agreed upon by the parties. 第一百三十二条 民事主体不得滥用民事权利损害国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益。 Article 132 Civil subjects may not abuse their civil rights to harm the interests of the State, public interests or the lawful rights and interests of others. 第六章 民事法律行为Chapter VI Civil Juristic Acts 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第一百三十三条 民事法律行为是民事主体通过意思表示设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的行为。 Article 133 A civil juristic act is an act by which a civil subject establishes, alters or terminates a civil juristic relationship by expressing his will. 第一百三十四条 民事法律行为可以基于双方或者多方的意思表示一致成立，也可以基于单方的意思表示成立。 Article 134 A civil juristic act may be established on the basis of the unanimous expression of will by two or more parties, or on the basis of a unilateral expression of will. 法人、非法人组织依照法律或者章程规定的议事方式和表决程序作出决议的，该决议行为成立。 If a legal person or an organization without legal personality adopts a resolution in accordance with the method of discussion and voting procedures prescribed by law or its articles of association, the resolution shall be established. 第一百三十五条 民事法律行为可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式；法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用特定形式的，应当采用特定形式。 Article 135 A civil juristic act may be in written form, oral form or in any other form; where a law or administrative regulation provides for a specific form or the parties agree that it shall be in such form. 第一百三十六条 民事法律行为自成立时生效，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 136 A civil juristic act becomes effective upon its establishment, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties. 行为人非依法律规定或者未经对方同意，不得擅自变更或者解除民事法律行为。The actor may not modify or rescind a civil juristic act without the consent of the other party or in accordance with the law. 第二节 意思表示Section 2: Meaning 第一百三十七条 以对话方式作出的意思表示，相对人知道其内容时生效。Article 137 An expression of intention made in the form of dialogue shall take effect when the counterpart knows its contents. 以非对话方式作出的意思表示，到达相对人时生效。以非对话方式作出的采用数据电文形式的意思表示，相对人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统时生效；未指定特定系统的，相对人知道或者应当知道该数据电文进入其系统时生效。当事人对采用数据电文形式的意思表示的生效时间另有约定的，按照其约定。 An expression of intent made in a non-conversational manner takes effect when it reaches the counterpart. An expression of intent in the form of a data message, made in a non-conversational manner, takes effect when the data message enters a particular system if the counterpart designates that system for receipt of the data message; or when the counterpart knows or ought to know that the data message enters its system if no particular system is designated. If the parties have agreed otherwise on the effective time of an expression of intent in the form of a data message, such agreement shall prevail. 第一百三十八条 无相对人的意思表示，表示完成时生效。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 138 No indication of intention of the counterpart shall take effect when the indication is completed. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第一百三十九条 以公告方式作出的意思表示，公告发布时生效。Article 139 An expression of intention made by way of public announcement shall take effect at the time of publication. 第一百四十条 行为人可以明示或者默示作出意思表示。Article 140 The actor may express or imply his intention. 沉默只有在有法律规定、当事人约定或者符合当事人之间的交易习惯时，才可以视为意思表示。 Silence can only be regarded as an expression of intention if it is stipulated by law, agreed by the parties, or in accordance with the trading habits between the parties. 第一百四十一条 行为人可以撤回意思表示。撤回意思表示的通知应当在意思表示到达相对人前或者与意思表示同时到达相对人。 Article 141 The actor may withdraw his expression of intention. The notice of withdrawal of the expression of intention shall reach the counterpart before or at the same time as the expression of intention. 第一百四十二条 有相对人的意思表示的解释，应当按照所使用的词句，结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定意思表示的含义。 Article 142 In the interpretation of an expression of intention by a counterpart, the meaning of the expression of intention shall be determined in accordance with the words and expressions used, taking into account the relevant provisions, the nature and purpose of the act, custom and the principle of good faith. 无相对人的意思表示的解释，不能完全拘泥于所使用的词句，而应当结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定行为人的真实意思。 The interpretation without the intention of the opposite person cannot be completely confined to the words used, but should be combined with the relevant clauses, the nature and purpose of the act, customs and the principle of good faith to determine the true intention of the actor. 第三节 民事法律行为的效力Section 3 Validity of Civil Juristic Acts 第一百四十三条 具备下列条件的民事法律行为有效：Article 143 A civil juristic act is valid if it meets the following conditions: （一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力；(1) The actor has corresponding capacity for civil conduct; （二）意思表示真实；(2) the intention is true; （三）不违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定，不违背公序良俗。(3) It does not violate the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations, and does not violate public order and good customs. 第一百四十四条 无民事行为能力人实施的民事法律行为无效。Article 144 Civil juristic acts performed by persons without capacity for civil conduct shall be null and void. 第一百四十五条 限制民事行为能力人实施的纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为有效；实施的其他民事法律行为经法定代理人同意或者追认后有效。 Article 145 A civil juristic act performed by a person with limited capacity for civil conduct that gains net benefits or that is appropriate to his age, intelligence or mental health is valid; other civil juristic acts performed are valid after consent or ratification by his legal agent. 相对人可以催告法定代理人自收到通知之日起三十日内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。民事法律行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 The counterparty may urge the legal agent to ratify within 30 days from the date of receipt of the notification. If the legal representative fails to make such indication, it shall be deemed as refusal of ratification. Before a civil juristic act is ratified, the bona fide counterpart has the right to revoke it. Revocation shall be effected by notice. 第一百四十六条 行为人与相对人以虚假的意思表示实施的民事法律行为无效。Article 146 A civil juristic act performed by the actor and the counterpart with a false intention is null and void. 以虚假的意思表示隐藏的民事法律行为的效力，依照有关法律规定处理。The validity of a concealed civil juristic act expressed with a false intention shall be dealt with in accordance with the relevant provisions of law. 第一百四十七条 基于重大误解实施的民事法律行为，行为人有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 Article 147 Where a civil juristic act is committed on the basis of a serious misunderstanding, the actor shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration institution to annul it. 第一百四十八条 一方以欺诈手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 Article 148 Where a party fraudulently causes the other party to commit a civil juristic act contrary to its true intention, the party who has been defrauded shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration agency to annul the act. 第一百四十九条 第三人实施欺诈行为，使一方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，对方知道或者应当知道该欺诈行为的，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 Article 149 Where a third party commits a fraudulent act, causing one party to commit a civil juristic act contrary to its true intention, and the other party knows or should have known of the fraudulent act, the party who has been defrauded shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration agency to annul the act. 第一百五十条 一方或者第三人以胁迫手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受胁迫方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 Article 150 Where a party or a third party coerces the other party into committing a civil juristic act contrary to its true intention, the coerced party shall have the right to request a people's court or an arbitration agency to annul the act. 第一百五十一条 一方利用对方处于危困状态、缺乏判断能力等情形，致使民事法律行为成立时显失公平的，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。 Article 151 If one party takes advantage of the other party's precarious situation or lack of judgment to render the civil juristic act obviously unfair at the time of its establishment, the aggrieved party shall have the right to request the people's court or arbitration agency to annul the civil juristic act. 第一百五十二条 有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：Article 152 The right of revocation shall be extinguished under any of the following circumstances: （一）当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内、重大误解的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起九十日内没有行使撤销权； (1) the party concerned fails to exercise the right of revocation within one year from the date on which he knows or should have known the reasons for revocation, or within 90 days from the date on which he knows or should have known the reasons for revocation in the case of a serious misunderstanding; （二）当事人受胁迫，自胁迫行为终止之日起一年内没有行使撤销权；(2) The party concerned has been coerced and has not exercised the right of revocation within one year from the date on which the coercive act ceased; （三）当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为表明放弃撤销权。(3) After the party knows the cause of revocation, he expressly expresses or indicates by his own conduct that he waives the right of revocation. 当事人自民事法律行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，撤销权消灭。If the party concerned fails to exercise the right of revocation within five years from the date of occurrence of the civil juristic act, the right of revocation shall be extinguished. 第一百五十三条 违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的民事法律行为无效。但是，该强制性规定不导致该民事法律行为无效的除外。 Article 153 Civil juristic acts that violate mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall be null and void. Except, however, where the compulsory provision does not render the civil juristic act invalid. 违背公序良俗的民事法律行为无效。Civil juristic acts contrary to public order and good custom are invalid. 第一百五十四条 行为人与相对人恶意串通，损害他人合法权益的民事法律行为无效。 Article 154 A civil juristic act in which the actor and the counterpart maliciously collude to harm the lawful rights and interests of others is null and void. 第一百五十五条 无效的或者被撤销的民事法律行为自始没有法律约束力。Article 155 An invalid or revoked civil juristic act shall have no legally binding force ab initio. 第一百五十六条 民事法律行为部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。 Article 156 Where part of a civil juristic act is null and void and does not affect the validity of the other parts, the other parts shall remain valid. 第一百五十七条 民事法律行为无效、被撤销或者确定不发生效力后，行为人因该行为取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方由此所受到的损失；各方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 157 After a civil juristic act is null and void, revoked or determined to be null and void, the property acquired by the actor as a result of the act shall be returned; if it cannot be returned or it is not necessary to return it, compensation shall be made at a reduced price. The party at fault shall compensate the other party for the losses suffered thereby; if both parties are at fault, they shall each bear corresponding responsibilities. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第四节 民事法律行为的附条件和附期限Section 4 Conditions and Time Limits Attached to Civil Juristic Acts 第一百五十八条 民事法律行为可以附条件，但是根据其性质不得附条件的除外。附生效条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时失效。 Article 158 Conditions may be attached to civil juristic acts, except where conditions cannot be attached according to their nature. A civil juristic act with conditions for entry into force shall enter into force when the conditions are fulfilled. A civil juristic act with a condition for dissolution shall cease to be valid when the condition is fulfilled. 第一百五十九条 附条件的民事法律行为，当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已经成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。 Article 159 Where a party to a conditional civil juristic act improperly prevents the condition from being fulfilled for his own benefit, the condition shall be deemed to have been fulfilled; where the party improperly facilitates the condition to be fulfilled, the condition shall be deemed not to have been fulfilled. 第一百六十条 民事法律行为可以附期限，但是根据其性质不得附期限的除外。附生效期限的民事法律行为，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的民事法律行为，自期限届满时失效。 Article 160 A civil juristic act may be attached with a time limit, except where, by its nature, no time limit may be attached. A civil juristic act with an effective time limit shall take effect from the expiration of the effective time limit. A civil juristic act with a term of termination shall cease to be valid at the expiration of the term. 第七章 代理Chapter VII Agency 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第一百六十一条 民事主体可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。Article 161 A civil subject may perform a civil juristic act through an agent. 依照法律规定、当事人约定或者民事法律行为的性质，应当由本人亲自实施的民事法律行为，不得代理。 A civil juristic act which, according to the provisions of the law, the agreement of the parties or the nature of the civil juristic act, should be performed by the person himself shall not be represented. 第一百六十二条 代理人在代理权限内，以被代理人名义实施的民事法律行为，对被代理人发生效力。 Article 162 Civil juristic acts performed by an agent in the principal's name within the scope of his power of agency shall be effective against the principal. 第一百六十三条 代理包括委托代理和法定代理。Article 163 Agency includes entrusted agency and legal agency. 委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权。法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权。 The entrusted agent shall exercise the power of agency as entrusted by the principal. The legal representative shall exercise the power of agency in accordance with the provisions of law. 第一百六十四条 代理人不履行或者不完全履行职责，造成被代理人损害的，应当承担民事责任。 Article 164 If an agent fails or fails to fully perform his duties, thereby causing damage to the principal, he shall bear civil liability. 代理人和相对人恶意串通，损害被代理人合法权益的，代理人和相对人应当承担连带责任。 If the agent and the counterpart maliciously collude to harm the lawful rights and interests of the principal, the agent and the counterpart shall bear joint and several liability. 第二节 委托代理Section 2 Entrusted Agents 第一百六十五条 委托代理授权采用书面形式的，授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期限，并由被代理人签名或者盖章。 Article 165 Where the power of attorney is in writing, the power of attorney shall specify the name of the agent, the matters to be entrusted, the powers of attorney and the term of office, and shall be signed or sealed by the principal. 第一百六十六条 数人为同一代理事项的代理人的，应当共同行使代理权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 166 Where several persons are agents for the same matter of agency, they shall jointly exercise the power of agency, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第一百六十七条 代理人知道或者应当知道代理事项违法仍然实施代理行为，或者被代理人知道或者应当知道代理人的代理行为违法未作反对表示的，被代理人和代理人应当承担连带责任。 Article 167 If the agent knew or should have known that the matters handled by the agent were illegal and still carried out the agency act, or the principal knew or should have known that the agent's agency act was illegal and did not object, the principal and the agent shall bear joint and several liability. 第一百六十八条 代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己实施民事法律行为，但是被代理人同意或者追认的除外。 Article 168 An agent may not engage himself in any civil juristic act in the name of the principal, except with the consent or ratification of the principal. 代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己同时代理的其他人实施民事法律行为，但是被代理的双方同意或者追认的除外。 An agent may not perform civil juristic acts in the name of the principal with any other person whom he represents at the same time, except with the consent or ratification of both parties. 第一百六十九条 代理人需要转委托第三人代理的，应当取得被代理人的同意或者追认。 Article 169 If an agent wishes to delegate his agency to a third party, he shall obtain the consent or ratification of the principal. 转委托代理经被代理人同意或者追认的，被代理人可以就代理事务直接指示转委托的第三人，代理人仅就第三人的选任以及对第三人的指示承担责任。 If a sub-entrusted agency is approved or ratified by the principal, the principal may directly instruct the sub-entrusted third party in respect of the agency affairs, and the agent shall be liable only for the selection of the third party and for the instructions given to the third party. 转委托代理未经被代理人同意或者追认的，代理人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任；但是，在紧急情况下代理人为了维护被代理人的利益需要转委托第三人代理的除外。 If the agent is delegated without the consent or ratification of the principal, the agent shall be liable for the acts of the delegated third party, except in emergency situations when the agent needs to delegate to a third party to safeguard the principal's interests. 第一百七十条 执行法人或者非法人组织工作任务的人员，就其职权范围内的事项，以法人或者非法人组织的名义实施的民事法律行为，对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。 Article 170 Civil juristic acts performed in the name of a legal person or an organization without legal personality by personnel performing tasks for the work of the legal person or the organization without legal personality shall, in respect of matters within the scope of their functions and powers, become effective against the legal person or the organization without legal personality. 法人或者非法人组织对执行其工作任务的人员职权范围的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。 Limitations imposed by a legal person or an organization without legal personality on the scope of functions and powers of personnel performing their work tasks may not oppose bona fide counterparts. 第一百七十一条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，未经被代理人追认的，对被代理人不发生效力。 Article 171 If the actor has no power of agency, exceeds his power of agency, or continues to perform the act of agency after his power of agency has expired, the act shall not be effective against the principal unless ratified by the principal. 相对人可以催告被代理人自收到通知之日起三十日内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。行为人实施的行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。 The counterparty may demand that the principal ratify it within 30 days from the date of receipt of the notification. If the agent fails to express it, it shall be deemed to have refused ratification. Before the act performed by the actor is ratified, the bona fide counterpart has the right to revoke it. Revocation shall be effected by notice. 行为人实施的行为未被追认的，善意相对人有权请求行为人履行债务或者就其受到的损害请求行为人赔偿。但是，赔偿的范围不得超过被代理人追认时相对人所能获得的利益。 If the act committed by the actor has not been ratified, the bona fide counterpart has the right to claim performance of the obligation or compensation for the damage suffered by the actor. However, the scope of compensation shall not exceed the benefits available to the counterparty at the time of ratification by the agent. 相对人知道或者应当知道行为人无权代理的，相对人和行为人按照各自的过错承担责任。 If the counterpart knew or ought to have known that the actor had no right to act, the counterpart and the actor shall bear liability according to their respective faults. 第一百七十二条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，代理行为有效。 Article 172 An act of agency is valid if the actor has no power of agency, exceeds his power of agency, or continues to perform the act of agency after his power of agency has expired, and the counterpart has reason to believe that the actor has power of agency. 第三节 代理终止Section 3 Termination of Agency 第一百七十三条 有下列情形之一的，委托代理终止：Article 173 The entrusted agency shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: （一）代理期限届满或者代理事务完成；(1) the expiration of the term of agency or the completion of agency affairs; （二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托；(2) cancellation of the entrustment by the principal or resignation of the entrustment by the agent; （三）代理人丧失民事行为能力；(3) the agent loses capacity for civil conduct; （四）代理人或者被代理人死亡；(4) death of the agent or principal; （五）作为代理人或者被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止。(5) The termination of a legal person or organization without legal personality as an agent or principal. 第一百七十四条 被代理人死亡后，有下列情形之一的，委托代理人实施的代理行为有效： Article 174 An agency act entrusted to an agent shall be valid if, after the principal's death, any of the following circumstances occurs: （一）代理人不知道且不应当知道被代理人死亡；(1) The agent did not know and should not have known of the principal's death; （二）被代理人的继承人予以承认；(2) recognition by the heirs of the principal; （三）授权中明确代理权在代理事务完成时终止；(3) The authorization specifies that the agency right terminates when the agency transaction is completed; （四）被代理人死亡前已经实施，为了被代理人的继承人的利益继续代理。(4) continued agency for the benefit of the principal's heirs, having been performed prior to the principal's death. 作为被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止的，参照适用前款规定。The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the termination of a legal person or organization other than a legal person as a principal. 第一百七十五条 有下列情形之一的，法定代理终止：Article 175 Legal agency shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: （一）被代理人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力；(1) the principal acquires or recovers full capacity for civil conduct; （二）代理人丧失民事行为能力；(2) The agent loses capacity for civil conduct; （三）代理人或者被代理人死亡；(3) death of the agent or principal; （四）法律规定的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances provided for by law. 第八章 民事责任Chapter VIII Civil Liability 第一百七十六条 民事主体依照法律规定或者按照当事人约定，履行民事义务，承担民事责任。 Article 176 A civil subject shall perform its civil obligations and bear civil liability in accordance with the law or the agreement of the parties. 第一百七十七条 二人以上依法承担按份责任，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。 Article 177 Two or more persons shall bear their share of responsibility according to law; if it is possible to determine the extent of responsibility, they shall each bear the corresponding responsibility; if it is difficult to determine the extent of responsibility, they shall bear the responsibility equally. 第一百七十八条 二人以上依法承担连带责任的，权利人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。 Article 178 Where two or more persons are jointly and severally liable according to law, the obligee shall have the right to claim that some or all of the persons jointly and severally liable shall bear the liability. 连带责任人的责任份额根据各自责任大小确定；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。实际承担责任超过自己责任份额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。 The share of responsibility of the joint and several liable persons shall be determined according to the size of their respective responsibilities; if it is difficult to determine the size of their responsibilities, they shall bear the responsibilities equally. If the actual liability exceeds his share of liability, he shall have the right to seek compensation from the other joint and several liability persons. 连带责任，由法律规定或者当事人约定。Joint and several liability shall be provided for by law or agreed upon by the parties. 第一百七十九条 承担民事责任的方式主要有：Article 179 The main ways of bearing civil liability are: （一）停止侵害；(i) cessation of infringement; （二）排除妨碍；(2) removing obstacles; （三）消除危险；(iii) elimination of danger; （四）返还财产；(4) Return of property; （五）恢复原状；(5) restitution; （六）修理、重作、更换；(6) repair, rework and replacement; （七）继续履行；(7) Continue to perform; （八）赔偿损失；(8) compensation for losses; （九）支付违约金；(9) payment of liquidated damages; （十）消除影响、恢复名誉；(10) eliminating influence and restoring reputation; （十一）赔礼道歉。11) An apology. 法律规定惩罚性赔偿的，依照其规定。Where punitive damages are provided for by law, such provisions shall prevail. 本条规定的承担民事责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。The modes of bearing civil liability provided for in this article may be applied separately or in combination. 第一百八十条 因不可抗力不能履行民事义务的，不承担民事责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 180 A person who is unable to perform his civil obligations due to force majeure shall not bear civil liability. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 不可抗力是不能预见、不能避免且不能克服的客观情况。Force majeure is an objective situation that cannot be foreseen, avoided and overcome. 第一百八十一条 因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担民事责任。Article 181 No civil liability shall be borne for damage caused by justifiable defence. 正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的民事责任。 If justifiable defense exceeds the necessary limit and causes undue damage, the person in justifiable defense shall bear appropriate civil liability. 第一百八十二条 因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担民事责任。Article 182 If damage is caused by an emergency to avoid danger, civil liability shall be borne by the person who caused the dangerous situation. 危险由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担民事责任，可以给予适当补偿。If the danger is caused by natural causes, the person who avoids danger shall not bear civil liability and may make appropriate compensation. 紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的民事责任。 If the emergency measures taken are improper or exceed the necessary limits and cause undue damage, the person who took the emergency measures shall bear appropriate civil liability. 第一百八十三条 因保护他人民事权益使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担民事责任，受益人可以给予适当补偿。没有侵权人、侵权人逃逸或者无力承担民事责任，受害人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。 Article 183 If one suffers damage due to protecting the civil rights and interests of others, the infringer shall bear civil liability, and the beneficiary may provide appropriate compensation. If there is no infringer, the infringer escapes or is unable to bear civil liability, and the victim requests compensation, the beneficiary shall give appropriate compensation. 第一百八十四条 因自愿实施紧急救助行为造成受助人损害的，救助人不承担民事责任。 Article 184 If the voluntary act of emergency relief causes damage to the aided person, the salvor shall not bear civil liability. 第一百八十五条 侵害英雄烈士等的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉，损害社会公共利益的，应当承担民事责任。 Article 185 Anyone who infringes upon the names, portraits, reputations or honors of heroes and martyrs and damages public interests shall bear civil liability. 第一百八十六条 因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人身权益、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择请求其承担违约责任或者侵权责任。 Article 186 If a party's breach of contract damages the personal or property rights and interests of the other party, the aggrieved party shall have the right to choose whether to claim liability for breach of contract or liability for tort. 第一百八十七条 民事主体因同一行为应当承担民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任的，承担行政责任或者刑事责任不影响承担民事责任；民事主体的财产不足以支付的，优先用于承担民事责任。 Article 187 If a civil subject shall bear civil liability, administrative liability and criminal liability for the same act, the administrative liability shall be borne or the criminal liability shall not affect the civil liability borne; if the property of the civil subject is insufficient to pay, priority shall be given to the use of it for bearing civil liability. 第九章 诉讼时效Chapter IX Limitation of Action 第一百八十八条 向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为三年。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 188 The limitation period for bringing an action before a people's court for the protection of civil rights is three years. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 诉讼时效期间自权利人知道或者应当知道权利受到损害以及义务人之日起计算。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。但是，自权利受到损害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护，有特殊情况的，人民法院可以根据权利人的申请决定延长。 The limitation period begins to run from the date on which the obligee knew or ought to have known that his right had been injured and the obligor. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. However, the people's court shall not grant protection to a person whose right has been infringed for a period of more than 20 years; in exceptional circumstances, the people's court may, upon application by the obligee, decide to extend the period. 第一百八十九条 当事人约定同一债务分期履行的，诉讼时效期间自最后一期履行期限届满之日起计算。 Article 189 Where the parties have agreed to perform the same obligation in installments, the limitation period shall commence on the date of expiration of the last instalment. 第一百九十条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人对其法定代理人的请求权的诉讼时效期间，自该法定代理终止之日起计算。 Article 190 The limitation period for bringing an action against a person without capacity for civil conduct or with limited capacity for civil conduct in respect of his claim to his legal representative shall be counted from the date on which the legal representative ceases. 第一百九十一条 未成年人遭受性侵害的损害赔偿请求权的诉讼时效期间，自受害人年满十八周岁之日起计算。 Article 191 The limitation period for bringing an action concerning the right of a minor to claim compensation for damages caused by sexual abuse shall be calculated from the day when the victim reaches the age of eighteen. 第一百九十二条 诉讼时效期间届满的，义务人可以提出不履行义务的抗辩。Article 192 When the limitation period for action expires, the obligor may raise a plea of non-performance. 诉讼时效期间届满后，义务人同意履行的，不得以诉讼时效期间届满为由抗辩；义务人已经自愿履行的，不得请求返还。 After the expiration of the limitation period, if the obligor agrees to perform, he may not argue that the limitation period has expired; if the obligor has voluntarily performed, he may not request return. 第一百九十三条 人民法院不得主动适用诉讼时效的规定。Article 193 A people's court may not apply the provisions on limitation of action on its own initiative. 第一百九十四条 在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内，因下列障碍，不能行使请求权的，诉讼时效中止： Article 194 The limitation period shall be suspended if, during the last six months of the limitation period, the right of claim cannot be exercised because of the following obstacles: （一）不可抗力；(1) Force majeure; （二）无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人没有法定代理人，或者法定代理人死亡、丧失民事行为能力、丧失代理权； (2) A person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct has no legal representative, or his legal representative dies, loses capacity for civil conduct or loses his power of agency; （三）继承开始后未确定继承人或者遗产管理人；(3) No successor or administrator has been determined since the beginning of succession; （四）权利人被义务人或者其他人控制；(4) The obligee is controlled by the obligor or other persons; （五）其他导致权利人不能行使请求权的障碍。(5) Other obstacles that prevent the obligee from exercising his right of claim. 自中止时效的原因消除之日起满六个月，诉讼时效期间届满。The statute of limitations period expires six months from the date when the cause for suspension of the statute of limitations is eliminated. 第一百九十五条 有下列情形之一的，诉讼时效中断，从中断、有关程序终结时起，诉讼时效期间重新计算： Article 195 A limitation of action shall be interrupted in any of the following circumstances, and the limitation period shall be recalculated from the time of interruption or termination of the relevant proceedings: （一）权利人向义务人提出履行请求；(1) The obligee submits a request for performance to the obligor; （二）义务人同意履行义务；(2) The obligor agrees to perform the obligation; （三）权利人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁；(3) The obligee files a lawsuit or applies for arbitration; （四）与提起诉讼或者申请仲裁具有同等效力的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances having the same effect as bringing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration. 第一百九十六条 下列请求权不适用诉讼时效的规定：Article 196 The following claims shall not be subject to the limitation of action: （一）请求停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险；(1) Request for cessation of infringement, removal of obstacles and elimination of dangers; （二）不动产物权和登记的动产物权的权利人请求返还财产；(2) The obligee of the real right of real estate and registered real right of movable property requests the return of property; （三）请求支付抚养费、赡养费或者扶养费；(3) requesting payment of alimony, alimony or maintenance; （四）依法不适用诉讼时效的其他请求权。(4) other claims to which limitation of action does not apply according to law. 第一百九十七条 诉讼时效的期间、计算方法以及中止、中断的事由由法律规定，当事人约定无效。 Article 197 The duration of a limitation of action, the method of calculation and the causes of its suspension and interruption shall be prescribed by law. Any agreement between the parties shall be null and void. 当事人对诉讼时效利益的预先放弃无效。A party's waiver of the benefit of limitation is void. 第一百九十八条 法律对仲裁时效有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，适用诉讼时效的规定。 Article 198 Where the law provides for a limitation of arbitration, such provisions shall prevail; where there is no such provision, the provisions on limitation of action shall apply. 第一百九十九条 法律规定或者当事人约定的撤销权、解除权等权利的存续期间，除法律另有规定外，自权利人知道或者应当知道权利产生之日起计算，不适用有关诉讼时效中止、中断和延长的规定。存续期间届满，撤销权、解除权等权利消灭。 Article 199 Unless otherwise provided by law, the duration of such rights as the right of revocation or rescission shall be counted from the date on which the obligee knew or should have known that the right arose. Provisions on suspension, interruption and extension of limitation of action shall not apply. At the expiration of the period of existence, the right of revocation, cancellation and other rights shall be extinguished. 第十章 期间计算Chapter X Duration Calculation 第二百条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。Article 200 The periods referred to in the Civil Law shall be calculated on the basis of the Gregorian calendar year, month, day and hour. 第二百零一条 按照年、月、日计算期间的，开始的当日不计入，自下一日开始计算。 Article 201 When a time period is calculated on the basis of year, month and day, the day on which it begins shall not be counted in the calculation, but shall begin on the following day. 按照小时计算期间的，自法律规定或者当事人约定的时间开始计算。If the period is calculated in hours, it shall be calculated from the time prescribed by law or agreed upon by the parties. 第二百零二条 按照年、月计算期间的，到期月的对应日为期间的最后一日；没有对应日的，月末日为期间的最后一日。 Article 202 Where a time period is calculated on the basis of year and month, the corresponding day of the month to which it expires shall be the last day of the time period; if there is no corresponding day, the last day of the month shall be the last day of the time period. 第二百零三条 期间的最后一日是法定休假日的，以法定休假日结束的次日为期间的最后一日。 Article 203 If the last day of a time period is a statutory holiday, the day following the end of the statutory holiday shall be the last day of the time period. 期间的最后一日的截止时间为二十四时；有业务时间的，停止业务活动的时间为截止时间。 The closing time of the last day of the period shall be twenty-four hours; if there are business hours, the time of cessation of business activities shall be the closing time. 第二百零四条 期间的计算方法依照本法的规定，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 204 The calculation method of the time period shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Law, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第二编 物权 Part II Property Rights 第一分编 通则PART I. GENERAL 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第二百零五条 本编调整因物的归属和利用产生的民事关系。Article 205 This Part regulates civil relations arising from the attribution and utilization of things. 第二百零六条 国家坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展，按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存，社会主义市场经济体制等社会主义基本经济制度。 Article 206 The State upholds and improves the basic socialist economic system, such as public ownership as the mainstay, the common development of diverse forms of ownership, distribution according to work as the mainstay, the coexistence of diverse modes of distribution and the socialist market economic system. 国家巩固和发展公有制经济，鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济的发展。The state consolidates and develops the public sector of the economy and encourages, supports and guides the development of the non-public sector of the economy. 国家实行社会主义市场经济，保障一切市场主体的平等法律地位和发展权利。The state practices a socialist market economy and guarantees the equal legal status and development rights of all market entities. 第二百零七条 国家、集体、私人的物权和其他权利人的物权受法律平等保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。 Article 207 The property rights of the State, collectives and individuals and of other right holders shall be equally protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual. 第二百零八条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，应当依照法律规定登记。动产物权的设立和转让，应当依照法律规定交付。 Article 208 The establishment, alteration, transfer and extinction of the real right of a realty shall be registered in accordance with the law. The establishment and transfer of the real right of movable property shall be delivered in accordance with the provisions of law. 第二章 物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭Chapter II Establishment, Alteration, Transfer and Extinction of Real Rights 第一节 不动产登记Section 1 Registration of Real Estate 第二百零九条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，经依法登记，发生效力；未经登记，不发生效力，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 209 The establishment, alteration, transfer and extinction of a real right in real estate shall be effective upon registration in accordance with law; it shall not be effective without registration, except as otherwise provided by law. 依法属于国家所有的自然资源，所有权可以不登记。For natural resources that are legally owned by the state, ownership may not be registered. 第二百一十条 不动产登记，由不动产所在地的登记机构办理。Article 210 The registration of a real estate shall be handled by the registration organ at the place where the real estate is located. 国家对不动产实行统一登记制度。统一登记的范围、登记机构和登记办法，由法律、行政法规规定。 The State applies a unified registration system for real estate. The scope of unified registration, registration organs and registration methods shall be prescribed by laws and administrative regulations. 第二百一十一条 当事人申请登记，应当根据不同登记事项提供权属证明和不动产界址、面积等必要材料。 Article 211 In applying for registration, the parties concerned shall provide necessary materials such as ownership certificates and the boundary location and area of the real estate according to different registered items. 第二百一十二条 登记机构应当履行下列职责：Article 212 The registration authority shall perform the following duties: （一）查验申请人提供的权属证明和其他必要材料；(1) to examine the ownership certificate and other necessary materials provided by the applicant; （二）就有关登记事项询问申请人；(2) enquiring the applicant on the relevant registration matters; （三）如实、及时登记有关事项；(3) truthfully and timely register relevant matters; （四）法律、行政法规规定的其他职责。(4) Other duties as prescribed by laws and administrative regulations. 申请登记的不动产的有关情况需要进一步证明的，登记机构可以要求申请人补充材料，必要时可以实地查看。 If further proof is required for the relevant information of the real estate under application for registration, the registration authority may require the applicant to supplement the materials and, if necessary, may inspect it on the spot. 第二百一十三条 登记机构不得有下列行为：Article 213 The registration organ shall not commit any of the following acts: （一）要求对不动产进行评估；(i) require an appraisal of real estate; （二）以年检等名义进行重复登记；(2) duplicate registration in the name of annual inspection; （三）超出登记职责范围的其他行为。(3) Other acts beyond the scope of registration duties. 第二百一十四条 不动产物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，依照法律规定应当登记的，自记载于不动产登记簿时发生效力。 Article 214 The establishment, alteration, transfer and extinction of the real right of a realty, which shall be registered in accordance with the law, shall become effective upon its entry in the realty registration book. 第二百一十五条 当事人之间订立有关设立、变更、转让和消灭不动产物权的合同，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，自合同成立时生效；未办理物权登记的，不影响合同效力。 Article 215 A contract concluded between the parties concerning the establishment, modification, assignment or extinction of a real right in a real property shall, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties, become effective upon the formation of the contract; failure to register the real right shall not affect the validity of the contract. 第二百一十六条 不动产登记簿是物权归属和内容的根据。Article 216 The real estate registration book is the basis for the ownership and contents of real rights. 不动产登记簿由登记机构管理。The register of immovable property is maintained by the registration body. 第二百一十七条 不动产权属证书是权利人享有该不动产物权的证明。不动产权属证书记载的事项，应当与不动产登记簿一致；记载不一致的，除有证据证明不动产登记簿确有错误外，以不动产登记簿为准。 Article 217 A certificate of ownership of a realty is proof that the obligee enjoys the real right of the realty. The items recorded in the certificate of ownership of the real estate shall be consistent with those in the real estate registration book; if the records are inconsistent, the real estate registration book shall prevail unless there is evidence proving that there is indeed an error in the real estate registration book. 第二百一十八条 权利人、利害关系人可以申请查询、复制不动产登记资料，登记机构应当提供。 Article 218 An obligee or interested party may apply for inquiring into or duplicating the registration materials of a real estate, and the registration authority shall provide them. 第二百一十九条 利害关系人不得公开、非法使用权利人的不动产登记资料。Article 219 An interested party may not disclose or illegally use the registration data of the right holder's real estate. 第二百二十条 权利人、利害关系人认为不动产登记簿记载的事项错误的，可以申请更正登记。不动产登记簿记载的权利人书面同意更正或者有证据证明登记确有错误的，登记机构应当予以更正。 Article 220 Where an obligee or interested party considers that an item recorded in the real estate register is wrong, he may apply for correction of registration. If the obligee recorded in the real estate register agrees to correct it in writing or there is evidence to prove that there is an error in the registration, the registration organ shall correct it. 不动产登记簿记载的权利人不同意更正的，利害关系人可以申请异议登记。登记机构予以异议登记，申请人自异议登记之日起十五日内不提起诉讼的，异议登记失效。异议登记不当，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以向申请人请求损害赔偿。 If the obligee recorded in the real estate register does not agree to the correction, the interested party may apply for opposition registration. If the registration organ registers the objection and the applicant fails to file a lawsuit within 15 days from the date of registration of the objection, the registration of the objection shall be invalid. If the objection is improperly registered and causes damage to the obligee, the obligee may claim damages from the applicant. 第二百二十一条 当事人签订买卖房屋的协议或者签订其他不动产物权的协议，为保障将来实现物权，按照约定可以向登记机构申请预告登记。预告登记后，未经预告登记的权利人同意，处分该不动产的，不发生物权效力。 Article 221 When the parties sign an agreement on the purchase and sale of a house or an agreement on the real right of other realty, they may apply to the registration authority for advance notice registration in accordance with the agreement in order to guarantee the future realization of the real right. After advance notice registration, disposition of the realty without the consent of the obligee registered in advance notice shall not have the effect of real right. 预告登记后，债权消灭或者自能够进行不动产登记之日起九十日内未申请登记的，预告登记失效。 If the creditor's right is extinguished after the advance notice registration or no application for registration is made within 90 days from the date when the real estate registration can be carried out, the advance notice registration shall be invalid. 第二百二十二条 当事人提供虚假材料申请登记，造成他人损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 222 Where a party provides false materials to apply for registration and causes damage to others, it shall be liable for compensation. 因登记错误，造成他人损害的，登记机构应当承担赔偿责任。登记机构赔偿后，可以向造成登记错误的人追偿。 If a registration error causes damage to others, the registration organ shall bear the liability for compensation. After compensation, the registration agency may recover from the person who caused the registration error. 第二百二十三条 不动产登记费按件收取，不得按照不动产的面积、体积或者价款的比例收取。 Article 223 The registration fee for real estate shall be charged on a piece-by-piece basis and shall not be charged in proportion to the area, volume or price of the real estate. 第二节 动产交付Section 2 Delivery of Movable Property 第二百二十四条 动产物权的设立和转让，自交付时发生效力，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 224 The establishment and assignment of a real right in movable property shall become effective upon delivery, except as otherwise provided by law. 第二百二十五条 船舶、航空器和机动车等的物权的设立、变更、转让和消灭，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 225 The establishment, alteration, transfer and extinction of property rights in ships, aircraft and motor vehicles shall not be allowed against bona fide third parties unless registered. 第二百二十六条 动产物权设立和转让前，权利人已经占有该动产的，物权自民事法律行为生效时发生效力。 Article 226 Where the obligee has possessed the movable property before the establishment and transfer of the real right of the movable property, the real right shall become effective upon the entry into force of the civil juristic act. 第二百二十七条 动产物权设立和转让前，第三人占有该动产的，负有交付义务的人可以通过转让请求第三人返还原物的权利代替交付。 Article 227 Where a third party has possession of a movable property prior to the establishment and transfer of the real right of the movable property, the person liable for delivery may, in lieu of delivery, request the third party to return the original property by transferring the right. 第二百二十八条 动产物权转让时，当事人又约定由出让人继续占有该动产的，物权自该约定生效时发生效力。 Article 228 When the real right of a movable property is transferred, if the parties agree that the transferor shall continue to possess the movable property, the real right shall take effect when the agreement becomes effective. 第三节 其他规定Section III Other Provisions 第二百二十九条 因人民法院、仲裁机构的法律文书或者人民政府的征收决定等，导致物权设立、变更、转让或者消灭的，自法律文书或者征收决定等生效时发生效力。 Article 229 Where a legal document issued by a people's court or arbitration organization or a expropriation decision made by a people's government results in the establishment, alteration, transfer or extinction of a real right, the legal document or expropriation decision shall become effective upon its entry into force. 第二百三十条 因继承取得物权的，自继承开始时发生效力。Article 230 Any property right acquired by succession shall become effective at the beginning of the succession. 第二百三十一条 因合法建造、拆除房屋等事实行为设立或者消灭物权的，自事实行为成就时发生效力。 Article 231 A real right created or extinguished by a factual act such as the lawful construction or demolition of a house shall become effective upon the accomplishment of the factual act. 第二百三十二条 处分依照本节规定享有的不动产物权，依照法律规定需要办理登记的，未经登记，不发生物权效力。 Article 232 Where the disposition of the real right of a realty enjoyed in accordance with the provisions of this Section requires registration in accordance with the provisions of law, it shall not have the effect of real right unless registered. 第三章 物权的保护Chapter III Protection of Real Rights 第二百三十三条 物权受到侵害的，权利人可以通过和解、调解、仲裁、诉讼等途径解决。 Article 233 Where a real right is infringed upon, the obligee may settle the matter through conciliation, mediation, arbitration, litigation, etc. 第二百三十四条 因物权的归属、内容发生争议的，利害关系人可以请求确认权利。 Article 234 Where a dispute arises over the ownership or content of a real right, the interested party may request confirmation of the right. 第二百三十五条 无权占有不动产或者动产的，权利人可以请求返还原物。Article 235 Where a realty or chattel is not entitled to possession, the obligee may request the return of the original. 第二百三十六条 妨害物权或者可能妨害物权的，权利人可以请求排除妨害或者消除危险。 Article 236 Where a real right is infringed or may be infringed, the obligee may request the elimination of the nuisance or danger. 第二百三十七条 造成不动产或者动产毁损的，权利人可以依法请求修理、重作、更换或者恢复原状。 Article 237 Where a real property or movable property is damaged, the obligee may request repair, reconstruction, replacement or restoration to its original state according to law. 第二百三十八条 侵害物权，造成权利人损害的，权利人可以依法请求损害赔偿，也可以依法请求承担其他民事责任。 Article 238 Where the infringement of a real right causes damage to the obligee, the obligee may claim damages or other civil liabilities according to law. 第二百三十九条 本章规定的物权保护方式，可以单独适用，也可以根据权利被侵害的情形合并适用。 Article 239 The methods of real right protection provided for in this Chapter may be applied separately or in combination according to the circumstances in which the right has been infringed. 第二分编 所有权Subpart II Ownership 第四章 一般规定Chapter IV General Provisions 第二百四十条 所有权人对自己的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。 Article 240 The owner shall have the rights to possess, use, profit from and dispose of his own real estate or movable property in accordance with the law. 第二百四十一条 所有权人有权在自己的不动产或者动产上设立用益物权和担保物权。用益物权人、担保物权人行使权利，不得损害所有权人的权益。 Article 241 An owner shall have the right to establish usufructuary rights and security rights over his realty or chattel. The usufructuary right holder or security right holder may not damage the rights and interests of the owner when exercising his rights. 第二百四十二条 法律规定专属于国家所有的不动产和动产，任何组织或者个人不能取得所有权。 Article 242 No organization or individual may acquire ownership of any realty or chattel exclusively owned by the State as provided for by law. 第二百四十三条 为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征收集体所有的土地和组织、个人的房屋以及其他不动产。 Article 243 Collectively-owned land, houses owned by organizations and individuals and other realty may be expropriated to meet the needs of the public interest within the limits of authority and in accordance with the procedures prescribed by law. 征收集体所有的土地，应当依法及时足额支付土地补偿费、安置补助费以及农村村民住宅、其他地上附着物和青苗等的补偿费用，并安排被征地农民的社会保障费用，保障被征地农民的生活，维护被征地农民的合法权益。 In expropriating collectively-owned land, compensation fees for land, resettlement subsidies and compensation fees for rural villagers 'houses, other attachments on the land and young crops shall be paid in full and in time according to law, and social protection expenses for the peasants whose land is expropriated shall be arranged to ensure their livelihood and safeguard their legitimate rights and interests. 征收组织、个人的房屋以及其他不动产，应当依法给予征收补偿，维护被征收人的合法权益；征收个人住宅的，还应当保障被征收人的居住条件。 In expropriating the houses and other real estate of organizations and individuals, compensation shall be given according to law to protect the legitimate rights and interests of the expropriated persons; in expropriating the houses of individuals, the living conditions of the expropriated persons shall also be guaranteed. 任何组织或者个人不得贪污、挪用、私分、截留、拖欠征收补偿费等费用。No organization or individual may embezzle, misappropriate, privately divide, withhold or default on the collection of compensation fees. 第二百四十四条 国家对耕地实行特殊保护，严格限制农用地转为建设用地，控制建设用地总量。不得违反法律规定的权限和程序征收集体所有的土地。 Article 244 The State exercises special protection over cultivated land, strictly restricts the conversion of agricultural land into land for construction, and controls the total amount of land for construction. Collectively owned land may not be expropriated in violation of the limits of authority and procedures prescribed by law. 第二百四十五条 因抢险救灾、疫情防控等紧急需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序可以征用组织、个人的不动产或者动产。被征用的不动产或者动产使用后，应当返还被征用人。组织、个人的不动产或者动产被征用或者征用后毁损、灭失的，应当给予补偿。 Article 245 For emergency needs such as emergency rescue and disaster relief, epidemic prevention and control, the real estate or movable property of an organization or individual may be requisitioned in accordance with the authority and procedures prescribed by law. After the requisitioned realty or chattel has been used, it shall be returned to the requisitioned person. Compensation shall be given to organizations or individuals whose realty or chattel is expropriated or damaged or lost after expropriation. 第五章 国家所有权和集体所有权、私人所有权Chapter V State Ownership, Collective Ownership and Private Ownership 第二百四十六条 法律规定属于国家所有的财产，属于国家所有即全民所有。Article 246 Property that is owned by the state according to law belongs to the state, that is, to the whole people. 国有财产由国务院代表国家行使所有权。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。The State Council exercises ownership of state-owned property on behalf of the state. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第二百四十七条 矿藏、水流、海域属于国家所有。Article 247 Mineral deposits, currents and sea areas belong to the state. 第二百四十八条 无居民海岛属于国家所有，国务院代表国家行使无居民海岛所有权。 Article 248 Uninhabited islands belong to the state, and the State Council exercises the ownership of uninhabited islands on behalf of the state. 第二百四十九条 城市的土地，属于国家所有。法律规定属于国家所有的农村和城市郊区的土地，属于国家所有。 Article 249 Urban land belongs to the state. Land in rural and suburban areas that is legally owned by the State belongs to the State. 第二百五十条 森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等自然资源，属于国家所有，但是法律规定属于集体所有的除外。 Article 250 Forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches and other natural resources are owned by the state, except for those that are collectively owned as provided by law. 第二百五十一条 法律规定属于国家所有的野生动植物资源，属于国家所有。Article 251 Wild animal and plant resources that are owned by the State as provided for by law shall be owned by the State. 第二百五十二条 无线电频谱资源属于国家所有。Article 252 Radio spectrum resources shall be owned by the State. 第二百五十三条 法律规定属于国家所有的文物，属于国家所有。Article 253 Cultural relics that are owned by the State as provided for by law shall be owned by the State. 第二百五十四条 国防资产属于国家所有。Article 254 Defence assets shall be owned by the State. 铁路、公路、电力设施、电信设施和油气管道等基础设施，依照法律规定为国家所有的，属于国家所有。 Railways, highways, electric power facilities, telecommunications facilities, oil and gas pipelines and other infrastructure facilities that are owned by the state in accordance with the law shall be owned by the state. 第二百五十五条 国家机关对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定处分的权利。 Article 255 State organs shall have the right to possess, use and dispose of immovable property and movable property directly under their control in accordance with law and relevant provisions of the State Council. 第二百五十六条 国家举办的事业单位对其直接支配的不动产和动产，享有占有、使用以及依照法律和国务院的有关规定收益、处分的权利。 Article 256 State-run institutions shall have the right to possess, use and, in accordance with the law and relevant provisions of the State Council, profit from and dispose of the immovable property and movable property directly under their control. 第二百五十七条 国家出资的企业，由国务院、地方人民政府依照法律、行政法规规定分别代表国家履行出资人职责，享有出资人权益。 Article 257 For state-funded enterprises, the State Council and the local people's governments shall, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, perform the functions and duties of investors on behalf of the State and enjoy the rights and interests of investors. 第二百五十八条 国家所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、截留、破坏。 Article 258 State-owned property shall be protected by law. No organization or individual may appropriate, plunder, privately divide, retain or destroy it. 第二百五十九条 履行国有财产管理、监督职责的机构及其工作人员，应当依法加强对国有财产的管理、监督，促进国有财产保值增值，防止国有财产损失；滥用职权，玩忽职守，造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。 Article 259 The organs performing the functions and duties of administration and supervision of State-owned property and their functionaries shall, in accordance with law, strengthen the administration and supervision of State-owned property, promote the maintenance and appreciation of State-owned property, and prevent losses to State-owned property; those who abuse their powers or neglect their duties and cause losses to State-owned property shall bear legal responsibility in accordance with law. 违反国有财产管理规定，在企业改制、合并分立、关联交易等过程中，低价转让、合谋私分、擅自担保或者以其他方式造成国有财产损失的，应当依法承担法律责任。 Whoever, in violation of the provisions on the administration of state-owned property, transfers state-owned property at a low price, colludes in private distribution, guarantees without authorization or causes losses to state-owned property in the process of enterprise restructuring, merger and division, affiliated transactions, etc. shall bear legal responsibility according to law. 第二百六十条 集体所有的不动产和动产包括：Article 260 Collectively owned realties and chattels include: （一）法律规定属于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂；(1) land and forests, mountains, grasslands, wasteland and beaches that are collectively owned by law; （二）集体所有的建筑物、生产设施、农田水利设施；Collectively owned buildings, production facilities and farmland water conservancy facilities; （三）集体所有的教育、科学、文化、卫生、体育等设施；Collectively owned educational, scientific, cultural, public health and sports facilities; （四）集体所有的其他不动产和动产。(4) other real estate and movable property collectively owned. 第二百六十一条 农民集体所有的不动产和动产，属于本集体成员集体所有。Article 261 Real estate and movable property collectively owned by farmers shall be collectively owned by the members of the collective. 下列事项应当依照法定程序经本集体成员决定：The following matters shall be decided by the members of the collective in accordance with legal procedures: （一）土地承包方案以及将土地发包给本集体以外的组织或者个人承包；(1) land contracting plans and contracting out land to organizations or individuals other than the collective; （二）个别土地承包经营权人之间承包地的调整；(2) adjustment of contracted land between individual holders of the right to contracted management of land; （三）土地补偿费等费用的使用、分配办法；(3) methods for the use and distribution of land compensation fees and other expenses; （四）集体出资的企业的所有权变动等事项；(4) changes in ownership of enterprises with collective capital contributions; （五）法律规定的其他事项。(5) Other matters stipulated by law. 第二百六十二条 对于集体所有的土地和森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂等，依照下列规定行使所有权： Article 262 Ownership of collectively-owned land and forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land and beaches shall be exercised in accordance with the following provisions: （一）属于村农民集体所有的，由村集体经济组织或者村民委员会依法代表集体行使所有权； (1) if it is owned collectively by village peasants, the ownership shall be exercised collectively by the village collective economic organization or villagers committee on behalf of the collective according to law; （二）分别属于村内两个以上农民集体所有的，由村内各该集体经济组织或者村民小组依法代表集体行使所有权； (2) if the ownership belongs to two or more peasant collectives in a village, the collective economic organizations or villagers 'groups in the village shall collectively exercise the ownership rights on behalf of the collective economic organizations or villagers' groups according to law; （三）属于乡镇农民集体所有的，由乡镇集体经济组织代表集体行使所有权。(3) If it is owned collectively by township peasants, the ownership shall be exercised collectively on behalf of the township collective economic organizations. 第二百六十三条 城镇集体所有的不动产和动产，依照法律、行政法规的规定由本集体享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。 Article 263 urban collectives shall enjoy the right to possess, use, profit from and dispose of realties and chattels owned by them in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 第二百六十四条 农村集体经济组织或者村民委员会、村民小组应当依照法律、行政法规以及章程、村规民约向本集体成员公布集体财产的状况。集体成员有权查阅、复制相关资料。 Article 264 Rural collective economic organizations, villagers 'committees and villagers' groups shall, in accordance with laws, administrative regulations, articles of association and village rules and regulations, make public to the members of their collectives the status of their collective property. Collective members have the right to consult and copy relevant materials. 第二百六十五条 集体所有的财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、私分、破坏。 Article 265 Collectively owned property shall be protected by law, and appropriation, plunder, private division or destruction by any organization or individual shall be prohibited. 农村集体经济组织、村民委员会或者其负责人作出的决定侵害集体成员合法权益的，受侵害的集体成员可以请求人民法院予以撤销。 If a decision made by a rural collective economic organization, villagers committee or its responsible person infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of a collective member, the aggrieved collective member may request the people's court to annul the decision. 第二百六十六条 私人对其合法的收入、房屋、生活用品、生产工具、原材料等不动产和动产享有所有权。 Article 266 A private person shall enjoy the ownership of his lawful income, houses, articles for daily use, tools of production, raw materials and other immovable and movable property. 第二百六十七条 私人的合法财产受法律保护，禁止任何组织或者个人侵占、哄抢、破坏。 Article 267 The lawful property of a private individual shall be protected by law, and appropriation, looting or destruction by any organization or individual shall be prohibited. 第二百六十八条 国家、集体和私人依法可以出资设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司或者其他企业。国家、集体和私人所有的不动产或者动产投到企业的，由出资人按照约定或者出资比例享有资产收益、重大决策以及选择经营管理者等权利并履行义务。 Article 268 The State, collectives and private individuals may, in accordance with law, contribute to the establishment of a limited liability company, a joint stock limited company or any other enterprise. Where real estate or movable property owned by the state, collectives or individuals is invested in an enterprise, the investor shall enjoy the rights and perform the obligations of income from assets, major decision-making and selection of managers according to the agreement or the proportion of investment. 第二百六十九条 营利法人对其不动产和动产依照法律、行政法规以及章程享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。 Article 269 A profit-making legal person shall have the rights to possess, use, profit from and dispose of its real estate and movable property in accordance with laws, administrative regulations and articles of association. 营利法人以外的法人，对其不动产和动产的权利，适用有关法律、行政法规以及章程的规定。 Legal persons other than profit-making legal persons shall apply the provisions of relevant laws, administrative regulations and articles of association to their rights over immovable property and movable property. 第二百七十条 社会团体法人、捐助法人依法所有的不动产和动产，受法律保护。Article 270 The realties and chattels legally owned by social organizations and donor legal persons shall be protected by law. 第六章 业主的建筑物区分所有权Chapter VI The Owner's Condominium Ownership of Buildings 第二百七十一条 业主对建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房等专有部分享有所有权，对专有部分以外的共有部分享有共有和共同管理的权利。 Article 271 The owners shall enjoy the ownership of the exclusive parts of a building, such as residential buildings and houses for business purposes, and the rights of joint ownership and joint management of the common parts other than the exclusive parts. 第二百七十二条 业主对其建筑物专有部分享有占有、使用、收益和处分的权利。业主行使权利不得危及建筑物的安全，不得损害其他业主的合法权益。 Article 272 An owner shall have the right to possess, use, profit from and dispose of the exclusive part of his building. The exercise of the owner's rights shall not endanger the safety of the building or harm the legitimate rights and interests of other owners. 第二百七十三条 业主对建筑物专有部分以外的共有部分，享有权利，承担义务；不得以放弃权利为由不履行义务。 Article 273 The owner shall enjoy rights and assume obligations in respect of the common parts of the building other than the exclusive parts thereof; he may not use waiver of rights as an excuse for failing to perform his obligations. 业主转让建筑物内的住宅、经营性用房，其对共有部分享有的共有和共同管理的权利一并转让。 When the owner transfers the residential and business premises in the building, the rights enjoyed by the owner in co-ownership and joint management of the co-owned parts shall be transferred together. 第二百七十四条 建筑区划内的道路，属于业主共有，但是属于城镇公共道路的除外。建筑区划内的绿地，属于业主共有，但是属于城镇公共绿地或者明示属于个人的除外。建筑区划内的其他公共场所、公用设施和物业服务用房，属于业主共有。 Article 274 All roads within a building division shall be jointly owned by the owners, except those belonging to public roads in cities and towns. The green space within the building division belongs to the owners, except for those belonging to urban public green space or those explicitly belonging to individuals. Other public places, public facilities and property service rooms within the building division belong to the owners. 第二百七十五条 建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库的归属，由当事人通过出售、附赠或者出租等方式约定。 Article 275 The ownership of the parking spaces and garages planned for the parking of automobiles within a building division shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned by means of sale, gift or lease. 占用业主共有的道路或者其他场地用于停放汽车的车位，属于业主共有。A parking space occupying a road or other site jointly owned by the owners for parking vehicles shall be jointly owned by the owners. 第二百七十六条 建筑区划内，规划用于停放汽车的车位、车库应当首先满足业主的需要。 Article 276 Parking spaces and garages planned for the parking of automobiles within a building division shall first satisfy the needs of the owners. 第二百七十七条 业主可以设立业主大会，选举业主委员会。业主大会、业主委员会成立的具体条件和程序，依照法律、法规的规定。 Article 277 The owners may establish an owners 'assembly to elect an owners' committee. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of owners 'assemblies and owners' committees shall be in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. 地方人民政府有关部门、居民委员会应当对设立业主大会和选举业主委员会给予指导和协助。 The relevant departments of the local people's governments and residents committees shall give guidance and assistance to the establishment of owners 'assemblies and the election of owners' committees. 第二百七十八条 下列事项由业主共同决定：Article 278 The following matters shall be decided jointly by the owners: （一）制定和修改业主大会议事规则；(1) to formulate and amend rules of procedure of the owners 'assembly; （二）制定和修改管理规约；(2) Formulating and amending management regulations; （三）选举业主委员会或者更换业主委员会成员；(3) electing or replacing members of the owners 'committee; （四）选聘和解聘物业服务企业或者其他管理人；(4) Selecting, appointing and dismissing property service enterprises or other managers; （五）使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；(5) using funds for the maintenance of buildings and their ancillary facilities; （六）筹集建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金；(6) raising funds for the maintenance of buildings and their auxiliary facilities; （七）改建、重建建筑物及其附属设施；(7) alteration and reconstruction of buildings and their ancillary facilities; （八）改变共有部分的用途或者利用共有部分从事经营活动；(8) changing the use of the common part or using the common part to engage in business activities; （九）有关共有和共同管理权利的其他重大事项。(9) Other important matters concerning the rights of joint ownership and joint management. 业主共同决定事项，应当由专有部分面积占比三分之二以上的业主且人数占比三分之二以上的业主参与表决。决定前款第六项至第八项规定的事项，应当经参与表决专有部分面积四分之三以上的业主且参与表决人数四分之三以上的业主同意。决定前款其他事项，应当经参与表决专有部分面积过半数的业主且参与表决人数过半数的业主同意。 For matters jointly decided by the owners, the owners with more than two-thirds of the exclusive area and more than two-thirds of the owners shall participate in the voting. Decisions on matters specified in Items 6 to 8 of the preceding paragraph shall be made with the consent of owners who participate in voting for more than three-quarters of the area of the exclusive part and more than three-quarters of the number of owners participating in voting. Decisions on other matters referred to in the preceding paragraph shall be made with the consent of more than half of the owners participating in the voting of the area of the exclusive part and more than half of the owners participating in the voting. 第二百七十九条 业主不得违反法律、法规以及管理规约，将住宅改变为经营性用房。业主将住宅改变为经营性用房的，除遵守法律、法规以及管理规约外，应当经有利害关系的业主一致同意。 Article 279 An owner may not change a dwelling into a house for business purposes in violation of laws, regulations and management rules. If an owner changes his residence into a commercial building, he shall obtain the unanimous consent of all interested owners in addition to abiding by laws, regulations and management regulations. 第二百八十条 业主大会或者业主委员会的决定，对业主具有法律约束力。Article 280 Decisions of owners 'assembly or owners' committee shall be legally binding on the owners. 业主大会或者业主委员会作出的决定侵害业主合法权益的，受侵害的业主可以请求人民法院予以撤销。 If a decision made by the owners 'assembly or the owners' committee infringes upon the legitimate rights and interests of the owners, the aggrieved owners may request the people's court to annul the decision. 第二百八十一条 建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金，属于业主共有。经业主共同决定，可以用于电梯、屋顶、外墙、无障碍设施等共有部分的维修、更新和改造。建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金的筹集、使用情况应当定期公布。 Article 281 The maintenance funds for the building and its ancillary facilities shall be jointly owned by the owners. Upon joint decision of the owners, it can be used for the repair, renovation and renovation of shared parts such as elevators, roofs, exterior walls, and barrier-free facilities. The collection and use of funds for the maintenance of buildings and their ancillary facilities shall be published regularly. 紧急情况下需要维修建筑物及其附属设施的，业主大会或者业主委员会可以依法申请使用建筑物及其附属设施的维修资金。 Where a building and its ancillary facilities need to be repaired in an emergency, the owners 'assembly or owners' committee may apply for the use of funds for the maintenance of the building and its ancillary facilities according to law. 第二百八十二条 建设单位、物业服务企业或者其他管理人等利用业主的共有部分产生的收入，在扣除合理成本之后，属于业主共有。 Article 282 The income generated by the construction unit, realty service enterprise or other managers from the use of the owners 'common shares shall, after deducting reasonable costs, belong to the owners' common shares. 第二百八十三条 建筑物及其附属设施的费用分摊、收益分配等事项，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照业主专有部分面积所占比例确定。 Article 283 Where there is an agreement, such matters as the apportionment of expenses and the distribution of proceeds of a building and its ancillary facilities shall be determined in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, such matters shall be determined in accordance with the proportion of the area of the owner's exclusive part. 第二百八十四条 业主可以自行管理建筑物及其附属设施，也可以委托物业服务企业或者其他管理人管理。 Article 284 An owner may manage a building and its ancillary facilities by himself or entrust a realty service enterprise or other managers to manage it. 对建设单位聘请的物业服务企业或者其他管理人，业主有权依法更换。The owners have the right to replace the property service enterprises or other managers hired by the construction units according to law. 第二百八十五条 物业服务企业或者其他管理人根据业主的委托，依照本法第三编有关物业服务合同的规定管理建筑区划内的建筑物及其附属设施，接受业主的监督，并及时答复业主对物业服务情况提出的询问。 Article 285 A realty service enterprise or other manager shall, upon the entrustment of the owner, manage the buildings and their ancillary facilities within the building division in accordance with the provisions of Part III of this Law concerning realty service contracts, accept the supervision of the owner, and promptly reply to the inquiries raised by the owner about the realty service. 物业服务企业或者其他管理人应当执行政府依法实施的应急处置措施和其他管理措施，积极配合开展相关工作。 Property service enterprises or other managers shall implement emergency response measures and other management measures implemented by the government according to law, and actively cooperate with relevant work. 第二百八十六条 业主应当遵守法律、法规以及管理规约，相关行为应当符合节约资源、保护生态环境的要求。对于物业服务企业或者其他管理人执行政府依法实施的应急处置措施和其他管理措施，业主应当依法予以配合。 Article 286 The owner shall abide by the laws, regulations and management regulations, and the relevant acts shall conform to the requirements of resource conservation and ecological environment protection. For property service enterprises or other managers to implement emergency measures and other management measures implemented by the government according to law, the owners shall cooperate with them according to law. 业主大会或者业主委员会，对任意弃置垃圾、排放污染物或者噪声、违反规定饲养动物、违章搭建、侵占通道、拒付物业费等损害他人合法权益的行为，有权依照法律、法规以及管理规约，请求行为人停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、恢复原状、赔偿损失。 The owners 'assembly or the owners' committee shall have the right to demand, in accordance with laws, regulations and management regulations, that the violators stop the infringement, remove the obstruction, eliminate the danger, restore the original state and compensate for the losses caused by such acts as arbitrarily dumping garbage, discharging pollutants or making noise, raising animals in violation of regulations, illegally constructing buildings, occupying passages, refusing to pay property fees, etc., which damage the legitimate rights and interests of others. 业主或者其他行为人拒不履行相关义务的，有关当事人可以向有关行政主管部门报告或者投诉，有关行政主管部门应当依法处理。 If the owners or other actors refuse to perform the relevant obligations, the parties concerned may report or complain to the relevant administrative departments, which shall handle the case according to law. 第二百八十七条 业主对建设单位、物业服务企业或者其他管理人以及其他业主侵害自己合法权益的行为，有权请求其承担民事责任。 Article 287 An owner shall have the right to demand that the construction unit, realty service enterprise or other manager, as well as other owners, bear civil liability for any act that infringes upon his lawful rights and interests. 第七章 相邻关系Chapter VII Neighborhood Relations 第二百八十八条 不动产的相邻权利人应当按照有利生产、方便生活、团结互助、公平合理的原则，正确处理相邻关系。 Article 288 Neighboring owners of real estate shall correctly handle their neighboring relations in accordance with the principles of facilitating production, facilitating livelihood, solidarity and mutual assistance, and fairness and reasonableness. 第二百八十九条 法律、法规对处理相邻关系有规定的，依照其规定；法律、法规没有规定的，可以按照当地习惯。 Article 289 Where there are provisions in laws and regulations on the handling of adjacent relations, such provisions shall be followed; where there are no provisions in laws and regulations, local customs may be followed. 第二百九十条 不动产权利人应当为相邻权利人用水、排水提供必要的便利。Article 290 The owner of a realty shall provide necessary facilities for water and drainage for the adjacent obligee. 对自然流水的利用，应当在不动产的相邻权利人之间合理分配。对自然流水的排放，应当尊重自然流向。 The utilization of natural flowing water shall be reasonably distributed among the adjacent obligee of the real estate. The discharge of natural flowing water shall respect the natural flow direction. 第二百九十一条 不动产权利人对相邻权利人因通行等必须利用其土地的，应当提供必要的便利。 Article 291 An owner of a realty shall provide necessary convenience to a neighboring owner who must use his land for passage, etc. 第二百九十二条 不动产权利人因建造、修缮建筑物以及铺设电线、电缆、水管、暖气和燃气管线等必须利用相邻土地、建筑物的，该土地、建筑物的权利人应当提供必要的便利。 Article 292 Where the owner of a realty has to make use of the adjacent land or buildings for the purpose of constructing or repairing buildings or laying electric wires, cables, water pipes, heating and gas pipelines, the owner of such land or buildings shall provide necessary facilities. 第二百九十三条 建造建筑物，不得违反国家有关工程建设标准，不得妨碍相邻建筑物的通风、采光和日照。 Article 293 The construction of buildings shall not violate the relevant State standards for engineering construction and shall not obstruct the ventilation, daylighting and sunlight of adjacent buildings. 第二百九十四条 不动产权利人不得违反国家规定弃置固体废物，排放大气污染物、水污染物、土壤污染物、噪声、光辐射、电磁辐射等有害物质。 Article 294 An owner of real estate may not dispose of solid waste or discharge harmful substances such as air pollutants, water pollutants, soil pollutants, noise, optical radiation and electromagnetic radiation in violation of State regulations. 第二百九十五条 不动产权利人挖掘土地、建造建筑物、铺设管线以及安装设备等，不得危及相邻不动产的安全。 Article 295 When excavating land, constructing buildings, laying pipelines, installing equipment, etc., the owner of a real estate may not endanger the safety of adjacent real estate. 第二百九十六条 不动产权利人因用水、排水、通行、铺设管线等利用相邻不动产的，应当尽量避免对相邻的不动产权利人造成损害。 Article 296 Where an owner of a realty uses adjacent realties for water, drainage, passage, laying of pipelines, etc., he shall try his best to avoid causing damage to the owner of the adjacent realty. 第八章 共有Chapter 8: The Common 第二百九十七条 不动产或者动产可以由两个以上组织、个人共有。共有包括按份共有和共同共有。 Article 297 A realty or chattel may be jointly owned by two or more organizations or individuals. Shared ownership includes shared ownership by shares and shared ownership. 第二百九十八条 按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产按照其份额享有所有权。Article 298 The co-owners shall enjoy the ownership of the jointly owned realty or chattel according to their shares. 第二百九十九条 共同共有人对共有的不动产或者动产共同享有所有权。Article 299 Joint owners shall jointly enjoy ownership of the jointly owned realty or chattel. 第三百条 共有人按照约定管理共有的不动产或者动产；没有约定或者约定不明确的，各共有人都有管理的权利和义务。 Article 300 The co-owners shall manage the jointly owned realty or chattel in accordance with the agreement; in the absence of an agreement or an unclear agreement, each co-owner shall have the right and obligation to manage it. 第三百零一条 处分共有的不动产或者动产以及对共有的不动产或者动产作重大修缮、变更性质或者用途的，应当经占份额三分之二以上的按份共有人或者全体共同共有人同意，但是共有人之间另有约定的除外。 Article 301 Any disposition of a jointly owned realty or chattel or any major repair or change in the nature or purpose of a jointly owned realty or chattel shall require the consent of more than two-thirds of the co-owners or all the co-owners, unless otherwise agreed upon by the co-owners. 第三百零二条 共有人对共有物的管理费用以及其他负担，有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人按照其份额负担，共同共有人共同负担。 Article 302 Co-owners 'Management Expenses and Other Burdens in Joint Ownership Where there is an agreement, such agreement shall prevail; where there is no agreement or such agreement is unclear, such costs and other burdens shall be borne by each co-owner according to his share, and shall be borne jointly by the co-owners. 第三百零三条 共有人约定不得分割共有的不动产或者动产，以维持共有关系的，应当按照约定，但是共有人有重大理由需要分割的，可以请求分割；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按份共有人可以随时请求分割，共同共有人在共有的基础丧失或者有重大理由需要分割时可以请求分割。因分割造成其他共有人损害的，应当给予赔偿。 Article 303 Where the co-owners have agreed not to divide the realty or chattel under common ownership in order to maintain the common ownership relationship, the agreement shall be followed; however, if the co-owners have serious reasons for division, they may request division; if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the co-owners may request division at any time; and the co-owners may request division when the basis for common ownership is lost or if there are serious reasons for division. Compensation shall be paid for damage caused to other co-owners as a result of the division. 第三百零四条 共有人可以协商确定分割方式。达不成协议，共有的不动产或者动产可以分割且不会因分割减损价值的，应当对实物予以分割；难以分割或者因分割会减损价值的，应当对折价或者拍卖、变卖取得的价款予以分割。 Article 304 The co-owners may determine the method of division through consultation. If no agreement can be reached, the real property or movable property jointly owned shall be divided and its value shall not be reduced due to division; if it is difficult to divide or its value will be reduced due to division, the proceeds obtained from discount or auction or sale shall be divided. 共有人分割所得的不动产或者动产有瑕疵的，其他共有人应当分担损失。If the realty or chattel divided by a co-owner has defects, the other co-owners shall share the losses. 第三百零五条 按份共有人可以转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额。其他共有人在同等条件下享有优先购买的权利。 Article 305 A co-owner may assign his share of the jointly owned realty or chattel. The other co-owners shall enjoy the right of first refusal under the same conditions. 第三百零六条 按份共有人转让其享有的共有的不动产或者动产份额的，应当将转让条件及时通知其他共有人。其他共有人应当在合理期限内行使优先购买权。 Article 306 Where a co-owner transfers his share of a jointly owned realty or chattel on a number of basis, he shall promptly notify the other co-owners of the conditions for the transfer. The other co-owners shall exercise the preemptive right within a reasonable period of time. 两个以上其他共有人主张行使优先购买权的，协商确定各自的购买比例；协商不成的，按照转让时各自的共有份额比例行使优先购买权。 If two or more other co-owners claim to exercise the right of preemption, they shall determine their respective purchase proportions through consultation; if consultation fails, they shall exercise the right of preemption according to their respective share proportions at the time of transfer. 第三百零七条 因共有的不动产或者动产产生的债权债务，在对外关系上，共有人享有连带债权、承担连带债务，但是法律另有规定或者第三人知道共有人不具有连带债权债务关系的除外；在共有人内部关系上，除共有人另有约定外，按份共有人按照份额享有债权、承担债务，共同共有人共同享有债权、承担债务。偿还债务超过自己应当承担份额的按份共有人，有权向其他共有人追偿。 Article 307 With respect to claims and debts arising from jointly owned realty or chattel, in external relations, the co-owners shall enjoy joint claims and bear joint debts, except as otherwise provided by law or where a third party knows that the co-owners do not have joint claims and debts; in internal relations among the co-owners, unless otherwise agreed upon by the co-owners, the co-owners shall enjoy claims and bear debts in proportion to their shares, and the co-owners shall jointly enjoy claims and bear debts. A co-owner who repays debts in excess of his share shall have the right to recover from the other co-owners. 第三百零八条 共有人对共有的不动产或者动产没有约定为按份共有或者共同共有，或者约定不明确的，除共有人具有家庭关系等外，视为按份共有。 Article 308 Where the co-owners do not agree that the realty or chattel under common ownership shall be jointly owned by shares or jointly owned, or the agreement is unclear, the realty or chattel under common ownership shall be deemed to be jointly owned by shares unless the co-owners have family relations. 第三百零九条 按份共有人对共有的不动产或者动产享有的份额，没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照出资额确定；不能确定出资额的，视为等额享有。 Article 309 Where there is no stipulation or the stipulation is unclear, the share enjoyed by the co-owners of the jointly owned realty or chattel shall be determined according to the amount of their capital contribution; where the amount of their capital contribution cannot be determined, they shall be deemed to enjoy equal shares. 第三百一十条 两个以上组织、个人共同享有用益物权、担保物权的，参照适用本章的有关规定。 Article 310 Where two or more organizations or individuals jointly enjoy usufructuary rights or security rights, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第九章 所有权取得的特别规定Chapter IX Special Provisions on Acquisition of Ownership 第三百一十一条 无处分权人将不动产或者动产转让给受让人的，所有权人有权追回；除法律另有规定外，符合下列情形的，受让人取得该不动产或者动产的所有权： Article 311 Where an immovable property or movable property is transferred to the transferee by a person without power to dispose of the property, the owner shall have the right to recover it; unless otherwise provided by law, the transferee shall acquire the ownership of the immovable property or movable property if: （一）受让人受让该不动产或者动产时是善意；(1) the transferee has transferred the real or movable property in good faith; （二）以合理的价格转让；(2) Transfer at a reasonable price; （三）转让的不动产或者动产依照法律规定应当登记的已经登记，不需要登记的已经交付给受让人。 (3) The transferred real estate or movable property, which shall be registered in accordance with the law, has been registered, and the real estate or movable property that does not need registration has been delivered to the transferee. 受让人依据前款规定取得不动产或者动产的所有权的，原所有权人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿。 If the transferee acquires the ownership of the real property or movable property in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the original owner shall have the right to claim damages from the person without power to dispose of it. 当事人善意取得其他物权的，参照适用前两款规定。Where the parties acquire other real rights in good faith, the provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第三百一十二条 所有权人或者其他权利人有权追回遗失物。该遗失物通过转让被他人占有的，权利人有权向无处分权人请求损害赔偿，或者自知道或者应当知道受让人之日起二年内向受让人请求返还原物；但是，受让人通过拍卖或者向具有经营资格的经营者购得该遗失物的，权利人请求返还原物时应当支付受让人所付的费用。权利人向受让人支付所付费用后，有权向无处分权人追偿。 Article 312 The owner or other obligee shall have the right to recover the lost property. If the lost property is possessed by another person through transfer, the obligee shall have the right to claim damages from the person without right to dispose of it, or to claim the return of the original property from the transferee within two years from the date on which he knew or should have known the transferee; however, if the transferee purchases the lost property through auction or from a qualified operator, the obligee shall pay the expenses paid by the transferee when requesting the return of the original property. After the obligee pays the expenses paid to the assignee, he has the right to recover from the undistributed party. 第三百一十三条 善意受让人取得动产后，该动产上的原有权利消灭。但是，善意受让人在受让时知道或者应当知道该权利的除外。 Article 313 After a bona fide transferee acquires a movable property, the original right in the movable property shall be extinguished. Except, however, to the extent that the assignee in good faith knew or ought to have known of the right at the time of the assignment. 第三百一十四条 拾得遗失物，应当返还权利人。拾得人应当及时通知权利人领取，或者送交公安等有关部门。 Article 314 A lost property found shall be returned to the obligee. The finder shall promptly notify the obligee to collect it, or deliver it to the public security department and other relevant departments. 第三百一十五条 有关部门收到遗失物，知道权利人的，应当及时通知其领取；不知道的，应当及时发布招领公告。 Article 315 Upon receipt of a lost object, the relevant department shall notify the owner of the right to claim it in a timely manner if it knows the owner; if it does not know the owner, it shall issue a notice of claim in a timely manner. 第三百一十六条 拾得人在遗失物送交有关部门前，有关部门在遗失物被领取前，应当妥善保管遗失物。因故意或者重大过失致使遗失物毁损、灭失的，应当承担民事责任。 Article 316 Before the finder delivers the lost object to the relevant department, the relevant department shall keep the lost object properly until the lost object is recovered. If the lost property is damaged or lost due to intentional or gross negligence, civil liability shall be borne. 第三百一十七条 权利人领取遗失物时，应当向拾得人或者有关部门支付保管遗失物等支出的必要费用。 Article 317 When claiming a lost object, the obligee shall pay the finder or the relevant department the necessary expenses incurred in keeping the lost object. 权利人悬赏寻找遗失物的，领取遗失物时应当按照承诺履行义务。The obligee who offers a reward for finding the lost property shall fulfill his obligations in accordance with his promise when receiving the lost property. 拾得人侵占遗失物的，无权请求保管遗失物等支出的费用，也无权请求权利人按照承诺履行义务。 If the finder encroaches on the lost property, he shall not have the right to claim the expenses incurred in keeping the lost property, nor shall he have the right to request the obligee to perform his obligations according to his promise. 第三百一十八条 遗失物自发布招领公告之日起一年内无人认领的，归国家所有。Article 318 If a lost object is unclaimed within one year from the date of publication of the announcement, it shall belong to the State. 第三百一十九条 拾得漂流物、发现埋藏物或者隐藏物的，参照适用拾得遗失物的有关规定。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 319 In case of finding drifters, buried objects or hidden objects, the relevant provisions on finding lost objects shall apply mutatis mutandis. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第三百二十条 主物转让的，从物随主物转让，但是当事人另有约定的除外。Article 320 Assignment of Accessory Subject Where the principal subject is assigned, the accessory subject is assigned with the principal subject, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第三百二十一条 天然孳息，由所有权人取得；既有所有权人又有用益物权人的，由用益物权人取得。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 321 Natural fruits shall be acquired by the owner; where there are both owners and usufructuaries, they shall be acquired by the usufructuary. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 法定孳息，当事人有约定的，按照约定取得；没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照交易习惯取得。 The legal fruits shall be obtained in accordance with the agreement if the parties have so agreed; in the absence of an agreement or if the agreement is unclear, they shall be obtained in accordance with the customs of transaction. 第三百二十二条 因加工、附合、混合而产生的物的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律规定；法律没有规定的，按照充分发挥物的效用以及保护无过错当事人的原则确定。因一方当事人的过错或者确定物的归属造成另一方当事人损害的，应当给予赔偿或者补偿。 Article 322 Where there is an agreement, the attribution of an object resulting from processing, attachment or mixing shall be determined in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is not clear, it shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of law; where there is no provision by law, it shall be determined in accordance with the principles of giving full play to the utility of the object and protecting the innocent party. Compensation or indemnity shall be made to one party for damage caused to the other party due to the fault of the other party or the attribution of the definite object. 第三分编 用益物权Subpart III: usufructuary rights 第十章 一般规定Chapter X General Provisions 第三百二十三条 用益物权人对他人所有的不动产或者动产，依法享有占有、使用和收益的权利。 Article 323 A usufructuary right holder shall have the right to possess, use and benefit from the real estate or movable property owned by others in accordance with the law. 第三百二十四条 国家所有或者国家所有由集体使用以及法律规定属于集体所有的自然资源，组织、个人依法可以占有、使用和收益。 Article 324 Organizations and individuals may lawfully possess, use and profit from natural resources owned by the State or owned by the State but used by collectives, or collectively owned by law. 第三百二十五条 国家实行自然资源有偿使用制度，但是法律另有规定的除外。Article 325 The State practices a system of compensated use of natural resources, except as otherwise provided by law. 第三百二十六条 用益物权人行使权利，应当遵守法律有关保护和合理开发利用资源、保护生态环境的规定。所有权人不得干涉用益物权人行使权利。 Article 326 In exercising his rights, the usufructuary shall abide by the provisions of law concerning the protection and rational development and utilization of resources and the protection of the ecological environment. The owner may not interfere with the usufructuary's exercise of his rights. 第三百二十七条 因不动产或者动产被征收、征用致使用益物权消灭或者影响用益物权行使的，用益物权人有权依据本法第二百四十三条、第二百四十五条的规定获得相应补偿。 Article 327 Where the usufructuary right is extinguished or the exercise of the usufructuary right is affected due to the expropriation or requisition of the immovable property or movable property, the usufructuary right holder shall have the right to obtain corresponding compensation in accordance with the provisions of Articles 243 and 245 of this Law. 第三百二十八条 依法取得的海域使用权受法律保护。Article 328 The right to the use of sea areas obtained in accordance with law shall be protected by law. 第三百二十九条 依法取得的探矿权、采矿权、取水权和使用水域、滩涂从事养殖、捕捞的权利受法律保护。 Article 329 The exploration right, mining right, water intake right and the right to use water areas and beaches for aquaculture and fishing, which have been lawfully obtained, shall be protected by law. 第十一章 土地承包经营权Chapter XI Right to Contracted Management of Land 第三百三十条 农村集体经济组织实行家庭承包经营为基础、统分结合的双层经营体制。 Article 330 Rural collective economic organizations shall practice a two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified management with decentralized management. 农民集体所有和国家所有由农民集体使用的耕地、林地、草地以及其他用于农业的土地，依法实行土地承包经营制度。 Cultivated land, woodland, grassland and other land used for agriculture owned collectively by peasants or owned by the state and used collectively by peasants shall be subject to the land contract management system according to law. 第三百三十一条 土地承包经营权人依法对其承包经营的耕地、林地、草地等享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权从事种植业、林业、畜牧业等农业生产。 Article 331 The holder of the right to contracted management of land shall, in accordance with law, enjoy the right to possess, use and benefit from the cultivated land, forest land and grassland under his contracted management, and shall have the right to engage in agricultural production such as crop cultivation, forestry and animal husbandry. 第三百三十二条 耕地的承包期为三十年。草地的承包期为三十年至五十年。林地的承包期为三十年至七十年。 Article 332 The contract term for cultivated land shall be 30 years. The contract period for grassland is 30 to 50 years. The contract period for forest land is 30 to 70 years. 前款规定的承包期限届满，由土地承包经营权人依照农村土地承包的法律规定继续承包。 At the expiration of the term of the contract as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the owner of the right to contracted management of land shall continue the contract in accordance with the provisions of the law on rural land contracting. 第三百三十三条 土地承包经营权自土地承包经营权合同生效时设立。Article 333 The right to contracted management of land shall be established upon the entry into force of the contract for the right to contracted management of land. 登记机构应当向土地承包经营权人发放土地承包经营权证、林权证等证书，并登记造册，确认土地承包经营权。 The registration organ shall issue certificates such as land contract management certificate and forest right certificate to the land contract management right holder, and register and record them to confirm the land contract management right. 第三百三十四条 土地承包经营权人依照法律规定，有权将土地承包经营权互换、转让。未经依法批准，不得将承包地用于非农建设。 Article 334 The holder of the right to contracted management of land shall, in accordance with the provisions of law, have the right to interchange or transfer the right to contracted management of land. No contracted land may be used for non-agricultural construction without approval according to law. 第三百三十五条 土地承包经营权互换、转让的，当事人可以向登记机构申请登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 335 Where the right to contracted management of land is exchanged or transferred, the parties concerned may apply to the registration authority for registration; without registration, they may not oppose a bona fide third party. 第三百三十六条 承包期内发包人不得调整承包地。Article 336 The developer may not adjust the contracted land during the term of the contract. 因自然灾害严重毁损承包地等特殊情形，需要适当调整承包的耕地和草地的，应当依照农村土地承包的法律规定办理。 In special circumstances, such as serious damage to contracted land due to natural disasters, it is necessary to adjust the contracted cultivated land and grassland appropriately, which shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of the law on rural land contracting. 第三百三十七条 承包期内发包人不得收回承包地。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 337 The developer may not take back the contracted land during the term of the contract. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第三百三十八条 承包地被征收的，土地承包经营权人有权依据本法第二百四十三条的规定获得相应补偿。 Article 338 Where contracted land is expropriated, the holder of the right to contracted management of the land shall have the right to obtain corresponding compensation in accordance with the provisions of Article 243 of this Law. 第三百三十九条 土地承包经营权人可以自主决定依法采取出租、入股或者其他方式向他人流转土地经营权。 Article 339 The holder of the right to contracted management of land may independently decide to transfer the right to the management of land to others by leasing, buying shares or other means according to law. 第三百四十条 土地经营权人有权在合同约定的期限内占有农村土地，自主开展农业生产经营并取得收益。 Article 340 The owner of the right to land management shall have the right to occupy rural land within the term stipulated in the contract, independently carry out agricultural production and management and obtain income therefrom. 第三百四十一条 流转期限为五年以上的土地经营权，自流转合同生效时设立。当事人可以向登记机构申请土地经营权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 341 The right to the management of land with a circulation period of five years or more shall be established upon the entry into force of the circulation contract. The parties concerned may apply to the registration organ for registration of the right to land management; without registration, they may not oppose a bona fide third party. 第三百四十二条 通过招标、拍卖、公开协商等方式承包农村土地，经依法登记取得权属证书的，可以依法采取出租、入股、抵押或者其他方式流转土地经营权。 Article 342 Where rural land is contracted through bidding, auction, public consultation, etc., and the ownership certificate is obtained after registration according to law, the right to manage the land may be transferred by lease, shareholding, mortgage or other means according to law. 第三百四十三条 国家所有的农用地实行承包经营的，参照适用本编的有关规定。Article 343 Where State-owned agricultural land is contracted for management, the relevant provisions of this Part shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第十二章 建设用地使用权Chapter XII Right to the Use of Construction Land 第三百四十四条 建设用地使用权人依法对国家所有的土地享有占有、使用和收益的权利，有权利用该土地建造建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施。 Article 344 The owner of the right to the use of land for construction shall, in accordance with law, enjoy the right to possess, use and benefit from the land owned by the State, and shall have the right to use the land for the construction of buildings, structures and ancillary facilities. 第三百四十五条 建设用地使用权可以在土地的地表、地上或者地下分别设立。Article 345 The right to the use of land for construction may be established separately on the surface, above or below the land. 第三百四十六条 设立建设用地使用权，应当符合节约资源、保护生态环境的要求，遵守法律、行政法规关于土地用途的规定，不得损害已经设立的用益物权。 Article 346 The establishment of the right to the use of construction land shall comply with the requirements of conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment, comply with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the use of land, and may not damage the usufructuary right already established. 第三百四十七条 设立建设用地使用权，可以采取出让或者划拨等方式。Article 347 The right to the use of construction land may be established by way of assignment or appropriation. 工业、商业、旅游、娱乐和商品住宅等经营性用地以及同一土地有两个以上意向用地者的，应当采取招标、拍卖等公开竞价的方式出让。 Industrial, commercial, tourist, entertainment and commercial residential land for business purposes, as well as the same land has more than two intention to use land, should be adopted tender, auction and other open bidding methods for transfer. 严格限制以划拨方式设立建设用地使用权。Strictly restrict the establishment of construction land use rights by allocation. 第三百四十八条 通过招标、拍卖、协议等出让方式设立建设用地使用权的，当事人应当采用书面形式订立建设用地使用权出让合同。 Article 348 Where the right to the use of construction land is established by means of bidding, auction or agreement, the parties concerned shall conclude a contract for the assignment of the right to the use of construction land in writing. 建设用地使用权出让合同一般包括下列条款：The contract for assignment of the right to use construction land generally includes the following clauses: （一）当事人的名称和住所；(1) the name and domicile of the parties; （二）土地界址、面积等；(2) land boundary and area; （三）建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用的空间；(3) Space occupied by buildings, structures and their auxiliary facilities; （四）土地用途、规划条件；(4) land use and planning conditions; （五）建设用地使用权期限；(5) the term of the right to use construction land; （六）出让金等费用及其支付方式；(6) Transfer fees and other expenses and their payment methods; （七）解决争议的方法。(7) Methods of dispute resolution. 第三百四十九条 设立建设用地使用权的，应当向登记机构申请建设用地使用权登记。建设用地使用权自登记时设立。登记机构应当向建设用地使用权人发放权属证书。 Article 349 In order to establish the right to the use of construction land, an application shall be filed with the registration authority for registration of the right to the use of construction land. The right to use construction land shall be established upon registration. The registration authority shall issue the ownership certificate to the owner of the right to use the construction land. 第三百五十条 建设用地使用权人应当合理利用土地，不得改变土地用途；需要改变土地用途的，应当依法经有关行政主管部门批准。 Article 350 The owner of the right to the use of land for construction shall make rational use of the land and shall not change the use of the land; if it is necessary to change the use of the land, approval shall be obtained from the relevant administrative department according to law. 第三百五十一条 建设用地使用权人应当依照法律规定以及合同约定支付出让金等费用。 Article 351 The owner of the right to use construction land shall pay the assignment fee and other expenses in accordance with the provisions of the law and the contract. 第三百五十二条 建设用地使用权人建造的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施的所有权属于建设用地使用权人，但是有相反证据证明的除外。 Article 352 Ownership of Buildings, Structures and Ancillary Facilities Built by Owner of Right to Use of Construction Land The ownership of the buildings, structures and ancillary facilities constructed by the owner of the right to use construction land belongs to the owner of the right to use construction land, unless there is evidence to the contrary. 第三百五十三条 建设用地使用权人有权将建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 353 The owner of the right to the use of construction land shall have the right to transfer, exchange, contribute, donate or mortgage the right to the use of construction land, except as otherwise provided by law. 第三百五十四条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资、赠与或者抵押的，当事人应当采用书面形式订立相应的合同。使用期限由当事人约定，但是不得超过建设用地使用权的剩余期限。 Article 354 Where the right to the use of construction land is transferred, exchanged, contributed, donated or mortgaged, the parties concerned shall conclude a corresponding contract in writing. The term of use shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned, but shall not exceed the remaining term of the right to use construction land. 第三百五十五条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，应当向登记机构申请变更登记。 Article 355 Where the right to the use of construction land is transferred, exchanged, contributed or donated, an application for modification registration shall be filed with the registration authority. 第三百五十六条 建设用地使用权转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，附着于该土地上的建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施一并处分。 Article 356 Where the right to the use of construction land is transferred, exchanged, contributed or donated, the buildings, structures and ancillary facilities attached to the land shall be disposed of together. 第三百五十七条 建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施转让、互换、出资或者赠与的，该建筑物、构筑物及其附属设施占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并处分。 Article 357 In the event of the transfer, exchange, contribution or donation of a building, structure or its ancillary facilities, the right to the use of construction land within the scope occupied by the building, structure or its ancillary facilities shall be disposed of together. 第三百五十八条 建设用地使用权期限届满前，因公共利益需要提前收回该土地的，应当依据本法第二百四十三条的规定对该土地上的房屋以及其他不动产给予补偿，并退还相应的出让金。 Article 358 Where, before the expiration of the term of the right to the use of land for construction, it is necessary to recover the land ahead of time due to public interests, compensation shall be given to the houses and other immovable property on the land in accordance with the provisions of Article 243 of this Law, and the corresponding transfer fee shall be refunded. 第三百五十九条 住宅建设用地使用权期限届满的，自动续期。续期费用的缴纳或者减免，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。 Article 359 The term of the right to use residential construction land shall be renewed automatically upon expiration. The payment or reduction of renewal fees shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 非住宅建设用地使用权期限届满后的续期，依照法律规定办理。该土地上的房屋以及其他不动产的归属，有约定的，按照约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照法律、行政法规的规定办理。 The renewal of the right to use non-residential construction land after the expiration of the term shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of law. The ownership of the houses and other real estate on the land shall be handled in accordance with the stipulations, if any; in the absence of any stipulations or if the stipulations are unclear, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 第三百六十条 建设用地使用权消灭的，出让人应当及时办理注销登记。登记机构应当收回权属证书。 Article 360 Where the right to the use of construction land is extinguished, the assignor shall cancel the registration in a timely manner. The registration authority shall withdraw the ownership certificate. 第三百六十一条 集体所有的土地作为建设用地的，应当依照土地管理的法律规定办理。 Article 361 Collectively-owned land used for construction shall be handled in accordance with the legal provisions on land administration. 第十三章 宅基地使用权Chapter XIII Right to the Use of Homestead 第三百六十二条 宅基地使用权人依法对集体所有的土地享有占有和使用的权利，有权依法利用该土地建造住宅及其附属设施。 Article 362 The owner of the right to the use of house site shall enjoy the right to possess and use the collectively owned land according to law, and shall have the right to use the land according to law to construct residential buildings and their ancillary facilities. 第三百六十三条 宅基地使用权的取得、行使和转让，适用土地管理的法律和国家有关规定。 Article 363 The acquisition, exercise and transfer of the right to the use of house sites shall be governed by the laws on land administration and the relevant provisions of the State. 第三百六十四条 宅基地因自然灾害等原因灭失的，宅基地使用权消灭。对失去宅基地的村民，应当依法重新分配宅基地。 Article 364 If the homestead is lost due to natural disasters or other reasons, the right to the use of the homestead shall be extinguished. Villagers who have lost their homestead shall be redistributed according to law. 第三百六十五条 已经登记的宅基地使用权转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。 Article 365 Where the registered right to the use of house site is transferred or extinguished, the registration of alteration or cancellation shall be handled in a timely manner. 第十四章 居住权Chapter XIV Right of Residence 第三百六十六条 居住权人有权按照合同约定，对他人的住宅享有占有、使用的用益物权，以满足生活居住的需要。 Article 366 A person with the right of abode shall, in accordance with the terms of a contract, enjoy the usufructuary right to possess and use another person's dwelling to satisfy his living and residential needs. 第三百六十七条 设立居住权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立居住权合同。Article 367 To establish the right of abode, the parties shall conclude a contract for the right of abode in writing. 居住权合同一般包括下列条款：A contract of residency generally includes the following clauses: （一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；(1) the name and domicile of the parties; （二）住宅的位置；(2) the location of the dwelling; （三）居住的条件和要求；(3) living conditions and requirements; （四）居住权期限；(4) Duration of residence right; （五）解决争议的方法。(5) Methods of dispute resolution. 第三百六十八条 居住权无偿设立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。设立居住权的，应当向登记机构申请居住权登记。居住权自登记时设立。 Article 368 The right of residence is established without compensation, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. If the right of residence is established, an application for registration of the right of residence shall be filed with the registration authority. The right of residence is established upon registration. 第三百六十九条 居住权不得转让、继承。设立居住权的住宅不得出租，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 369 The right of abode may not be transferred or inherited. A dwelling with the right of habitation may not be leased, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第三百七十条 居住权期限届满或者居住权人死亡的，居住权消灭。居住权消灭的，应当及时办理注销登记。 Article 370 Upon the expiration of the term of the right of abode or the death of the holder thereof, the right of abode shall be extinguished. Where the right of abode is extinguished, the cancellation of registration shall be handled in a timely manner. 第三百七十一条 以遗嘱方式设立居住权的，参照适用本章的有关规定。Article 371 Where the right of abode is created by will, the relevant provisions of this Chapter shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第十五章 地役权Chapter XV Easements 第三百七十二条 地役权人有权按照合同约定，利用他人的不动产，以提高自己的不动产的效益。 Article 372 An easement owner has the right to use the real estate of others in accordance with the contract to improve the efficiency of his own real estate. 前款所称他人的不动产为供役地，自己的不动产为需役地。The immovable property of others referred to in the preceding paragraph is servile land, and one's own immovable property is servile land. 第三百七十三条 设立地役权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立地役权合同。Article 373 To establish an easement, the parties shall conclude an easement contract in writing. 地役权合同一般包括下列条款：An easement contract typically includes the following clauses: （一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；(1) the name and domicile of the parties; （二）供役地和需役地的位置；(2) the location of the land in service and the land in service; （三）利用目的和方法；(3) Use purpose and method; （四）地役权期限；(iv) the duration of the easement; （五）费用及其支付方式；(5) expenses and methods of payment thereof; （六）解决争议的方法。(6) Methods of dispute resolution. 第三百七十四条 地役权自地役权合同生效时设立。当事人要求登记的，可以向登记机构申请地役权登记；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 374 An easement shall be established upon the entry into force of the easement contract. If the interested party requests registration, he may apply to the registration authority for registration of easement; without registration, he shall not oppose a bona fide third party. 第三百七十五条 供役地权利人应当按照合同约定，允许地役权人利用其不动产，不得妨害地役权人行使权利。 Article 375 An easement holder shall, in accordance with the contract, permit the easement holder to utilize his realty and may not obstruct the easement holder from exercising his rights. 第三百七十六条 地役权人应当按照合同约定的利用目的和方法利用供役地，尽量减少对供役地权利人物权的限制。 Article 376 The easement holder shall utilize the easement for the purposes and in the manner stipulated in the contract, and minimize the restrictions on the real right of the easement holder. 第三百七十七条 地役权期限由当事人约定；但是，不得超过土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等用益物权的剩余期限。 Article 377 The term of an easement shall be prescribed by the parties; however, it may not exceed the remaining term of the usufructuary right such as the right to contracted management of land or the right to the use of land for construction. 第三百七十八条 土地所有权人享有地役权或者负担地役权的，设立土地承包经营权、宅基地使用权等用益物权时，该用益物权人继续享有或者负担已经设立的地役权。 Article 378 Where a landowner enjoys or bears an easement, when establishing usufructuary rights such as the right to contracted management of land or the right to the use of house sites, the usufructuary shall continue to enjoy or bear the easement already established. 第三百七十九条 土地上已经设立土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权等用益物权的，未经用益物权人同意，土地所有权人不得设立地役权。 Article 379 Where such usufructuary rights as the right to contracted management of land, the right to the use of construction land or the right to the use of house sites have been established on land, the land owner may not establish an easement without the consent of the usufructuary right holder. 第三百八十条 地役权不得单独转让。土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等转让的，地役权一并转让，但是合同另有约定的除外。 Article 380 An easement may not be transferred separately. Where the right to contracted management of land and the right to the use of construction land are transferred, the easement shall be transferred together, unless otherwise stipulated in the contract. 第三百八十一条 地役权不得单独抵押。土地经营权、建设用地使用权等抵押的，在实现抵押权时，地役权一并转让。 Article 381 An easement may not be mortgaged alone. Where the right to land management and the right to the use of construction land are mortgaged, the easement shall be transferred together with the realization of the mortgage right. 第三百八十二条 需役地以及需役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，受让人同时享有地役权。 Article 382 When the land in servitude or the right to contracted management of the land or the right to the use of construction land on the land in servitude is partially transferred, the transferee shall enjoy the easement at the same time if the transferred part involves the easement. 第三百八十三条 供役地以及供役地上的土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权等部分转让时，转让部分涉及地役权的，地役权对受让人具有法律约束力。 Article 383 In the case of partial transfer of servile land and the right to contracted management of land and the right to the use of construction land on servile land, the easement shall be legally binding on the transferee insofar as the transferred part involves the easement. 第三百八十四条 地役权人有下列情形之一的，供役地权利人有权解除地役权合同，地役权消灭： Article 384 In any of the following circumstances, the easement holder shall have the right to terminate the easement contract and the easement shall be extinguished: （一）违反法律规定或者合同约定，滥用地役权；(1) abuse of easement in violation of legal provisions or contractual agreements; （二）有偿利用供役地，约定的付款期限届满后在合理期限内经两次催告未支付费用。 (2) for the paid use of servient land, two reminders for non-payment of expenses within a reasonable period after the expiration of the agreed payment period. 第三百八十五条 已经登记的地役权变更、转让或者消灭的，应当及时办理变更登记或者注销登记。 Article 385 Where an easement that has already been registered is altered, transferred or extinguished, the alteration registration or cancellation registration shall be handled in a timely manner. 第四分编 担保物权Subpart IV. Security interests 第十六章 一般规定Chapter XVI General Provisions 第三百八十六条 担保物权人在债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，依法享有就担保财产优先受偿的权利，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 386: In the event that the debtor fails to perform due debts or the security interest is realized as agreed by the parties, the security interest holder shall have the priority right to receive compensation for the secured property in accordance with the law, unless otherwise provided by law. 第三百八十七条 债权人在借贷、买卖等民事活动中，为保障实现其债权，需要担保的，可以依照本法和其他法律的规定设立担保物权。 Article 387 Where a creditor needs security in civil activities such as lending or buying or selling in order to guarantee the realization of his creditor's right, he may create a security interest in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws. 第三人为债务人向债权人提供担保的，可以要求债务人提供反担保。反担保适用本法和其他法律的规定。 Where a third party provides security for the debtor to the creditor, it may require the debtor to provide counter-security. The provisions of this Law and other laws shall apply to counter-guarantee. 第三百八十八条 设立担保物权，应当依照本法和其他法律的规定订立担保合同。担保合同包括抵押合同、质押合同和其他具有担保功能的合同。担保合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，担保合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 388 A security contract shall be concluded in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws in order to create a security right. Guarantee contracts include mortgage contracts, hypothecation contracts and other contracts with guarantee functions. A security contract is a subordinate contract to a principal obligee contract. If the principal obligee's right or obligation contract is invalid, the security contract shall be invalid, except as otherwise provided by law. 担保合同被确认无效后，债务人、担保人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。 After the guaranty contract is confirmed invalid, if the debtor, guarantor and creditor are at fault, they shall bear corresponding civil liabilities respectively according to their faults. 第三百八十九条 担保物权的担保范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金、保管担保财产和实现担保物权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 389 The scope of security of a real right for security includes the principal creditor's right and the interest thereon, liquidated damages, damages, expenses for keeping the secured property, and expenses for realizing the real right for security. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 第三百九十条 担保期间，担保财产毁损、灭失或者被征收等，担保物权人可以就获得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等优先受偿。被担保债权的履行期限未届满的，也可以提存该保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等。 Article 390 During the period of guaranty, if the secured property is damaged, lost or expropriated, etc., the security interest holder may have priority in obtaining compensation for the insurance money, compensation money or compensation money obtained. If the time limit for performance of the secured creditor's right has not expired, the insured money, indemnity money or compensation money may also be deposited. 第三百九十一条 第三人提供担保，未经其书面同意，债权人允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务的，担保人不再承担相应的担保责任。 Article 391 Guarantor's Liability for Guarantee Where a third party provides a guaranty, and the creditor permits the debtor to transfer all or part of the obligation without its written consent, the guarantor shall no longer bear the corresponding liability for the guaranty. 第三百九十二条 被担保的债权既有物的担保又有人的担保的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现担保物权的情形，债权人应当按照约定实现债权；没有约定或者约定不明确，债务人自己提供物的担保的，债权人应当先就该物的担保实现债权；第三人提供物的担保的，债权人可以就物的担保实现债权，也可以请求保证人承担保证责任。提供担保的第三人承担担保责任后，有权向债务人追偿。 Article 392 Obligor's Obligation to Fulfil Obligatory Right Where the secured creditor's right is secured by both physical and personal security, the obligor fails to perform its due obligation or the circumstances agreed upon by the parties to realize the real right for security occur, the obligee shall realize the obligee's right in accordance with the agreement; where there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, and the obligor provides physical security by itself, the obligee shall first realize the obligee's right for the security of such physical property; If a third party provides a guarantee of property, the creditor may realize his creditor's right with respect to the guarantee of property or request the guarantor to assume the guarantee liability. The third party who provides security has the right to recover from the debtor after assuming the security liability. 第三百九十三条 有下列情形之一的，担保物权消灭：Article 393 The security interest shall be extinguished under any of the following circumstances: （一）主债权消灭；(1) the principal creditor's right is extinguished; （二）担保物权实现；(2) realization of security interest; （三）债权人放弃担保物权；(3) the creditor waives the security interest; （四）法律规定担保物权消灭的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances under which the security interest is extinguished as provided for by law. 第十七章 抵押权Chapter XVII Mortgage Rights 第一节 一般抵押权Section 1 General Mortgage Rights 第三百九十四条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人不转移财产的占有，将该财产抵押给债权人的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就该财产优先受偿。 Article 394 Pledge of Property to Creditors for Secured Performance of Obligation If the debtor or a third party does not transfer possession of the property but mortgages the property to the creditor, if the debtor fails to perform its due obligation or if the mortgage right agreed upon by the parties is realized, the creditor is entitled to priority in compensation with respect to the property. 前款规定的债务人或者第三人为抵押人，债权人为抵押权人，提供担保的财产为抵押财产。 The debtor or third party mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be the mortgagor, the creditor shall be the mortgagee, and the property provided for security shall be the mortgaged property. 第三百九十五条 债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列财产可以抵押：Article 395 Mortgage of Property The following property that the debtor or a third party has the right to dispose of may be mortgaged: （一）建筑物和其他土地附着物；(1) buildings and other objects attached to land; （二）建设用地使用权；(2) the right to use construction land; （三）海域使用权；(3) the right to use sea areas; （四）生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品；(4) production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products and products; （五）正在建造的建筑物、船舶、航空器；(5) buildings, ships and aircraft under construction; （六）交通运输工具；(6) means of transportation; （七）法律、行政法规未禁止抵押的其他财产。(7) other property not prohibited from mortgage by laws and administrative regulations. 抵押人可以将前款所列财产一并抵押。The mortgagor may mortgage all the properties listed in the preceding paragraph. 第三百九十六条 企业、个体工商户、农业生产经营者可以将现有的以及将有的生产设备、原材料、半成品、产品抵押，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，债权人有权就抵押财产确定时的动产优先受偿。 Article 396 Enterprises, individual industrial and commercial households and agricultural producers and operators may mortgage their existing or future production equipment, raw materials, semi-finished products and products. In case the debtor fails to perform his due debts or the mortgage right is realized as agreed upon by the parties concerned, the creditor shall have the priority of compensation over the movable property at the time when the mortgaged property is determined. 第三百九十七条 以建筑物抵押的，该建筑物占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。以建设用地使用权抵押的，该土地上的建筑物一并抵押。 Article 397 Where a building is mortgaged, the right to the use of construction land within the area occupied by the building shall be mortgaged together. If the right to use construction land is mortgaged, the buildings on the land shall be mortgaged together. 抵押人未依据前款规定一并抵押的，未抵押的财产视为一并抵押。If the mortgagor fails to mortgage the property together in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the property not mortgaged shall be deemed to be mortgaged together. 第三百九十八条 乡镇、村企业的建设用地使用权不得单独抵押。以乡镇、村企业的厂房等建筑物抵押的，其占用范围内的建设用地使用权一并抵押。 Article 398 The right to the use of land for construction of township and village enterprises may not be mortgaged alone. If the buildings such as factory buildings of township and village enterprises are mortgaged, the right to use construction land within the occupied scope shall be mortgaged together. 第三百九十九条 下列财产不得抵押：Article 399 The following property may not be mortgaged: （一）土地所有权；(i) Land ownership; （二）宅基地、自留地、自留山等集体所有土地的使用权，但是法律规定可以抵押的除外； (2) the right to the use of collectively-owned land such as homestead, private plots of land and private hills, except where mortgage is allowed as provided by law; （三）学校、幼儿园、医疗机构等为公益目的成立的非营利法人的教育设施、医疗卫生设施和其他公益设施； (3) educational facilities, medical and health facilities and other public welfare facilities of non-profit legal persons established for public welfare purposes such as schools, kindergartens and medical institutions; （四）所有权、使用权不明或者有争议的财产；(4) property whose ownership or right to use is unclear or disputed; （五）依法被查封、扣押、监管的财产；(5) property that has been sealed up, detained or supervised according to law; （六）法律、行政法规规定不得抵押的其他财产。(6) other property that may not be mortgaged as provided for by laws and administrative regulations. 第四百条 设立抵押权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立抵押合同。Article 400 To create a mortgage right, the parties shall conclude a mortgage contract in writing. 抵押合同一般包括下列条款：Mortgage contracts generally include the following clauses: （一）被担保债权的种类和数额；(1) the type and amount of the secured claim; （二）债务人履行债务的期限；(2) the time limit for the debtor to perform the obligation; （三）抵押财产的名称、数量等情况；(3) the name and quantity of the mortgaged property; （四）担保的范围。(4) Scope of guarantee. 第四百零一条 抵押权人在债务履行期限届满前，与抵押人约定债务人不履行到期债务时抵押财产归债权人所有的，只能依法就抵押财产优先受偿。 Article 401 Prior to the expiration of the term for performance of a debt, if the mortgagee and the mortgagor agree that the mortgaged property shall belong to the creditor in case the debtor fails to perform the due debt, the mortgagee may only enjoy priority in compensation with respect to the mortgaged property according to law. 第四百零二条 以本法第三百九十五条第一款第一项至第三项规定的财产或者第五项规定的正在建造的建筑物抵押的，应当办理抵押登记。抵押权自登记时设立。 Article 402 Where the property specified in Items 1 to 3 of Paragraph 1 of Article 395 of this Law or the building under construction specified in Item 5 of this Law is mortgaged, mortgage registration shall be completed. A mortgage is created upon registration. 第四百零三条 以动产抵押的，抵押权自抵押合同生效时设立；未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 403 Where a chattel is mortgaged, the mortgage right shall be established upon the entry into force of the mortgage contract; without registration, it may not act against a bona fide third party. 第四百零四条 以动产抵押的，不得对抗正常经营活动中已经支付合理价款并取得抵押财产的买受人。 Article 404 A chattel mortgaged may not oppose a buyer who has paid a reasonable price and acquired the mortgaged property in the course of normal business activities. 第四百零五条 抵押权设立前，抵押财产已经出租并转移占有的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。 Article 405 Where the mortgaged property has been leased and transferred to possession before the mortgage right is created, the original lease relationship shall not be affected by the mortgage right. 第四百零六条 抵押期间，抵押人可以转让抵押财产。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。抵押财产转让的，抵押权不受影响。 Article 406 During the term of mortgage, the mortgagor may assign the mortgaged property. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. If the mortgaged property is transferred, the mortgage right shall not be affected. 抵押人转让抵押财产的，应当及时通知抵押权人。抵押权人能够证明抵押财产转让可能损害抵押权的，可以请求抵押人将转让所得的价款向抵押权人提前清偿债务或者提存。转让的价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。 Where the mortgagor transfers the mortgaged property, he shall promptly notify the mortgagee. If the mortgagee can prove that the transfer of the mortgaged property may damage the mortgage right, he may request the mortgagor to pay off the debts or deposit the proceeds from the transfer to the mortgagee in advance. The part of the transfer price exceeding the amount of the claim belongs to the mortgagor, and the insufficient part shall be paid off by the debtor. 第四百零七条 抵押权不得与债权分离而单独转让或者作为其他债权的担保。债权转让的，担保该债权的抵押权一并转让，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 407 A mortgage right may not be separated from a creditor's right and transferred separately or used as security for other creditor's rights. Where a creditor's right is assigned, the mortgage right securing the creditor's right shall be assigned together, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed upon by the parties. 第四百零八条 抵押人的行为足以使抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权请求抵押人停止其行为；抵押财产价值减少的，抵押权人有权请求恢复抵押财产的价值，或者提供与减少的价值相应的担保。抵押人不恢复抵押财产的价值，也不提供担保的，抵押权人有权请求债务人提前清偿债务。 Article 408 Where the act of the mortgagor is sufficient to reduce the value of the mortgaged property, the mortgagee shall have the right to request the mortgagor to cease his act; where the value of the mortgaged property is reduced, the mortgagee shall have the right to request restoration of the value of the mortgaged property or provision of security corresponding to the reduced value. If the mortgagor does not restore the value of the mortgaged property or provide security, the mortgagee has the right to request the debtor to pay off the debt in advance. 第四百零九条 抵押权人可以放弃抵押权或者抵押权的顺位。抵押权人与抵押人可以协议变更抵押权顺位以及被担保的债权数额等内容。但是，抵押权的变更未经其他抵押权人书面同意的，不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。 Article 409 The mortgagee may waive the mortgage right or the order of the mortgage right. The mortgagee and the mortgagor may agree to change the mortgage order and the amount of secured claims. However, any modification of the mortgage right without the written consent of the other mortgagees shall not adversely affect the other mortgagees. 债务人以自己的财产设定抵押，抵押权人放弃该抵押权、抵押权顺位或者变更抵押权的，其他担保人在抵押权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但是其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。 If the debtor creates a mortgage with his own property, and the mortgagee waives the mortgage right, the order of the mortgage right or changes the mortgage right, other guarantors shall be exempted from the guarantee liability to the extent that the mortgagee loses the priority to receive compensation, except that other guarantors promise to still provide guarantee. 第四百一十条 债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人可以与抵押人协议以抵押财产折价或者以拍卖、变卖该抵押财产所得的价款优先受偿。协议损害其他债权人利益的，其他债权人可以请求人民法院撤销该协议。 Article 410 Where the obligor fails to perform its due obligation or the circumstances stipulated by the parties for realizing the mortgage right occur, the mortgagee may agree with the mortgagor that the mortgaged property shall be converted into money or that the proceeds from the auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall have priority in receiving compensation. If the agreement damages the interests of other creditors, the other creditors may request the people's court to cancel the agreement. 抵押权人与抵押人未就抵押权实现方式达成协议的，抵押权人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖抵押财产。 If the mortgagee and the mortgagor fail to reach an agreement on the way to realize the mortgage right, the mortgagee may request the people's court to auction or sell the mortgaged property. 抵押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。Where the mortgaged property is converted into money or sold, reference shall be made to the market price. 第四百一十一条 依据本法第三百九十六条规定设定抵押的，抵押财产自下列情形之一发生时确定： Article 411 Where a mortgage is created in accordance with the provisions of Article 396 of this Law, the mortgaged property shall be determined when one of the following circumstances occurs: （一）债务履行期限届满，债权未实现；(1) the creditor's right has not been realized when the time limit for the performance of the debt expires; （二）抵押人被宣告破产或者解散；(2) The mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved; （三）当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形；(3) the circumstances agreed upon by the parties to realize the mortgage right; （四）严重影响债权实现的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances seriously affecting the realization of creditor's rights. 第四百一十二条 债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，致使抵押财产被人民法院依法扣押的，自扣押之日起，抵押权人有权收取该抵押财产的天然孳息或者法定孳息，但是抵押权人未通知应当清偿法定孳息义务人的除外。 Article 412 Where the debtor fails to perform his due obligations or the circumstances agreed upon by the parties to realize the mortgage right occur, resulting in the seizure of the mortgaged property by the people's court according to law, the mortgagee shall, as of the date of seizure, be entitled to collect the natural fruits or statutory fruits of the mortgaged property, except where the mortgagee fails to notify the person obligated to pay the statutory fruits. 前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。The fruits specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be offset against the expenses of collecting fruits. 第四百一十三条 抵押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归抵押人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。 Article 413 After the mortgaged property is converted into money or auctioned or sold, the part of the proceeds exceeding the amount of the creditor's right shall belong to the mortgagor, and the insufficient part shall be paid off by the debtor. 第四百一十四条 同一财产向两个以上债权人抵押的，拍卖、变卖抵押财产所得的价款依照下列规定清偿： Article 414 Where the same property is mortgaged to two or more creditors, the proceeds from auction or sale of the mortgaged property shall be paid off in accordance with the following provisions: （一）抵押权已经登记的，按照登记的时间先后确定清偿顺序；(1) where the mortgage right has been registered, the order of repayment shall be determined in accordance with the time of registration; （二）抵押权已经登记的先于未登记的受偿；(2) registered mortgage rights shall be repaid before unregistered mortgage rights; （三）抵押权未登记的，按照债权比例清偿。(3) if the mortgage right has not been registered, it shall be repaid in proportion to the creditor's rights. 其他可以登记的担保物权，清偿顺序参照适用前款规定。The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis to the order of liquidation of other registrable security interests. 第四百一十五条 同一财产既设立抵押权又设立质权的，拍卖、变卖该财产所得的价款按照登记、交付的时间先后确定清偿顺序。 Article 415 Where the same property is subject to both mortgage and pledge, the order of repayment of the proceeds from auction or sale of the property shall be determined in accordance with the time of registration and delivery. 第四百一十六条 动产抵押担保的主债权是抵押物的价款，标的物交付后十日内办理抵押登记的，该抵押权人优先于抵押物买受人的其他担保物权人受偿，但是留置权人除外。 Article 416 The principal creditor's right secured by chattel mortgage is the price of the mortgaged property. If the mortgage registration is completed within ten days after the delivery of the subject matter, the mortgagee has priority over the other security interest holders of the buyer of the mortgaged property, except for the lien holder. 第四百一十七条 建设用地使用权抵押后，该土地上新增的建筑物不属于抵押财产。该建设用地使用权实现抵押权时，应当将该土地上新增的建筑物与建设用地使用权一并处分。但是，新增建筑物所得的价款，抵押权人无权优先受偿。 Article 417 After the right to the use of land for construction is mortgaged, the newly added buildings on the land do not belong to the mortgaged property. When realizing the mortgage right of the construction land use right, the newly-added buildings on the land shall be disposed of together with the construction land use right. However, the mortgagee shall not have priority in receiving compensation for the price received from the newly added building. 第四百一十八条 以集体所有土地的使用权依法抵押的，实现抵押权后，未经法定程序，不得改变土地所有权的性质和土地用途。 Article 418 Where the right to the use of collectively-owned land is mortgaged according to law, the nature of the ownership of the land and the purpose of the land may not be changed without legal procedures after the mortgage right has been realized. 第四百一十九条 抵押权人应当在主债权诉讼时效期间行使抵押权；未行使的，人民法院不予保护。 Article 419 The mortgagee shall exercise his mortgage right during the limitation period for action against the principal creditor's right; the people's court shall not protect the right if he fails to exercise it. 第二节 最高额抵押权Section 2 Maximum Mortgage 第四百二十条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人对一定期间内将要连续发生的债权提供担保财产的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现抵押权的情形，抵押权人有权在最高债权额限度内就该担保财产优先受偿。 Article 420 Where the debtor or a third party provides secured property for the performance of a secured obligation for claims that will arise continuously within a certain period of time, and the debtor fails to perform the obligation due or the mortgage right is realized as agreed upon by the parties, the mortgagee is entitled to receive priority compensation for the secured property up to the maximum amount of the claim. 最高额抵押权设立前已经存在的债权，经当事人同意，可以转入最高额抵押担保的债权范围。 The creditor's rights existing before the establishment of the mortgage right of maximum amount may, with the consent of the parties concerned, be transferred into the scope of the creditor's rights secured by the mortgage of maximum amount. 第四百二十一条 最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，部分债权转让的，最高额抵押权不得转让，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 421 Assignment of Mortgage Right to Maximum Amount Where part of the creditor's right is assigned before the creditor's right secured by mortgage of maximum amount is determined, the mortgage right to maximum amount may not be assigned, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第四百二十二条 最高额抵押担保的债权确定前，抵押权人与抵押人可以通过协议变更债权确定的期间、债权范围以及最高债权额。但是，变更的内容不得对其他抵押权人产生不利影响。 Article 422 Prior to the determination of the creditor's right secured by mortgage of the maximum amount, the mortgagee and the mortgagor may, through agreement, alter the period, scope and maximum amount of the creditor's right. However, the contents of the change shall not adversely affect other mortgagees. 第四百二十三条 有下列情形之一的，抵押权人的债权确定：Article 423 The creditor's right of the mortgagee shall be determined under any of the following circumstances: （一）约定的债权确定期间届满；(1) the expiration of the agreed period for the determination of claims; （二）没有约定债权确定期间或者约定不明确，抵押权人或者抵押人自最高额抵押权设立之日起满二年后请求确定债权； (2) if the period for determining the creditor's right is not prescribed or the stipulation is unclear, the mortgagee or mortgagor requests determination of the creditor's right after the expiration of two years from the date of establishment of the mortgage right of the maximum amount; （三）新的债权不可能发生；(3) new claims are unlikely to arise; （四）抵押权人知道或者应当知道抵押财产被查封、扣押；(4) The mortgagee knows or should know that the mortgaged property has been sealed up or detained; （五）债务人、抵押人被宣告破产或者解散；(5) the debtor or mortgagor is declared bankrupt or dissolved; （六）法律规定债权确定的其他情形。(6) Other circumstances under which claims are determined as provided for by law. 第四百二十四条 最高额抵押权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节的有关规定。Article 424 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall apply to the mortgage right of maximum amount. 第十八章 质权Chapter XVIII Pledge 第一节 动产质权Section 1 Pledge of Chattels 第四百二十五条 为担保债务的履行，债务人或者第三人将其动产出质给债权人占有的，债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，债权人有权就该动产优先受偿。 Article 425 Where the debtor or a third party pledges his movable property to the creditor for possession in order to secure the performance of an obligation, and the debtor fails to perform his due obligation or the circumstances agreed upon by the parties occur for the realization of the pledge right, the creditor shall have the priority to receive payment on the movable property. 前款规定的债务人或者第三人为出质人，债权人为质权人，交付的动产为质押财产。 The debtor or third party mentioned in the preceding paragraph shall be the pledgor, the creditor shall be the pledgee, and the delivered movable property shall be the pledged property. 第四百二十六条 法律、行政法规禁止转让的动产不得出质。Article 426 No chattel prohibited by law or administrative regulation from being transferred may be pledged. 第四百二十七条 设立质权，当事人应当采用书面形式订立质押合同。Article 427 To establish a pledge, the parties shall conclude a pledge contract in writing. 质押合同一般包括下列条款：Pledge contracts generally include the following clauses: （一）被担保债权的种类和数额；(1) the type and amount of the secured claim; （二）债务人履行债务的期限；(2) the time limit for the debtor to perform the obligation; （三）质押财产的名称、数量等情况；(3) the name and quantity of the pledged property; （四）担保的范围；(4) the scope of the guaranty; （五）质押财产交付的时间、方式。(5) the time and manner of delivery of the pledged property. 第四百二十八条 质权人在债务履行期限届满前，与出质人约定债务人不履行到期债务时质押财产归债权人所有的，只能依法就质押财产优先受偿。 Article 428 Where the pledgee and the pledgor agree, before the expiration of the time limit for the performance of the debt, that the pledged property shall belong to the creditor in case the debtor fails to perform the due debt, the pledgee may only enjoy priority in payment of the pledged property according to law. 第四百二十九条 质权自出质人交付质押财产时设立。Article 429 The pledge shall be established when the pledgor delivers the pledged property. 第四百三十条 质权人有权收取质押财产的孳息，但是合同另有约定的除外。Article 430 The pledgee shall have the right to collect the fruits of the pledged property, except as otherwise stipulated in the contract. 前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。The fruits specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be offset against the expenses of collecting fruits. 第四百三十一条 质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意，擅自使用、处分质押财产，造成出质人损害的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 431 Where the pledgee, during the term of the pledge, uses or disposes of the pledged property without the consent of the pledgor, thereby causing damage to the pledgor, he shall be liable for compensation. 第四百三十二条 质权人负有妥善保管质押财产的义务；因保管不善致使质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 432 The pledgee shall have the obligation to keep the pledged property properly; if the pledged property is damaged or lost due to improper keeping, he shall be liable for compensation. 质权人的行为可能使质押财产毁损、灭失的，出质人可以请求质权人将质押财产提存，或者请求提前清偿债务并返还质押财产。 If the pledgee's act may cause damage or loss to the pledged property, the pledgor may request the pledgee to deposit the pledged property, or request the pledgee to pay off the debt ahead of time and return the pledged property. 第四百三十三条 因不可归责于质权人的事由可能使质押财产毁损或者价值明显减少，足以危害质权人权利的，质权人有权请求出质人提供相应的担保；出质人不提供的，质权人可以拍卖、变卖质押财产，并与出质人协议将拍卖、变卖所得的价款提前清偿债务或者提存。 Article 433 Where the pledged property may be damaged or its value significantly reduced due to any cause not attributable to the pledgee, sufficient to jeopardize the pledgee's rights, the pledgee shall have the right to request the pledgor to provide corresponding security; if the pledgor fails to provide such security, the pledgee may auction or sell the pledged property, and may agree with the pledgor to pay off the debt in advance or deposit the proceeds from the auction or sale. 第四百三十四条 质权人在质权存续期间，未经出质人同意转质，造成质押财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 434 Where, during the period of existence of the pledge, the pledgee transfers the pledge without the consent of the pledgor, thereby causing damage to or loss of the pledged property, he shall be liable for compensation. 第四百三十五条 质权人可以放弃质权。债务人以自己的财产出质，质权人放弃该质权的，其他担保人在质权人丧失优先受偿权益的范围内免除担保责任，但是其他担保人承诺仍然提供担保的除外。 Article 435 The pledgee may renounce the pledge. If the debtor pledges his own property and the pledgee renounces the pledge, the other guarantors shall be exempted from the guaranty liability to the extent that the pledgee loses the priority of compensation, except that the other guarantors promise to still provide guaranty. 第四百三十六条 债务人履行债务或者出质人提前清偿所担保的债权的，质权人应当返还质押财产。 Article 436 Where the debtor performs the obligation or the pledgor pays off the secured creditor's right in advance, the pledgee shall return the pledged property. 债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的实现质权的情形，质权人可以与出质人协议以质押财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖质押财产所得的价款优先受偿。 If the debtor fails to perform his due debts or the circumstances agreed upon by the parties occur for the realization of the pledge right, the pledgee may negotiate with the pledgor to convert the pledged property into money, or may receive priority in payment of the proceeds from the auction or sale of the pledged property. 质押财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。Where pledged property is converted into value or sold, reference shall be made to the market price. 第四百三十七条 出质人可以请求质权人在债务履行期限届满后及时行使质权；质权人不行使的，出质人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖质押财产。 Article 437 The pledgor may request the pledgee to exercise the pledge right promptly after the expiration of the time limit for performance of the debt; if the pledgee fails to exercise the pledge right, the pledgor may request the people's court to auction or sell the pledged property. 出质人请求质权人及时行使质权，因质权人怠于行使权利造成出质人损害的，由质权人承担赔偿责任。 If the pledgor requests the pledgee to exercise the pledge right in time, and the pledgee neglects to exercise the right, thus causing damage to the pledgor, the pledgee shall bear the liability for compensation. 第四百三十八条 质押财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归出质人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。 Article 438 After the pledged property is converted into money or auctioned or sold, the part of the proceeds exceeding the amount of the creditor's right shall belong to the pledgor, and the part insufficient shall be paid off by the debtor. 第四百三十九条 出质人与质权人可以协议设立最高额质权。Article 439 The pledgor and the pledgee may agree to establish a pledge of maximum amount. 最高额质权除适用本节有关规定外，参照适用本编第十七章第二节的有关规定。In addition to the relevant provisions of this section, the relevant provisions of section 2 of chapter xvii of this part shall apply mutatis mutandis to the pledge of maximum amount. 第二节 权利质权Section 2 Pledge of Rights 第四百四十条 债务人或者第三人有权处分的下列权利可以出质：Article 440 Pledge of Rights The debtor or a third party may pledge the following rights that it has the right to dispose of: （一）汇票、本票、支票；(1) bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheques; （二）债券、存款单；(2) Bonds and certificates of deposit; （三）仓单、提单；warehouse receipt and bill of lading; （四）可以转让的基金份额、股权；(4) transferable fund shares and equity; （五）可以转让的注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权；(5) property rights in transferable intellectual property rights such as exclusive right to use registered trademarks, patent rights and copyrights; （六）现有的以及将有的应收账款；(vi) existing and future accounts receivable; （七）法律、行政法规规定可以出质的其他财产权利。(7) other property rights that may be pledged as provided for by laws and administrative regulations. 第四百四十一条 以汇票、本票、支票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单出质的，质权自权利凭证交付质权人时设立；没有权利凭证的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 441 Where a bill of exchange, promissory note, cheque, bond, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is pledged, the pledge right shall be established at the time when the certificate of title is delivered to the pledgee; where there is no certificate of title, the pledge right shall be established at the time when the pledge is registered. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第四百四十二条 汇票、本票、支票、债券、存款单、仓单、提单的兑现日期或者提货日期先于主债权到期的，质权人可以兑现或者提货，并与出质人协议将兑现的价款或者提取的货物提前清偿债务或者提存。 Article 442 Where the date of cashing or taking delivery of a bill of exchange, promissory note, cheque, bond, certificate of deposit, warehouse receipt or bill of lading is earlier than the date of maturity of the principal creditor's right, the pledgee may cash or take delivery of the goods, and may agree with the pledger to pay off the debt or deposit the cash or goods in advance. 第四百四十三条 以基金份额、股权出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。Article 443 Where pledge is made in the form of fund shares or equity, the pledge shall be established at the time of registration of pledge. 基金份额、股权出质后，不得转让，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让基金份额、股权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。 After pledging, fund shares and equity may not be transferred, except with the consent of the pledgor and pledgee through consultation. The proceeds obtained by the pledger from the transfer of his fund shares or equity shall be paid off in advance to the pledgee or deposited. 第四百四十四条 以注册商标专用权、专利权、著作权等知识产权中的财产权出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。 Article 444 Where the property right in intellectual property such as the exclusive right to use a registered trademark, patent right or copyright is pledged, the pledge shall be established at the time of registration of the pledge. 知识产权中的财产权出质后，出质人不得转让或者许可他人使用，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让或者许可他人使用出质的知识产权中的财产权所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。 After the pledge of the property right in the intellectual property right, the pledgor may not transfer or license the use of it by others, except with the consent of the pledgor and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds from the pledger's assignment or licensing of the property rights in the pledged intellectual property shall be paid off in advance or deposited with the pledgee. 第四百四十五条 以应收账款出质的，质权自办理出质登记时设立。Article 445 Where the pledge of accounts receivable is made, the pledge shall be established at the time of registration of pledge. 应收账款出质后，不得转让，但是出质人与质权人协商同意的除外。出质人转让应收账款所得的价款，应当向质权人提前清偿债务或者提存。 Accounts receivable pledged may not be transferred, except as agreed upon by the pledger and the pledgee through consultation. The proceeds from the pledger's assignment of accounts receivable shall be paid off in advance or deposited with the pledgee. 第四百四十六条 权利质权除适用本节规定外，适用本章第一节的有关规定。Article 446 In addition to the provisions of this Section, the relevant provisions of Section 1 of this Chapter shall apply to the pledge of rights. 第十九章 留置权Chapter XIX Liens 第四百四十七条 债务人不履行到期债务，债权人可以留置已经合法占有的债务人的动产，并有权就该动产优先受偿。 Article 447 If the debtor fails to perform his due obligations, the creditor may retain the debtor's chattels that are already in lawful possession, and shall have the right to have priority in obtaining repayment for such chattels. 前款规定的债权人为留置权人，占有的动产为留置财产。The creditor specified in the preceding paragraph is the lien holder, and the movable property possessed is the lien property. 第四百四十八条 债权人留置的动产，应当与债权属于同一法律关系，但是企业之间留置的除外。 Article 448 The chattel retained by the creditor shall belong to the same legal relationship as the creditor's right, except for the lien between enterprises. 第四百四十九条 法律规定或者当事人约定不得留置的动产，不得留置。Article 449 No lien may be placed on a movable property that is not allowed by law or agreed upon by the parties. 第四百五十条 留置财产为可分物的，留置财产的价值应当相当于债务的金额。Article 450 Where the property under lien is divisible, the value of the property under lien shall be equal to the amount of the debt. 第四百五十一条 留置权人负有妥善保管留置财产的义务；因保管不善致使留置财产毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 451 The lien holder shall have the obligation to keep the property under lien properly; if the property under lien is damaged or lost due to improper keeping, he shall be liable for compensation. 第四百五十二条 留置权人有权收取留置财产的孳息。Article 452 The lien holder shall have the right to collect the fruits of the property under lien. 前款规定的孳息应当先充抵收取孳息的费用。The fruits specified in the preceding paragraph shall first be offset against the expenses of collecting fruits. 第四百五十三条 留置权人与债务人应当约定留置财产后的债务履行期限；没有约定或者约定不明确的，留置权人应当给债务人六十日以上履行债务的期限，但是鲜活易腐等不易保管的动产除外。债务人逾期未履行的，留置权人可以与债务人协议以留置财产折价，也可以就拍卖、变卖留置财产所得的价款优先受偿。 Article 453 The lienor and the debtor shall agree upon a time limit for the performance of the debt after the property has been retained; in the absence of such an agreement or in the absence of an explicit agreement, the lienor shall give the debtor a time limit of not less than 60 days for the performance of the debt, except for movable property that is not easy to keep, such as fresh and perishable property. If the debtor fails to perform within the time limit, the lien holder may negotiate with the debtor to convert the lien property into money, or may have priority in receiving compensation from the proceeds of auction or sale of the lien property. 留置财产折价或者变卖的，应当参照市场价格。Where the retained property is converted into value or sold, the market price shall be referred to. 第四百五十四条 债务人可以请求留置权人在债务履行期限届满后行使留置权；留置权人不行使的，债务人可以请求人民法院拍卖、变卖留置财产。 Article 454 Obligor's Right to Lien Upon Expiration of Term for Performance of Debt The obligor may request the lienee to exercise the lien after the expiration of the term for performance of the debt; if the lienee fails to exercise the lien, the obligor may request the people's court to auction or sell the property under lien. 第四百五十五条 留置财产折价或者拍卖、变卖后，其价款超过债权数额的部分归债务人所有，不足部分由债务人清偿。 Article 455 After the property under lien is converted into money or auctioned or sold, the part of the proceeds exceeding the amount of the creditor's right shall belong to the debtor, and the part insufficient shall be paid off by the debtor. 第四百五十六条 同一动产上已经设立抵押权或者质权，该动产又被留置的，留置权人优先受偿。 Article 456 Where a mortgage or pledge right has already been created over the same chattel and the chattel is subject to a lien, the lien holder shall have priority in obtaining compensation. 第四百五十七条 留置权人对留置财产丧失占有或者留置权人接受债务人另行提供担保的，留置权消灭。 Article 457 Lien Extinguished Where the lien holder loses possession of the property under lien or accepts additional security provided by the debtor, the lien shall be extinguished. 第五分编 占有Part V Possession 第二十章 占有Possession 第四百五十八条 基于合同关系等产生的占有，有关不动产或者动产的使用、收益、违约责任等，按照合同约定；合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，依照有关法律规定。 Article 458 Possession arising from contractual relationship, etc. The use, proceeds and liabilities for breach of contract of the immovable property or movable property shall be governed by the contract; if the contract does not stipulate such a provision or the stipulation is unclear, the relevant law shall apply. 第四百五十九条 占有人因使用占有的不动产或者动产，致使该不动产或者动产受到损害的，恶意占有人应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 459 Where the possessor uses the realty or chattel in his possession, thereby causing damage to the realty or chattel, the malicious possessor shall be liable for compensation. 第四百六十条 不动产或者动产被占有人占有的，权利人可以请求返还原物及其孳息；但是，应当支付善意占有人因维护该不动产或者动产支出的必要费用。 Article 460 Where an immovable property or movable property is possessed by the possessor, the obligee may request the return of the original property and its fruits; however, the obligee shall pay the necessary expenses incurred by the bona fide possessor in maintaining the immovable property or movable property. 第四百六十一条 占有的不动产或者动产毁损、灭失，该不动产或者动产的权利人请求赔偿的，占有人应当将因毁损、灭失取得的保险金、赔偿金或者补偿金等返还给权利人；权利人的损害未得到足够弥补的，恶意占有人还应当赔偿损失。 Article 461 Where a possessed realty or chattel is damaged or lost, and the obligee of the realty or chattel claims compensation, the possessor shall return to the obligee the insurance money, compensation money or compensation money obtained as a result of the damage or loss; if the damage caused by the obligee has not been sufficiently compensated, the malicious possessor shall also compensate for the loss. 第四百六十二条 占有的不动产或者动产被侵占的，占有人有权请求返还原物；对妨害占有的行为，占有人有权请求排除妨害或者消除危险；因侵占或者妨害造成损害的，占有人有权依法请求损害赔偿。 Article 462 Where a possessed real property or movable property is encroached upon, the possessor shall have the right to demand the return of the original property; with respect to an act impairing possession, the possessor shall have the right to demand the elimination of the nuisance or danger; and where damage is caused by the encroachment or obstruction, the possessor shall have the right to claim damages according to law. 占有人返还原物的请求权，自侵占发生之日起一年内未行使的，该请求权消灭。The possessor's right of claim for the return of the original object shall be extinguished if it has not been exercised within one year from the date of the appropriation. 第三编 合同 Part III Contracts 第一分编 通则PART I. GENERAL 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第四百六十三条 本编调整因合同产生的民事关系。Article 463 This Part regulates civil relations arising from contracts. 第四百六十四条 合同是民事主体之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。A contract is an agreement between civil subjects on the establishment, modification or termination of a civil legal relationship. 婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用有关该身份关系的法律规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编规定。 Marriage, adoption, guardianship and other agreements relating to status relationships shall be governed by the provisions of the law relating to such status relationships; where there are no provisions, the provisions of this Part may be applied by reference to their nature. 第四百六十五条 依法成立的合同，受法律保护。Article 465 Lawful Contract Protected by Law A legally formed contract is protected by law. 依法成立的合同，仅对当事人具有法律约束力，但是法律另有规定的除外。A legally established contract is legally binding only on the parties, except as otherwise provided by law. 第四百六十六条 当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当依据本法第一百四十二条第一款的规定，确定争议条款的含义。 Article 466 Where the parties dispute their understanding of a term of a contract, the meaning of the disputed term shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 142 of this Law. 合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的相关条款、性质、目的以及诚信原则等予以解释。 If the contract is concluded in two or more languages and it is agreed that they have the same effect, the words used in each language shall be presumed to have the same meaning. Any inconsistency in the terms and expressions used in each version shall be interpreted in accordance with the relevant terms, nature, purpose and principle of good faith of the contract. 第四百六十七条 本法或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本编通则的规定，并可以参照适用本编或者其他法律最相类似合同的规定。 Article 467 Contracts Not expressly provided for in this Law or any other law The provisions of the General Principles of this Part shall apply to contracts, and the provisions of this Part or any other law most similar to contracts may be applied by reference. 在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。 The law of the People's Republic of China shall apply to contracts for Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign contractual joint ventures and Chinese-foreign cooperative exploration and development of natural resources performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China. 第四百六十八条 非因合同产生的债权债务关系，适用有关该债权债务关系的法律规定；没有规定的，适用本编通则的有关规定，但是根据其性质不能适用的除外。 Article 468 The provisions of the law governing a creditor-debtor relationship arising out of a contract shall apply to the relationship; in the absence of such provisions, the relevant provisions of the General Principles of this Part shall apply, except where the nature of the relationship precludes application. 第二章 合同的订立Chapter II Formation of Contracts 第四百六十九条 当事人订立合同，可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。Article 469 The parties may conclude a contract in writing, orally or in any other form. 书面形式是合同书、信件、电报、电传、传真等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。 Written form is a contract, letter, telegram, telex, fax, etc. can tangibly express the content of the form. 以电子数据交换、电子邮件等方式能够有形地表现所载内容，并可以随时调取查用的数据电文，视为书面形式。 A data message that is capable of physically expressing its contents by means of electronic data interchange, e-mail, etc., and that can be retrieved at any time for reference, shall be deemed to be in written form. 第四百七十条 合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括下列条款：Article 470 Terms of Contract A contract shall be agreed upon by the parties and shall generally include the following clauses: （一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；(1) the name and domicile of the parties; （二）标的；(2) Subject matter; （三）数量；(iii) Quantity; （四）质量；(iv) Quality; （五）价款或者报酬；(5) Price or remuneration; （六）履行期限、地点和方式；(6) time limit, place and method of performance; （七）违约责任；(7) liability for breach of contract; （八）解决争议的方法。(8) Methods of dispute resolution. 当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。The parties may conclude contracts by reference to model texts of various types of contracts. 第四百七十一条 当事人订立合同，可以采取要约、承诺方式或者其他方式。Article 471 parties may conclude a contract by offer, acceptance or any other means. 第四百七十二条 要约是希望与他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列条件： Article 472 An offer is an expression of intention to conclude a contract with another person, and such expression of intention shall meet the following conditions: （一）内容具体确定；(1) Specific determination of content; （二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。(2) indicates that upon acceptance by the offeror, the offeror is bound by the expression of intention. 第四百七十三条 要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的表示。拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、债券募集办法、基金招募说明书、商业广告和宣传、寄送的价目表等为要约邀请。 Article 473 An invitation to make an offer is an expression of the hope that another person will make an offer to him or her. Auction announcements, bidding announcements, prospectuses, methods for raising bonds, fund prospectuses, commercial advertisements and publicity, and price lists sent are invitations to offer. 商业广告和宣传的内容符合要约条件的，构成要约。Commercial advertisements and propaganda shall constitute an offer if their contents meet the conditions for an offer. 第四百七十四条 要约生效的时间适用本法第一百三十七条的规定。The provisions of Article 137 of this Law shall apply to the effective time of an offer. 第四百七十五条 要约可以撤回。要约的撤回适用本法第一百四十一条的规定。An offer may be withdrawn. The provisions of Article 141 of this Law shall apply to the withdrawal of an offer. 第四百七十六条 要约可以撤销，但是有下列情形之一的除外：An offer may be revoked, except in any of the following circumstances: （一）要约人以确定承诺期限或者其他形式明示要约不可撤销；(1) the offeror expressly states that the offer is irrevocable by fixing the time limit for acceptance or in any other form; （二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同做了合理准备工作。 (2) The offeree has reason to believe that the offer is irrevocable and has made reasonable preparations for the performance of the contract. 第四百七十七条 撤销要约的意思表示以对话方式作出的，该意思表示的内容应当在受要约人作出承诺之前为受要约人所知道；撤销要约的意思表示以非对话方式作出的，应当在受要约人作出承诺之前到达受要约人。 Article 477 Where the expression of intention to withdraw an offer is made in the form of dialogue, the contents of that expression shall be known to the offeree before the offeree makes its acceptance; where the expression of intention to withdraw an offer is made in the form of non-dialogue, it shall reach the offeree before the offeree makes its acceptance. 第四百七十八条 有下列情形之一的，要约失效：Article 478 An offer shall lapse in any of the following circumstances: （一）要约被拒绝；(i) the offer is rejected; （二）要约被依法撤销；(2) The offer is revoked according to law; （三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；(3) the offeree has failed to make an acceptance at the expiration of the acceptance period; （四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。(4) the offeree makes a material alteration to the contents of the offer. 第四百七十九条 承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。An acceptance is an expression of the offeree's intention to assent to an offer. 第四百八十条 承诺应当以通知的方式作出；但是，根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。 Article 480 Acceptance shall be made by notification, except where it is indicated by a custom of dealing or by an offer that an acceptance may be made by conduct. 第四百八十一条 承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。The acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit specified in the offer. 要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：If the offer does not specify a time limit for acceptance, the acceptance shall arrive in accordance with the following provisions: （一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺；(1) if the offer is made through dialogue, acceptance shall be made immediately; （二）要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。(2) Where the offer is made in a non-conversational manner, the acceptance shall arrive within a reasonable time. 第四百八十二条 要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以电话、传真、电子邮件等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。 Article 482 Where an offer is made by letter or telegram, the time limit for acceptance shall commence on the date specified in the letter or on the date of delivery of the telegram. If the letter is undated, the period begins on the date of posting. If the offer is made by means of rapid communication such as telephone, fax, e-mail, etc., the acceptance period begins to run from the time the offer reaches the offeree. 第四百八十三条 承诺生效时合同成立，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 483 Formation of Contract When an Acceptance Takes Effect, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第四百八十四条 以通知方式作出的承诺，生效的时间适用本法第一百三十七条的规定。 Article 484 The provisions of Article 137 of this Law shall apply to the effective time of an undertaking given by way of notification. 承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。An acceptance that does not require notification takes effect when the act of acceptance is made in accordance with the usage of trade or the requirements of the offer. 第四百八十五条 承诺可以撤回。承诺的撤回适用本法第一百四十一条的规定。Article 485 An undertaking may be withdrawn. The provisions of Article 141 of this Law shall apply to the withdrawal of an undertaking. 第四百八十六条 受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺，或者在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形不能及时到达要约人的，为新要约；但是，要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的除外。 Article 486 New Offer If the offeree issues an acceptance after the time limit for acceptance, or issues an acceptance within the time limit for acceptance, which would not normally reach the offeror in time, it is a new offer, unless the offeror notifies the offeree in a timely manner that the acceptance is valid. 第四百八十七条 受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但是因其他原因致使承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺外，该承诺有效。 Article 487 Acceptance by Offeree If the offeree makes an acceptance within the time limit for acceptance, which would normally reach the offeror in time, but for some other reason causes the acceptance to reach the offeror after the time limit for acceptance has expired, the acceptance is effective, unless the offeror notifies the offeree in good time that it will not accept the acceptance because the acceptance has expired. 第四百八十八条 承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。 Article 488 The contents of the acceptance shall be identical with those of the offer. A new offer is one in which the offeree substantially alters the contents of the offer. Changes in the subject matter of the contract, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, performance period, place and method of performance, liability for breach of contract and dispute resolution methods are substantial changes to the content of the offer. 第四百八十九条 承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。 Article 489 Acceptance of Non-Material Changes to the Terms of an Offer Unless the offeror objects in a timely manner or the offer indicates that the acceptance may not make any changes to the terms of the offer, the acceptance is valid, and the terms of the contract shall prevail. 第四百九十条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自当事人均签名、盖章或者按指印时合同成立。在签名、盖章或者按指印之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。 Article 490 Contract Formation When the parties conclude a contract in the form of a written contract, the contract is formed when both parties sign, seal or affix their fingerprints. A contract is formed when one party has performed its main obligation and the other party accepts it before signing, affixing its seal or pressing its fingerprint. 法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定合同应当采用书面形式订立，当事人未采用书面形式但是一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。 A contract shall be concluded in writing as provided for by law or administrative regulations or agreed upon by the parties. If one party has performed its principal obligation and the other party accepts it, the contract shall be formed. 第四百九十一条 当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同要求签订确认书的，签订确认书时合同成立。 Article 491 Contract Formation by Letter, Data Message, etc. Where the parties require a letter of confirmation when concluding a contract by letter, data message, etc., the contract is formed at the time the letter of confirmation is signed. 当事人一方通过互联网等信息网络发布的商品或者服务信息符合要约条件的，对方选择该商品或者服务并提交订单成功时合同成立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 If the information on goods or services published by one party through the Internet or other information networks meets the conditions for offer, the contract is formed when the other party selects the goods or services and submits an order successfully, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第四百九十二条 承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。Article 492 The place where the acceptance takes effect is the place of formation of the contract. 采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其住所地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 If the contract is concluded in the form of a data message, the addressee's principal place of business is the place of formation of the contract; if there is no principal place of business, its domicile is the place of formation of the contract. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 第四百九十三条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，最后签名、盖章或者按指印的地点为合同成立的地点，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 493 Place of Contract Formation Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a written contract, the place of formation of the contract shall be the place where the parties last signed, sealed or affixed their fingerprints, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第四百九十四条 国家根据抢险救灾、疫情防控或者其他需要下达国家订货任务、指令性任务的，有关民事主体之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。 Article 494 Where the State issues orders or mandatory tasks for emergency rescue and disaster relief, epidemic prevention and control, or other tasks requiring the State, the civil subjects concerned shall conclude contracts with each other in accordance with their rights and obligations as prescribed by relevant laws and administrative regulations. 依照法律、行政法规的规定负有发出要约义务的当事人，应当及时发出合理的要约。 A party obligated to make an offer in accordance with laws and administrative regulations shall make a reasonable offer in a timely manner. 依照法律、行政法规的规定负有作出承诺义务的当事人，不得拒绝对方合理的订立合同要求。 A party obligated to make a commitment in accordance with laws and administrative regulations may not refuse the other party's reasonable request to conclude a contract. 第四百九十五条 当事人约定在将来一定期限内订立合同的认购书、订购书、预订书等，构成预约合同。 Article 495 Subscription, Purchase Order, Advance Order, etc. A subscription, purchase order, advance order, etc., under which the parties agree to conclude a contract within a specified period of time in the future, constitutes an advance contract. 当事人一方不履行预约合同约定的订立合同义务的，对方可以请求其承担预约合同的违约责任。 If a party fails to perform its obligation to conclude a contract as stipulated in the precontract, the other party may request it to assume the liability for breach of contract of the precontract. 第四百九十六条 格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。 A standard clause is a clause drafted in advance by the parties for repeated use and not negotiated with the other party at the time of conclusion of the contract. 采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提示对方注意免除或者减轻其责任等与对方有重大利害关系的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。提供格式条款的一方未履行提示或者说明义务，致使对方没有注意或者理解与其有重大利害关系的条款的，对方可以主张该条款不成为合同的内容。 Where a contract is concluded using standard terms, the party providing the standard terms shall abide by the principle of fairness in determining the rights and obligations between the parties, and shall take reasonable measures to remind the other party of the terms in which the other party has a material interest, such as exemption or mitigation of its liabilities, and shall explain the terms in accordance with the requirements of the other party. If the party providing a standard clause fails to perform its obligation of presentation or explanation, resulting in the other party failing to pay attention to or understand the clause in which it has a material interest, the other party may claim that the clause does not become part of the contract. 第四百九十七条 有下列情形之一的，该格式条款无效：Article 497 In any of the following circumstances, the standard clause shall be invalid: （一）具有本法第一编第六章第三节和本法第五百零六条规定的无效情形；(1) It is invalid under the circumstances provided for in Section 3 of Chapter 6 of Part I of this Law and Article 506 of this Law; （二）提供格式条款一方不合理地免除或者减轻其责任、加重对方责任、限制对方主要权利； (2) The party providing the standard clause unreasonably exempts or mitigates its liability, increases the liability of the other party, or restricts the other party's main rights; （三）提供格式条款一方排除对方主要权利。(3) The party providing the standard clause excludes the other party's main rights. 第四百九十八条 对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。 Article 498 Where a dispute arises over the interpretation of a standard clause, it shall be interpreted in accordance with its ordinary understanding. Where there are more than two interpretations of a standard clause, an interpretation unfavorable to the party providing the standard clause shall be made. If the standard terms are inconsistent with the non-standard terms, the non-standard terms shall be adopted. 第四百九十九条 悬赏人以公开方式声明对完成特定行为的人支付报酬的，完成该行为的人可以请求其支付。 Article 499 Where a person offering a reward publicly declares that he will pay remuneration to a person who has completed a specific act, the person who has completed the act may demand payment from him. 第五百条 当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，造成对方损失的，应当承担赔偿责任： Article 500 Liability for Compensation Where, in the course of concluding a contract, a party has incurred any of the following circumstances, thereby causing losses to the other party, it shall be liable for compensation: （一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商；(1) conducting negotiations in bad faith under the guise of concluding a contract; （二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况；(2) intentionally concealing important facts or providing false information relevant to the conclusion of the contract; （三）有其他违背诚信原则的行为。(3) Other acts violating the principle of good faith. 第五百零一条 当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密或者其他应当保密的信息，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用；泄露、不正当地使用该商业秘密或者信息，造成对方损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 501 A party may not disclose or improperly use any trade secret or other information that should be kept confidential, whether or not the contract is established, that it has come to know in the course of concluding a contract; if the disclosure or improper use of such trade secret or information causes losses to the other party, the party concerned shall be liable for compensation. 第三章 合同的效力Chapter III Validity of Contracts 第五百零二条 依法成立的合同，自成立时生效，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 502 Effective Date of Contract A contract formed according to law becomes effective upon its formation, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 依照法律、行政法规的规定，合同应当办理批准等手续的，依照其规定。未办理批准等手续影响合同生效的，不影响合同中履行报批等义务条款以及相关条款的效力。应当办理申请批准等手续的当事人未履行义务的，对方可以请求其承担违反该义务的责任。 Where a contract is subject to approval or other formalities in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, such provisions shall prevail. Failure to go through approval procedures affects the effectiveness of the contract, but does not affect the performance of obligations such as approval and the validity of relevant clauses in the contract. If a party that should have gone through the formalities for approval fails to perform its obligations, the other party may request it to assume responsibility for the breach of such obligations. 依照法律、行政法规的规定，合同的变更、转让、解除等情形应当办理批准等手续的，适用前款规定。 Where, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, the modification, assignment or dissolution of a contract requires approval or other formalities, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply. 第五百零三条 无权代理人以被代理人的名义订立合同，被代理人已经开始履行合同义务或者接受相对人履行的，视为对合同的追认。 Article 503 A contract concluded by an unauthorized agent in the principal's name shall be deemed to have been ratified if the principal has commenced performance of its obligations under the contract or has accepted performance by the other party. 第五百零四条 法人的法定代表人或者非法人组织的负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限外，该代表行为有效，订立的合同对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。 Article 504 Where a legal representative of a legal person or a responsible person of an organization without legal personality enters into a contract in excess of his authority, the representative act is valid and the contract entered into becomes effective for the legal person or organization without legal personality, unless the counterpart knows or should know that he has exceeded his authority. 第五百零五条 当事人超越经营范围订立的合同的效力，应当依照本法第一编第六章第三节和本编的有关规定确定，不得仅以超越经营范围确认合同无效。 Article 505 Effectiveness of Contract concluded by Parties Beyond Business Scope The validity of a contract concluded by the parties beyond the scope of business shall be determined in accordance with the relevant provisions of Part I, Section 3, Chapter VI and this Part of this Law. A contract may not be invalidated solely on the ground that it exceeds the scope of business. 第五百零六条 合同中的下列免责条款无效：Article 506 The following exemption clauses in a contract are null and void: （一）造成对方人身损害的；(1) causing personal injury to the other party; （二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。(2) causing property losses to the other party through intentional or gross negligence. 第五百零七条 合同不生效、无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。 Article 507 Invalidity, Invalidity, Revocation or Termination of Contract Does Not Affect the Validity of the Dispute Settlement Clause in the Contract. 第五百零八条 本编对合同的效力没有规定的，适用本法第一编第六章的有关规定。 Article 508 Where this Part does not provide for the validity of a contract, the relevant provisions of Chapter VI of Part I of this Law shall apply. 第四章 合同的履行Chapter IV Performance of Contracts 第五百零九条 当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。Article 509 The parties shall fully perform their obligations in accordance with the agreement. 当事人应当遵循诚信原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。 The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform their obligations of notification, assistance and confidentiality in accordance with the nature, purpose and trading practices of the contract. 当事人在履行合同过程中，应当避免浪费资源、污染环境和破坏生态。In the course of performing the contract, the parties shall avoid wasting resources, polluting the environment and destroying the ecology. 第五百一十条 合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同相关条款或者交易习惯确定。 Article 510 Supplemental Agreement After a contract enters into force, if the parties have not agreed or clearly agreed on such matters as quality, price or remuneration, place of performance, etc., they may supplement the contract by agreement; if no supplementary agreement can be reached, it shall be determined in accordance with the relevant terms of the contract or trading practices. 第五百一十一条 当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依据前条规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定： Article 511 Where the parties 'agreement on the contents of a contract is unclear and cannot be ascertained pursuant to the preceding article, the following provisions shall apply: （一）质量要求不明确的，按照强制性国家标准履行；没有强制性国家标准的，按照推荐性国家标准履行；没有推荐性国家标准的，按照行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。 (1) Where the quality requirements are unclear, the performance shall be performed in accordance with mandatory national standards; where there are no mandatory national standards, the performance shall be performed in accordance with recommended national standards; where there are no recommended national standards, the performance shall be performed in accordance with industry standards; where there are no national standards or industry standards, the performance shall be performed in accordance with normal standards or specific standards conforming to the purpose of the contract. （二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，依照规定履行。 (2) If the price or remuneration is unclear, the performance shall be performed at the market price at the place of performance at the time of conclusion of the contract; if the price fixed by the government or guided by the government shall be implemented according to law, the performance shall be performed in accordance with the relevant provisions. （三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。 (3) If the place of performance is unclear, if money is paid, the performance shall be performed at the place where the party receiving the money is located; if real property is delivered, the performance shall be performed at the place where the real property is located; if other objects are delivered, the performance shall be performed at the place where the party performing the obligation is located. （四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也可以随时请求履行，但是应当给对方必要的准备时间。 (4) If the time limit for performance is unclear, the debtor may perform at any time, and the creditor may request performance at any time, provided that the other party is given the necessary time for preparation. （五）履行方式不明确的，按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。(5) If the method of performance is unclear, it shall be performed in a manner that is conducive to achieving the purpose of the contract. （六）履行费用的负担不明确的，由履行义务一方负担；因债权人原因增加的履行费用，由债权人负担。 (6) If the burden of performance expenses is unclear, the party performing the obligation shall bear them; any additional performance expenses incurred due to the creditor shall be borne by the creditor. 第五百一十二条 通过互联网等信息网络订立的电子合同的标的为交付商品并采用快递物流方式交付的，收货人的签收时间为交付时间。电子合同的标的为提供服务的，生成的电子凭证或者实物凭证中载明的时间为提供服务时间；前述凭证没有载明时间或者载明时间与实际提供服务时间不一致的，以实际提供服务的时间为准。 Article 512 Where the subject matter of an electronic contract concluded through an information network such as the Internet is the delivery of the commodity by express delivery, the time of receipt by the consignee shall be the time of delivery. If the subject matter of an electronic contract is the provision of services, the time specified in the generated electronic voucher or physical voucher shall be the time for providing services; if the time specified in the aforesaid voucher is not consistent with the actual time for providing services, the actual time for providing services shall prevail. 电子合同的标的物为采用在线传输方式交付的，合同标的物进入对方当事人指定的特定系统且能够检索识别的时间为交付时间。 If the subject matter of an electronic contract is delivered by online transmission, the time when the subject matter of the contract enters the specific system designated by the other party and can be retrieved and identified is the delivery time. 电子合同当事人对交付商品或者提供服务的方式、时间另有约定的，按照其约定。 If the parties to an electronic contract have agreed otherwise on the method and time for delivering the goods or providing the services, such agreement shall prevail. 第五百一十三条 执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降时，按照原价格执行。 Article 513 Where the price set or guided by the government is applied, the price shall be determined at the price prevailing at the time of delivery if the government price is adjusted within the delivery period stipulated in the contract. In case of overdue delivery of the subject matter, the original price shall be implemented in case of price increase; in case of price decrease, the new price shall be implemented. In case of overdue withdrawal of the subject matter or overdue payment, the new price shall be implemented in case of price increase; in case of price decrease, the original price shall be implemented. 第五百一十四条 以支付金钱为内容的债，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，债权人可以请求债务人以实际履行地的法定货币履行。 Article 514 Where a debt consists in payment of money, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, the creditor may request the debtor to perform it in the legal currency of the place of actual performance. 第五百一十五条 标的有多项而债务人只需履行其中一项的，债务人享有选择权；但是，法律另有规定、当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。 Article 515 Obligor's Right of Option Where there are multiple items of the subject matter and the obligor is required to perform only one of them, the obligor shall have a right of option, except as otherwise provided by law, agreed by the parties, or otherwise customary. 享有选择权的当事人在约定期限内或者履行期限届满未作选择，经催告后在合理期限内仍未选择的，选择权转移至对方。 If the party entitled to the right of option fails to make an election within the agreed time limit or at the expiration of the time limit for performance, and fails to make an election within a reasonable time limit after being urged to do so, the right of option shall pass to the other party. 第五百一十六条 当事人行使选择权应当及时通知对方，通知到达对方时，标的确定。标的确定后不得变更，但是经对方同意的除外。 Article 516 A party exercising its right of option shall promptly notify the other party. When the notification reaches the other party, the subject matter shall be determined. The subject matter may not be altered after it has been determined, except with the consent of the other party. 可选择的标的发生不能履行情形的，享有选择权的当事人不得选择不能履行的标的，但是该不能履行的情形是由对方造成的除外。 If the optional subject matter is unable to be performed, the party entitled to the option may not select the subject matter that is unable to be performed, except where the inability to perform is caused by the other party. 第五百一十七条 债权人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自享有债权的，为按份债权；债务人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自负担债务的，为按份债务。 Article 517 Creditors 'Rights in Portions Where there are two or more creditors, the subject matter may be divided and each party shall enjoy the creditor's rights according to his share; where there are two or more debtors, the subject matter may be divided and each party shall bear the debts according to his share, the debts in Portions shall be considered. 按份债权人或者按份债务人的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。Where it is difficult to determine the shares of creditors or debtors by shares, the shares shall be deemed to be the same. 第五百一十八条 债权人为二人以上，部分或者全部债权人均可以请求债务人履行债务的，为连带债权；债务人为二人以上，债权人可以请求部分或者全部债务人履行全部债务的，为连带债务。 Article 518 Joint Creditors 'Rights Where there are two or more creditors and some or all of them may claim performance of the debtor's obligations, there is a joint creditor's right; where there are two or more debtors and the creditors may claim performance of the debtor's obligations in whole or in part, there is a joint obligation. 连带债权或者连带债务，由法律规定或者当事人约定。Joint claims or joint liabilities shall be provided for by law or agreed upon by the parties. 第五百一十九条 连带债务人之间的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。Article 519 Where it is difficult to determine the shares between the joint debtors, the shares shall be deemed to be the same. 实际承担债务超过自己份额的连带债务人，有权就超出部分在其他连带债务人未履行的份额范围内向其追偿，并相应地享有债权人的权利，但是不得损害债权人的利益。其他连带债务人对债权人的抗辩，可以向该债务人主张。 A joint debtor who has actually assumed more than his share of the debt shall have the right to recover the excess from the other joint debtors to the extent of their unfulfilled shares and to enjoy the rights of creditors accordingly, but without prejudice to the interests of creditors. The defences of other joint debtors against the creditor may be asserted against the debtor. 被追偿的连带债务人不能履行其应分担份额的，其他连带债务人应当在相应范围内按比例分担。 If the joint debtor being recovered is unable to perform his share, the other joint debtors shall share it proportionately within the corresponding scope. 第五百二十条 部分连带债务人履行、抵销债务或者提存标的物的，其他债务人对债权人的债务在相应范围内消灭；该债务人可以依据前条规定向其他债务人追偿。 Article 520 Obligations of Other Obligors to Creditors Where part of the obligor's performance, set-off, or deposit of the subject matter is associated with the obligor, the obligor's obligations to the obligee shall be extinguished to a corresponding extent; the obligor may recover from the obligor in accordance with the provisions of the preceding article. 部分连带债务人的债务被债权人免除的，在该连带债务人应当承担的份额范围内，其他债务人对债权人的债务消灭。 Where part of the debts of the joint obligor are discharged by the creditor, the debts of the other obligors to the creditor shall be extinguished to the extent of the share that the joint obligor shall bear. 部分连带债务人的债务与债权人的债权同归于一人的，在扣除该债务人应当承担的份额后，债权人对其他债务人的债权继续存在。 Where part of the joint debtor's debt and the creditor's claim belong to the same person, the creditor's claim against the other debtor continues to exist after deducting the debtor's share. 债权人对部分连带债务人的给付受领迟延的，对其他连带债务人发生效力。Delay in receiving payment by the creditor to some of the joint debtors shall have effect on the other joint debtors. 第五百二十一条 连带债权人之间的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。Article 521 Where it is difficult to determine the shares among the joint creditors, the shares shall be deemed to be the same. 实际受领债权的连带债权人，应当按比例向其他连带债权人返还。The joint creditors who have actually received their claims shall return them to the other joint creditors in proportion. 连带债权参照适用本章连带债务的有关规定。Joint and several claims shall be subject to the relevant provisions of this Chapter on joint and several debts by reference. 第五百二十二条 当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，应当向债权人承担违约责任。 Article 522 Obligor's Liability for Breach of Contract Where the parties agreed that the obligor shall perform its obligation to a third party, and the obligor fails to perform its obligation to the third party, or its performance is not in conformity with the agreement, it shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract. 法律规定或者当事人约定第三人可以直接请求债务人向其履行债务，第三人未在合理期限内明确拒绝，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，第三人可以请求债务人承担违约责任；债务人对债权人的抗辩，可以向第三人主张。 If the law stipulates or the parties agree that the third party may directly request the debtor to perform his obligation, and the third party fails to explicitly refuse within a reasonable time limit, the debtor fails to perform the obligation to the third party, or the performance of the obligation does not conform to the agreement, the third party may request the debtor to bear the liability for breach of contract; the debtor may claim the defense against the creditor from the third party. 第五百二十三条 当事人约定由第三人向债权人履行债务，第三人不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，债务人应当向债权人承担违约责任。 Article 523 Obligor's Liability for Breach of Contract Where the parties agreed that a third party shall perform an obligation to the obligee, and the third party fails to perform or does not perform in conformity with the agreement, the obligor shall be liable to the obligee for breach of contract. 第五百二十四条 债务人不履行债务，第三人对履行该债务具有合法利益的，第三人有权向债权人代为履行；但是，根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定只能由债务人履行的除外。 Article 524 Obligor's Right to Performance Where the debtor fails to perform, a third party has a legitimate interest in performing the obligation, the third party shall have the right to perform on behalf of the obligee, except where performance can only be performed by the debtor according to the nature of the obligation, the agreement of the parties, or the provisions of law. 债权人接受第三人履行后，其对债务人的债权转让给第三人，但是债务人和第三人另有约定的除外。 After the creditor accepts the third party's performance, its claim against the debtor is assigned to the third party, unless otherwise agreed by the debtor and the third party. 第五百二十五条 当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行请求。一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行请求。 Article 525 Where the parties owe debts to each other and there is no order of performance, they shall perform simultaneously. A party has the right to refuse performance before performance by the other party. A party has the right to reject the other party's corresponding request for performance if the other party's performance of the obligation does not conform to the agreement. 第五百二十六条 当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序，应当先履行债务一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行请求。先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权拒绝其相应的履行请求。 Article 526 Order of Performance of Obligations owed to each other; If the party that should perform first fails to perform, the party that should perform later shall have the right to reject its request for performance. If the party performing first fails to comply with the contract, the party performing later shall have the right to reject its corresponding request for performance. 第五百二十七条 应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行： Article 527 Suspension of Performance The party that should perform first may suspend its performance if it has conclusive evidence proving that the other party has: （一）经营状况严重恶化；(1) serious deterioration of business conditions; （二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；(2) transferring property or withdrawing funds in order to evade debts; （三）丧失商业信誉；(3) Loss of commercial reputation; （四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances in which the ability to perform debts is lost or may be lost. 当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。If the party suspends performance without conclusive evidence, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract. 第五百二十八条 当事人依据前条规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。对方提供适当担保的，应当恢复履行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力且未提供适当担保的，视为以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务，中止履行的一方可以解除合同并可以请求对方承担违约责任。 Where a party suspends performance pursuant to the preceding article, it shall promptly notify the other party. If the other party provides appropriate security, performance shall be resumed. If the other party fails to restore its ability to perform and provide appropriate security within a reasonable period of time after suspension of performance, it shall be deemed to have demonstrated its non-performance of the principal obligation by its own conduct. The party suspending performance may terminate the contract and request the other party to assume liability for breach of contract. 第五百二十九条 债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。 Article 529 obligee's failure to notify obligor of division, merger or change of domicile, resulting in difficulty in performance of obligation, obligor may suspend performance or deposit subject matter. 第五百三十条 债权人可以拒绝债务人提前履行债务，但是提前履行不损害债权人利益的除外。 Article 530 A creditor may refuse the debtor's early performance, except where the early performance does not prejudice the creditor's interests. 债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。Any additional expenses incurred by the obligor in fulfilling its obligations in advance shall be borne by the obligor. 第五百三十一条 债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但是部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。 Article 531 A creditor may reject the debtor's partial performance, except where such partial performance does not prejudice the creditor's interests. 债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。Any additional costs incurred by the obligor in performing part of its obligations shall be borne by the obligor. 第五百三十二条 合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。 Article 532 After a contract enters into force, the parties may not fail to perform their obligations under the contract because of a change in their names or legal representatives, responsible persons or contractors. 第五百三十三条 合同成立后，合同的基础条件发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、不属于商业风险的重大变化，继续履行合同对于当事人一方明显不公平的，受不利影响的当事人可以与对方重新协商；在合理期限内协商不成的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者解除合同。 Article 533 Changes in Basic Conditions of Contract After the formation of a contract, if there is a material change in the basic conditions of the contract that could not be foreseen by the parties at the time of conclusion of the contract and does not constitute a commercial risk, and if it is obviously unfair to one party to continue to perform the contract, the party adversely affected may renegotiate with the other party; if consultation fails within a reasonable period of time, the party may request a people's court or an arbitration institution to modify or terminate the contract. 人民法院或者仲裁机构应当结合案件的实际情况，根据公平原则变更或者解除合同。 The people's court or arbitration institution shall modify or terminate the contract according to the principle of fairness in light of the actual circumstances of the case. 第五百三十四条 对当事人利用合同实施危害国家利益、社会公共利益行为的，市场监督管理和其他有关行政主管部门依照法律、行政法规的规定负责监督处理。 Article 534 Where a party takes advantage of a contract to commit an act endangering the interests of the State or the public, the market supervision and administration department and other relevant administrative departments shall be responsible for supervising and handling the case in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations. 第五章 合同的保全Chapter V Preservation of Contracts 第五百三十五条 因债务人怠于行使其债权或者与该债权有关的从权利，影响债权人的到期债权实现的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人对相对人的权利，但是该权利专属于债务人自身的除外。 Article 535 Obligor's Obligation to Exercise Obligor's Right to Obligor's Obligor's Obligor's 代位权的行使范围以债权人的到期债权为限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。 The scope of subrogation is limited to the creditor's due claim. The expenses necessary for the creditor to exercise his right of subrogation shall be borne by the debtor. 相对人对债务人的抗辩，可以向债权人主张。The counterparty's defences against the debtor may be asserted against the creditor. 第五百三十六条 债权人的债权到期前，债务人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利存在诉讼时效期间即将届满或者未及时申报破产债权等情形，影响债权人的债权实现的，债权人可以代位向债务人的相对人请求其向债务人履行、向破产管理人申报或者作出其他必要的行为。 Article 536 Prior to the expiration of a creditor's claim, if the limitation period for action for the debtor's claim or for the existence of subsidiary rights related to the claim is about to expire or if the debtor fails to file a bankruptcy claim in time, which affects the realization of the creditor's claim, the creditor may subrogate to the debtor's counterpart to request the debtor to perform the obligation to the debtor, to file a declaration with the bankruptcy administrator, or to perform other necessary acts. 第五百三十七条 人民法院认定代位权成立的，由债务人的相对人向债权人履行义务，债权人接受履行后，债权人与债务人、债务人与相对人之间相应的权利义务终止。债务人对相对人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利被采取保全、执行措施，或者债务人破产的，依照相关法律的规定处理。 Article 537 Where the people's court determines that the right of subrogation is established, the obligor's counterpart shall perform its obligations towards the obligee. After the obligee accepts the performance, the corresponding rights and obligations between the obligee and the obligor and between the obligor and its counterpart shall terminate. Where the debtor's creditor's right to the counterparty or the subordinate rights related to the creditor's right are subject to preservation or enforcement measures, or the debtor goes bankrupt, the debtor shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws. 第五百三十八条 债务人以放弃其债权、放弃债权担保、无偿转让财产等方式无偿处分财产权益，或者恶意延长其到期债权的履行期限，影响债权人的债权实现的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。 Article 538 Where the debtor disposes of his property rights and interests free of charge by waiving his creditor's right, giving up the security for his creditor's right, transferring the property free of charge, or maliciously extending the time limit for performance of his creditor's right due, thereby affecting the realization of the creditor's right, the creditor may request the people's court to rescind the debtor's act. 第五百三十九条 债务人以明显不合理的低价转让财产、以明显不合理的高价受让他人财产或者为他人的债务提供担保，影响债权人的债权实现，债务人的相对人知道或者应当知道该情形的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。 Article 539 Obligor's Assignment of Property at an Unreasonably Low Price, Transferees Another Person's Property at an Unreasonably High Price, or Provides Security for Another Person's Debt Where the obligor's counterpart knew or ought to have known of the circumstances, the obligee may request the people's court to rescind the obligor's act. 第五百四十条 撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债务人负担。 Article 540 The scope of exercise of cancellation right is limited to the creditor's right. The expenses necessary for the creditor to exercise the cancellation right shall be borne by the debtor. 第五百四十一条 撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。 Article 541 The right of cancellation shall be exercised within one year from the date on which the obligee knew or ought to have known the cause for cancellation. If the right of cancellation is not exercised within five years from the date of the debtor's act, the right of cancellation shall be extinguished. 第五百四十二条 债务人影响债权人的债权实现的行为被撤销的，自始没有法律约束力。 Article 542 Revocation of Obligor's Act Affecting Realization of Creditor's Claim No legally binding force ab initio. 第六章 合同的变更和转让Chapter VI Modification and Assignment of Contracts 第五百四十三条 当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。Article 543 Modification of Contract Upon Consensus The parties may modify a contract upon consultation. 第五百四十四条 当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。Article 544 If the parties are unclear as to the content of the contract change, it shall be presumed that there has been no change. 第五百四十五条 债权人可以将债权的全部或者部分转让给第三人，但是有下列情形之一的除外： Article 545 Assignment of Creditor's Rights to Third Party A creditor may assign all or part of his creditor's rights to a third party, except under any of the following circumstances: （一）根据债权性质不得转让；(1) according to the nature of the creditor's right, it may not be transferred; （二）按照当事人约定不得转让；(2) It shall not be transferred according to the agreement of the parties; （三）依照法律规定不得转让。(3) It shall not be transferred in accordance with the provisions of law. 当事人约定非金钱债权不得转让的，不得对抗善意第三人。当事人约定金钱债权不得转让的，不得对抗第三人。 If the parties agree that non-monetary claims shall not be assigned, they shall not oppose bona fide third parties. If the parties agree that a monetary claim may not be assigned, it may not be used against a third party. 第五百四十六条 债权人转让债权，未通知债务人的，该转让对债务人不发生效力。 Article 546 Assignment of Creditor's Rights Where the obligee assigns a creditor's right without notifying the obligor, the assignment shall have no effect on the obligor. 债权转让的通知不得撤销，但是经受让人同意的除外。Notification of the assignment of a claim may not be revoked except with the consent of the assignee. 第五百四十七条 债权人转让债权的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但是该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。 Article 547 Assignment of Creditor's Right Where the creditor assigns the creditor's right, the assignee acquires the ancillary rights related to the creditor's right, except where such ancillary rights belong exclusively to the creditor. 受让人取得从权利不因该从权利未办理转移登记手续或者未转移占有而受到影响。 The assignee's acquisition of a subordinate right is not affected by the fact that the subordinate right has not been registered or transferred in possession. 第五百四十八条 债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。 Article 548 Obligor's Defences Against Assignor After receiving notification of assignment of obligee's right, the obligor may assert its defences against the assignee. 第五百四十九条 有下列情形之一的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销：Article 549 The debtor may claim a set-off against the assignee in any of the following circumstances: （一）债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期； (1) when the obligor receives notification of the assignment of the claim, the obligor has a claim against the assignor, and the obligor's claim matures before or at the same time as the assigned claim; （二）债务人的债权与转让的债权是基于同一合同产生。(2) The debtor's claim and the assigned claim arise from the same contract. 第五百五十条 因债权转让增加的履行费用，由让与人负担。Article 550 Additional performance expenses arising from assignment of creditor's right shall be borne by the assignor. 第五百五十一条 债务人将债务的全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。 Article 551 Assignment of Obligor's Obligations to Third Party Where the obligor transfers all or part of its obligations to a third party, consent of the obligee shall be obtained. 债务人或者第三人可以催告债权人在合理期限内予以同意，债权人未作表示的，视为不同意。 The debtor or a third party may urge the creditor to give consent within a reasonable period of time. If the creditor fails to give such consent, it shall be deemed that he has not given consent. 第五百五十二条 第三人与债务人约定加入债务并通知债权人，或者第三人向债权人表示愿意加入债务，债权人未在合理期限内明确拒绝的，债权人可以请求第三人在其愿意承担的债务范围内和债务人承担连带债务。 Article 552 Obligee's Request for Joint Obligations Where a third party and the obligor agree to join in and notify the obligee, or the third party indicates to the obligee that it is willing to join in, but the obligee fails to expressly refuse within a reasonable period of time, the obligee may request the third party to assume joint and several obligations with the obligor to the extent of the obligation it is willing to assume. 第五百五十三条 债务人转移债务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩；原债务人对债权人享有债权的，新债务人不得向债权人主张抵销。 Article 553 Where the obligor transfers the debt, the new obligor may assert the defences of the original obligor against the obligee; where the original obligor has a claim against the obligee, the new obligor may not assert a set-off against the obligee. 第五百五十四条 债务人转移债务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但是该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。 Article 554 Where the obligor transfers an obligation, the new obligor shall assume the subsidiary obligation related to the principal obligation, except where the subsidiary obligation belongs exclusively to the original obligor. 第五百五十五条 当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。 Article 555 Assignment of Contract Rights and Obligations Either party may, with the consent of the other party, assign its rights and obligations under a contract collectively to a third party. 第五百五十六条 合同的权利和义务一并转让的，适用债权转让、债务转移的有关规定。 Article 556 Assignment of Contractual Rights and Obligations Where contractual rights and obligations are assigned together, the relevant provisions on assignment of claims and transfer of debts shall apply. 第七章 合同的权利义务终止Chapter VII Termination of Contract Rights and Obligations 第五百五十七条 有下列情形之一的，债权债务终止：Article 557 A creditor's right or debt shall terminate under any of the following circumstances: （一）债务已经履行；(1) The debts have been fulfilled; （二）债务相互抵销；(ii) debt set-off; （三）债务人依法将标的物提存；(3) the obligor deposits the subject matter according to law; （四）债权人免除债务；(4) the creditor's forgiveness of debts; （五）债权债务同归于一人；(5) Creditor's rights and debts belong to the same person; （六）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。(6) Other circumstances under which termination is required by law or agreed upon by the parties. 合同解除的，该合同的权利义务关系终止。If the contract is terminated, the rights and obligations under the contract shall terminate. 第五百五十八条 债权债务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚信等原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密、旧物回收等义务。 Article 558 After the termination of a creditor's right or debt, the parties concerned shall abide by the principles of good faith and perform their obligations of notification, assistance, confidentiality, and recovery of old things in accordance with their trading practices. 第五百五十九条 债权债务终止时，债权的从权利同时消灭，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 559 When the creditor's rights and debts terminate, the ancillary rights of the creditor's rights shall be extinguished at the same time, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第五百六十条 债务人对同一债权人负担的数项债务种类相同，债务人的给付不足以清偿全部债务的，除当事人另有约定外，由债务人在清偿时指定其履行的债务。 Article 560 Obligations of the Same Kind Where the obligor owes several debts of the same kind to the same obligee, and the obligor's payment is insufficient to pay off all the debts, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the obligor shall specify the debts to be performed at the time of payment. 债务人未作指定的，应当优先履行已经到期的债务；数项债务均到期的，优先履行对债权人缺乏担保或者担保最少的债务；均无担保或者担保相等的，优先履行债务人负担较重的债务；负担相同的，按照债务到期的先后顺序履行；到期时间相同的，按照债务比例履行。 If the debtor has not made such a designation, priority shall be given to the performance of the debts that have become due; if several debts are due, priority shall be given to the performance of the debts that lack guarantees or have the least guarantees for the creditors; if there is no guarantee or the guarantees are equal, priority shall be given to the performance of the debts that are heavier for the debtor; if the burdens are the same, the performance shall be performed in the order in which the debts become due; if the due dates are the same, the performance shall be in proportion to the debts. 第五百六十一条 债务人在履行主债务外还应当支付利息和实现债权的有关费用，其给付不足以清偿全部债务的，除当事人另有约定外，应当按照下列顺序履行： Article 561 Obligor's Payment of Interest and Expenses Related to Fulfilment of Claim In addition to the performance of the principal obligation, the debtor shall pay interest and expenses related to the realization of the creditor's right. If the payment is insufficient to pay off the entire obligation, the debtor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, perform the obligation in the following order: （一）实现债权的有关费用；(1) expenses related to the realization of creditor's rights; （二）利息；(ii) interest; （三）主债务。(c) The principal debt. 第五百六十二条 当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。Article 562 Termination of Contract by Parties Upon Consensus The parties may terminate a contract upon consultation. 当事人可以约定一方解除合同的事由。解除合同的事由发生时，解除权人可以解除合同。 The parties may agree on the cause of termination of the contract by either party. When the cause for termination occurs, the person entitled to terminate may terminate the contract. 第五百六十三条 有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：A party may terminate a contract under any of the following circumstances: （一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；(1) The purpose of the contract cannot be achieved due to force majeure; （二）在履行期限届满前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务； (2) before the expiration of the time limit for performance, one party expressly states or indicates by its conduct that it will not perform its principal obligation; （三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；(3) a party delays performance of its principal obligation and fails to perform within a reasonable time after being urged to do so; （四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；(4) delay in performance or other breach of contract by one of the parties, resulting in failure to achieve the purpose of the contract; （五）法律规定的其他情形。(5) Other circumstances provided for by law. 以持续履行的债务为内容的不定期合同，当事人可以随时解除合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。 A party to an indefinite term contract may terminate the contract at any time by giving notice to the other party within a reasonable period of time. 第五百六十四条 法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。 Article 564 If the law stipulates or the parties agree on a time limit for exercising the right of rescission, and the parties fail to exercise it at the expiration of the time limit, the right shall be extinguished. 法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，自解除权人知道或者应当知道解除事由之日起一年内不行使，或者经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。 If the law does not stipulate a time limit for exercising the right of termination or the parties do not agree on it, the right shall be extinguished if the person entitled to termination does not exercise it within one year from the date when he knows or should know the cause of termination, or if he does not exercise it within a reasonable time limit after being urged by the other party. 第五百六十五条 当事人一方依法主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除；通知载明债务人在一定期限内不履行债务则合同自动解除，债务人在该期限内未履行债务的，合同自通知载明的期限届满时解除。对方对解除合同有异议的，任何一方当事人均可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除行为的效力。 Article 565 Termination of Contract If a party claims to terminate a contract according to law, it shall notify the other party. The contract is discharged when the notice reaches the other party; if the notice states that the debtor fails to perform within a certain period of time, the contract is automatically discharged; if the debtor fails to perform within that period, the contract is discharged upon the expiration of the period specified in the notice. If the other party objects to the termination of the contract, either party may request the people's court or arbitration institution to confirm the validity of the termination. 当事人一方未通知对方，直接以提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的方式依法主张解除合同，人民法院或者仲裁机构确认该主张的，合同自起诉状副本或者仲裁申请书副本送达对方时解除。 If a party directly claims to terminate the contract by filing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration without notifying the other party, and the people's court or arbitration institution confirms such claim, the contract shall be terminated upon the delivery of a copy of the complaint or arbitration application to the other party. 第五百六十六条 合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以请求恢复原状或者采取其他补救措施，并有权请求赔偿损失。 Article 566 Upon termination of a contract, performance shall terminate if it has not been performed; if it has been performed, the party may, depending on the circumstances of performance and the nature of the contract, request restitution or take other remedial measures, and shall be entitled to claim compensation for losses. 合同因违约解除的，解除权人可以请求违约方承担违约责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 If the contract is terminated due to breach of contract, the person entitled to terminate may request the breaching party to bear the liability for breach of contract, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 主合同解除后，担保人对债务人应当承担的民事责任仍应当承担担保责任，但是担保合同另有约定的除外。 After the termination of the principal contract, the guarantor shall still bear the civil liability that should be borne by the debtor, except as otherwise stipulated in the guarantee contract. 第五百六十七条 合同的权利义务关系终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。 Article 567 Termination of Rights and Obligations in Contract Does Not Affect the Validity of Settlement and Liquidation Clauses in Contract. 第五百六十八条 当事人互负债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的到期债务抵销；但是，根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定不得抵销的除外。 Article 568 Set-off of Obligation Where the parties are mutually indebted and the subject matter of the obligation is of the same kind and quality, either party may set off its own obligation against the other party's due obligation, except where set-off is prohibited by reason of the nature of the obligation, by agreement between the parties, or by law. 当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。 If a party claims set-off, it shall notify the other party. The notification takes effect upon arrival at the other party. Set-off shall not be subject to conditions or time limits. 第五百六十九条 当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经协商一致，也可以抵销。 Article 569 Set-off of Obligations Where the parties owe debts to each other and the subject matter is of different types or qualities, they may also set off upon consensus through consultation. 第五百七十条 有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：Article 570 Obligor May Place Subject Matter in escrow Where it is difficult to perform the obligation under any of the following circumstances: （一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；(1) The creditor refuses to accept the claim without justifiable reasons; （二）债权人下落不明；(2) The whereabouts of creditors are unknown; （三）债权人死亡未确定继承人、遗产管理人，或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人； (3) the creditor dies without determining his successor or administrator, or loses his capacity for civil conduct without determining his guardian; （四）法律规定的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances provided for by law. 标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。 If the subject matter is not suitable for escrow or the escrow expenses are too high, the obligor may auction or sell the subject matter and escrow the proceeds according to law. 第五百七十一条 债务人将标的物或者将标的物依法拍卖、变卖所得价款交付提存部门时，提存成立。 Article 571 Escrow is established when the obligor delivers the subject matter, or the proceeds from the auction or sale of the subject matter according to law, to the escrow department. 提存成立的，视为债务人在其提存范围内已经交付标的物。If the escrow is established, the obligor is deemed to have delivered the subject matter within the scope of the escrow. 第五百七十二条 标的物提存后，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、遗产管理人、监护人、财产代管人。 Article 572 Obligor's Notification of Deposit of Subject Matter After the subject matter is deposited, the obligor shall promptly notify the obligee or the obligee's heir, administrator, guardian or escrow. 第五百七十三条 标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。 Article 573 After the subject matter is deposited, the risk of damage or loss shall be borne by the obligee. During the period of escrow, the fruits of the subject matter belong to the creditor. The expenses of escrow shall be borne by the obligee. 第五百七十四条 债权人可以随时领取提存物。但是，债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。 Article 574 The creditor may collect the subject matter in escrow at any time. However, if the obligee owes the obligor an obligation that is due, the escrow department shall, at the obligor's request, refuse to collect the escrow until the obligee fails to perform the obligation or provides security. 债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。但是，债权人未履行对债务人的到期债务，或者债权人向提存部门书面表示放弃领取提存物权利的，债务人负担提存费用后有权取回提存物。 The obligee's right to receive the subject matter in escrow shall be extinguished if it is not exercised within five years from the date of escrow, and the subject matter in escrow shall revert to the state after deduction of escrow expenses. However, if the obligee fails to perform its obligations due to the obligor, or if the obligee waives its right to receive the subject matter in writing to the escrow department, the obligor shall have the right to retrieve the subject matter after bearing the escrow expenses. 第五百七十五条 债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，债权债务部分或者全部终止，但是债务人在合理期限内拒绝的除外。 Article 575 Discharge of Obligor's Obligations Where the obligee releases the obligor in part or in whole, the obligee's rights and obligations terminate in part or in whole, except where the obligor refuses to discharge them within a reasonable time limit. 第五百七十六条 债权和债务同归于一人的，债权债务终止，但是损害第三人利益的除外。 Article 576 Claims and Obligations Terminated Where both claims and obligations belong to the same person, the claims and obligations terminate, except where the interests of a third party are harmed. 第八章 违约责任Chapter VIII Liability for Breach of Contract 第五百七十七条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。 Article 577 Liability for Breach of Contract If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract or its performance of its obligations under a contract is not in conformity with the terms of the contract, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract, such as continuing to perform, taking remedial measures or compensating for losses. 第五百七十八条 当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满前请求其承担违约责任。 Article 578 Liability for Breach of Contract If a party expressly states or indicates by its conduct that it will not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party may claim liability for breach of contract before the expiration of the time limit for performance. 第五百七十九条 当事人一方未支付价款、报酬、租金、利息，或者不履行其他金钱债务的，对方可以请求其支付。 Article 579 Party's Failure to Pay Price, Remuneration, Rent, Interest, or Other Pecuniary Obligations If a party fails to pay the price, remuneration, rent, interest, or other monetary obligations, the other party may demand payment thereof. 第五百八十条 当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以请求履行，但是有下列情形之一的除外： Article 580 Where a party fails to perform its non-monetary obligation or its performance of the non-monetary obligation is inconsistent with the contract, the other party may request performance, except in any of the following circumstances: （一）法律上或者事实上不能履行；(1) inability to perform in law or in fact; （二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高；(2) the subject matter of the obligation is unsuitable for compulsory performance or the cost of performance is excessive; （三）债权人在合理期限内未请求履行。(3) The creditor fails to request performance within a reasonable period of time. 有前款规定的除外情形之一，致使不能实现合同目的的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求终止合同权利义务关系，但是不影响违约责任的承担。 If the purpose of a contract cannot be fulfilled due to one of the exceptional circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph, the people's court or arbitration institution may, at the request of the parties, terminate the rights and obligations under the contract, but this shall not affect the assumption of liability for breach of contract. 第五百八十一条 当事人一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，根据债务的性质不得强制履行的，对方可以请求其负担由第三人替代履行的费用。 Article 581 Where a party fails to perform its obligation or its performance is not in conformity with the contract and, given the nature of the obligation, its compulsory performance is not permitted, the other party may request it to bear the expenses of substitute performance by a third party. 第五百八十二条 履行不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择请求对方承担修理、重作、更换、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。 Article 582 Liability for Breach of Contract Where performance is not in conformity with the contract, the party shall bear liability for breach of contract in accordance with the contract. Where liability for breach of contract is not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the aggrieved party may, in light of the nature of the subject matter and the magnitude of the loss, reasonably choose to request the other party to bear liability for breach of contract, such as repair, rework, replacement, return of goods, reduction of price or remuneration, etc. 第五百八十三条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Article 583 If a party fails to perform its contractual obligations or performs its contractual obligations in a non-conforming manner, if the other party suffers other losses after performing its obligations or taking remedial measures, it shall compensate for the losses. 第五百八十四条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，造成对方损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益；但是，不得超过违约一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违约可能造成的损失。 Article 584 Compensation for Losses Caused by Party's Failure to Fulfil Contract Obligations If a party fails to perform its contractual obligations or performs its contractual obligations in a non-conforming manner, thereby causing losses to the other party, the amount of compensation for losses shall be equal to the losses caused by the breach, including benefits that may be earned after the performance of the contract; provided, however, that amount shall not exceed the losses that the breaching party foresaw or should have foreseen at the time of conclusion of the contract as a possible result of the breach. 第五百八十五条 当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。 Article 585 The parties may agree that in the event of breach by one party, it shall pay liquidated damages of a certain amount to the other party in light of the circumstances of the breach, or may agree on a method for calculating the amount of damages arising from the breach. 约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以适当减少。 If the agreed liquidated damages are lower than the losses caused, the people's court or arbitration institution may, at the request of the parties, increase them; if the agreed liquidated damages are excessively higher than the losses caused, the people's court or arbitration institution may, at the request of the parties, appropriately reduce them. 当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。If the parties agree on liquidated damages for delay in performance, the defaulting party shall still perform the obligation after paying the liquidated damages. 第五百八十六条 当事人可以约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。定金合同自实际交付定金时成立。 Article 586 The parties may agree that one party shall pay a deposit to the other party as security for the creditor's right. A deposit contract is established when the deposit is actually paid. 定金的数额由当事人约定；但是，不得超过主合同标的额的百分之二十，超过部分不产生定金的效力。实际交付的定金数额多于或者少于约定数额的，视为变更约定的定金数额。 The amount of the deposit shall be agreed upon by the parties; however, it shall not exceed 20% of the amount of the subject matter of the main contract, and the excess shall not produce the effect of the deposit. If the amount of the deposit actually paid is more or less than the agreed amount, it shall be deemed to have changed the agreed amount of the deposit. 第五百八十七条 债务人履行债务的，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，无权请求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，应当双倍返还定金。 Article 587 Where the debtor performs his obligation, the deposit shall be set off against the price or recovered. If the party paying the deposit fails to perform its obligations or fails to perform its obligations in conformity with the agreement, thus rendering it impossible to realize the purpose of the contract, it shall not have the right to demand the return of the deposit; if the party receiving the deposit fails to perform its obligations or fails to perform its obligations in conformity with the agreement, thus rendering it impossible to realize the purpose of the contract, it shall return double the deposit. 第五百八十八条 当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。 Article 588 Where the parties have agreed on both liquidated damages and a deposit, if one party breaches the contract, the other party may choose to apply either the liquidated damages or the deposit clause. 定金不足以弥补一方违约造成的损失的，对方可以请求赔偿超过定金数额的损失。 If the deposit is insufficient to cover the losses caused by a party's breach of contract, the other party may claim compensation for losses exceeding the amount of the deposit. 第五百八十九条 债务人按照约定履行债务，债权人无正当理由拒绝受领的，债务人可以请求债权人赔偿增加的费用。 Article 589 Obligor's Right to Claim Increased Expenses Where the obligor refuses to accept payment of its obligation in accordance with the contract without justifiable reasons, the obligor may claim compensation from the obligee for increased expenses. 在债权人受领迟延期间，债务人无须支付利息。The debtor is not liable to pay interest during the period of delay in collection by the creditor. 第五百九十条 当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但是法律另有规定的除外。因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。 If a party is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure, it shall be exempted from liability in whole or in part in light of the effects of force majeure, except as otherwise provided by law. If the contract cannot be performed due to force majeure, the party concerned shall promptly notify the other party so as to mitigate the losses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof within a reasonable period of time. 当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不免除其违约责任。If force majeure occurs after the party delays performance, it shall not be exempted from liability for breach of contract. 第五百九十一条 当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失请求赔偿。 Article 591 After a party has breached the contract, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent the aggravation of losses; if the party fails to take appropriate measures, thereby causing the aggravation of losses, it may not claim compensation for the aggravation of losses. 当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方负担。The reasonable expenses incurred by the party concerned in preventing further losses shall be borne by the defaulting party. 第五百九十二条 当事人都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。Article 592 If both parties are in breach of a contract, they shall each bear corresponding liabilities. 当事人一方违约造成对方损失，对方对损失的发生有过错的，可以减少相应的损失赔偿额。 If the breach of contract by one party causes losses to the other party, and the other party is at fault for the occurrence of the losses, the amount of compensation for the losses may be reduced accordingly. 第五百九十三条 当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当依法向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定处理。 Article 593 Party's Liability for Breach If a party's breach is attributable to a third party, it shall be liable to the other party for breach according to law. A dispute between a party and a third party shall be settled in accordance with the provisions of law or an agreement. 第五百九十四条 因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的时效期间为四年。 Article 594 The limitation period for bringing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration in respect of a dispute arising out of a contract for the international sale of goods or a technology import or export contract is four years. 第二分编 典型合同Part II Typical contracts 第九章 买卖合同Chapter IX Sales Contracts 第五百九十五条 买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。 Article 595 A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers the ownership of the subject matter to the buyer, and the buyer pays the price. 第五百九十六条 买卖合同的内容一般包括标的物的名称、数量、质量、价款、履行期限、履行地点和方式、包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。 Article 596 Terms of Sales Contract Generally, a sales contract includes terms such as the name, quantity, quality, price, time limit for performance, place and method of performance, method of packaging, standard and method of inspection, method of settlement, language used in the contract and its validity, etc. 第五百九十七条 因出卖人未取得处分权致使标的物所有权不能转移的，买受人可以解除合同并请求出卖人承担违约责任。 Article 597 Transfer of Title to Subject Matter Where the title to the subject matter cannot be transferred because the seller has not obtained the right of disposition, the buyer may terminate the contract and claim that the seller bears the liability for breach of contract. 法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。Subject matter prohibited or restricted from transfer by laws or administrative regulations shall be transferred in accordance with such provisions. 第五百九十八条 出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。 Article 598 Seller's Obligations to Deliver Subject Matter to Buyer The seller shall perform its obligations to deliver the subject matter or the document for taking delivery of the subject matter to the buyer, and to transfer ownership of the subject matter. 第五百九十九条 出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。 Article 599 Seller's Delivery of Documents and Materials to Buyer The seller shall deliver to the buyer, in accordance with the agreement or trade usage, documents and materials other than the documents for taking delivery of the subject matter. 第六百条 出卖具有知识产权的标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。 Article 600 Sale of Intellectual Property Rights in Subject Matter Where a subject matter having intellectual property rights is sold, the intellectual property rights in the subject matter do not belong to the buyer, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第六百零一条 出卖人应当按照约定的时间交付标的物。约定交付期限的，出卖人可以在该交付期限内的任何时间交付。 The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreed time. If a time limit for delivery is agreed upon, the seller may deliver at any time during that time limit. 第六百零二条 当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第五百一十条、第五百一十一条第四项的规定。 Article 602 Where the parties have not agreed upon a time limit for delivery of the subject matter, or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Article 510 and Paragraph 4 of Article 511 of this Law shall apply. 第六百零三条 出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreed place. 当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定： Where the parties have not agreed on the place of delivery or the agreement is unclear and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the following provisions shall apply: （一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人； (1) if the subject matter is to be transported, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the first carrier for transport to the buyer; （二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。 (2) If the subject matter does not need to be transported, the seller and the buyer shall deliver the subject matter at a certain place if they knew it at the time of conclusion of the contract; if they did not know it at a certain place, they shall deliver the subject matter at the seller's place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract. 第六百零四条 标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 604 Risk of Damage to or Loss of Subject Matter The risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller prior to delivery and by the buyer after delivery, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第六百零五条 因买受人的原因致使标的物未按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定时起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。 Article 605 Buyer's Risk of Damage to Subject Matter Where the subject matter is not delivered within the agreed time limit due to the buyer's fault, the buyer shall bear the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter from the time of breach. 第六百零六条 出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。 Article 606 Seller's Risk of Damage to Subject Matter in Transit When the seller sells a subject matter in transit that has been handed over to the carrier for carriage, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the risk of damage or loss is borne by the buyer from the time of formation of the contract. 第六百零七条 出卖人按照约定将标的物运送至买受人指定地点并交付给承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。 Article 607 Risk of Damage to or Loss of Subject Matter After the seller has delivered the subject matter to the place designated by the buyer and delivered it to the carrier in accordance with the contract, the buyer bears the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter. 当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依据本法第六百零三条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。 If the parties have not agreed on the place of delivery or the agreement is unclear, and the subject matter needs to be transported pursuant to subparagraph 1 of paragraph 2 of article 603 of this Law, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer after the seller has delivered the subject matter to the first carrier. 第六百零八条 出卖人按照约定或者依据本法第六百零三条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定时起由买受人承担。 Article 608 Where the seller places the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the agreement or pursuant to subparagraph 2 of paragraph 2 of Article 603 of this Law, and the buyer fails to take delivery in breach of the agreement, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer from the time of breach. 第六百零九条 出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。 Article 609 Seller's Failure to Deliver Documents and Information Related to Subject Matter Does Not Affect Transfer of Risk of Damage to or Loss of Subject Matter. 第六百一十条 因标的物不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。 Article 610 Buyer's Right to Reject Subject Matter Where the purpose of the contract cannot be fulfilled because the subject matter does not meet the quality requirements, the buyer may refuse to accept the subject matter or terminate the contract. If the buyer refuses to accept the subject matter or terminates the contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller. 第六百一十一条 标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行义务不符合约定，买受人请求其承担违约责任的权利。 Article 611 Buyer's Right to Claim Liability for Breach Where the buyer bears the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter, this does not affect the buyer's right to claim liability for breach of contract due to the seller's non-compliance with its obligations. 第六百一十二条 出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人对该标的物不享有任何权利的义务，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 612 Obligation of Seller to Guarantee Third Party Rights in Subject Matter Except as otherwise provided by law, the seller has an obligation to guarantee that a third party does not have any rights in the subject matter delivered. 第六百一十三条 买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担前条规定的义务。 Article 613 Seller's Obligations Absent Where the buyer knew or should have known at the time of conclusion of the contract that a third party had rights in the subject matter of the sale, the seller is not subject to the obligations set forth in the preceding article. 第六百一十四条 买受人有确切证据证明第三人对标的物享有权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但是出卖人提供适当担保的除外。 Article 614 Buyer's Right to Suspension of Payment Where the buyer has conclusive evidence proving that a third party has rights in the subject matter, it may suspend payment of the corresponding price, except where the seller provides appropriate security. 第六百一十五条 出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。 The seller shall deliver the subject matter in accordance with the agreed quality requirements. If the seller provides a description of the quality of the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirements of the description. 第六百一十六条 当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第五百一十一条第一项的规定。 Article 616 Where the quality requirements for the subject matter are not prescribed or clearly prescribed by the parties and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the provisions of Paragraph 1 of Article 511 of this Law shall apply. 第六百一十七条 出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依据本法第五百八十二条至第五百八十四条的规定请求承担违约责任。 Article 617 Buyer's Liability for Breach Where the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to meet the quality requirements, the buyer may claim liability for breach of contract pursuant to Articles 582 to 584 of this Law. 第六百一十八条 当事人约定减轻或者免除出卖人对标的物瑕疵承担的责任，因出卖人故意或者重大过失不告知买受人标的物瑕疵的，出卖人无权主张减轻或者免除责任。 Article 618 Mitigation or Exemption of Seller's Liability for Defects Where the parties agreed to mitigate or exempt the seller from liability for defects in the subject matter, the seller has no right to claim mitigation or exemption of liability if the seller intentionally or through gross negligence failed to inform the buyer of the defects. 第六百一十九条 出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装；没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物且有利于节约资源、保护生态环境的包装方式。 The seller shall deliver the subject matter in the prescribed manner of packaging. Where there is no prescribed or unclear method of packaging and it cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the packaging shall be in accordance with a common method; where there is no common method, the packaging shall be in a way that is sufficient to protect the subject matter and conducive to conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment. 第六百二十条 买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期限内检验。没有约定检验期限的，应当及时检验。 Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within the prescribed inspection period. If no time limit for inspection has been stipulated, inspection shall be carried out in a timely manner. 第六百二十一条 当事人约定检验期限的，买受人应当在检验期限内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。 Article 621 Buyer's Notification of Non-compliance with Contract Where the parties agreed on a time limit for inspection, the buyer shall notify the seller within the time limit of inspection that the quantity or quality of the subject matter does not conform to the agreement. If the buyer fails to notify, the quantity or quality of the subject matter shall be deemed to comply with the agreement. 当事人没有约定检验期限的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期限内通知出卖人。买受人在合理期限内未通知或者自收到标的物之日起二年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定；但是，对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该二年的规定。 If the parties have not agreed upon a time limit for inspection, the buyer shall notify the seller within a reasonable time limit within which the quantity or quality of the subject matter does not conform to the agreement. If the buyer fails to notify the seller within a reasonable period of time or within two years from the date of receipt of the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the subject matter shall be deemed to be in conformity with the agreement; however, if there is a warranty period for the subject matter, the warranty period shall apply, and the two-year provision shall not apply. 出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。 If the seller knew or ought to have known that the subject matter provided did not conform to the agreement, the buyer shall not be subject to the notice time limit specified in the preceding two paragraphs. 第六百二十二条 当事人约定的检验期限过短，根据标的物的性质和交易习惯，买受人在检验期限内难以完成全面检验的，该期限仅视为买受人对标的物的外观瑕疵提出异议的期限。 Article 622 Time Limit for Inspection Agreed by the Parties If the inspection time limit agreed by the parties is too short, and the buyer is unable to complete a comprehensive inspection within the inspection time limit in light of the nature of the subject matter and trading practices, the time limit shall only be deemed to be the time limit within which the buyer raises objections to the defects in the appearance of the subject matter. 约定的检验期限或者质量保证期短于法律、行政法规规定期限的，应当以法律、行政法规规定的期限为准。 If the agreed inspection period or quality guarantee period is shorter than the period prescribed by laws and administrative regulations, the period prescribed by laws and administrative regulations shall prevail. 第六百二十三条 当事人对检验期限未作约定，买受人签收的送货单、确认单等载明标的物数量、型号、规格的，推定买受人已经对数量和外观瑕疵进行检验，但是有相关证据足以推翻的除外。 Article 623 Where the parties have not stipulated a time limit for inspection, and the delivery note or confirmation note signed by the buyer clearly states the quantity, model and specification of the subject matter, the buyer is presumed to have inspected the quantity and appearance defects, unless relevant evidence is sufficient to disprove it. 第六百二十四条 出卖人依照买受人的指示向第三人交付标的物，出卖人和买受人约定的检验标准与买受人和第三人约定的检验标准不一致的，以出卖人和买受人约定的检验标准为准。 Article 624 Seller's Delivery of Subject Matter to Third Party at Buyer's Instruction If the inspection standard agreed upon by the seller and the buyer is inconsistent with the inspection standard agreed upon by the buyer and the third party, the inspection standard agreed upon by the seller and the buyer shall prevail. 第六百二十五条 依照法律、行政法规的规定或者按照当事人的约定，标的物在有效使用年限届满后应予回收的，出卖人负有自行或者委托第三人对标的物予以回收的义务。 Article 625 Obligation to Reclaim Subject Matter Where the subject matter is subject to recovery after the expiration of its useful life in accordance with laws, administrative regulations or the agreement of the parties, the seller is under an obligation to recover the subject matter by itself or by entrusting a third party. 第六百二十六条 买受人应当按照约定的数额和支付方式支付价款。对价款的数额和支付方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第五百一十条、第五百一十一条第二项和第五项的规定。 The buyer shall pay the price in accordance with the agreed amount and method of payment. Where the amount of the price and the method of payment are not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the provisions of Article 510 and Paragraphs 2 and 5 of Article 511 of this Law shall apply. 第六百二十七条 买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付；但是，约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed place. If the place of payment is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the buyer shall pay at the seller's place of business; however, if the contract stipulates that payment is conditional on delivery of the subject matter or delivery of the document for taking delivery of the subject matter, payment shall be made at the place where delivery of the subject matter or delivery of the document for taking delivery of the subject matter is located. 第六百二十八条 买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。 The buyer shall pay the price at the agreed time. Where the time for payment is not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the buyer shall make payment at the same time as it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery of the subject matter. 第六百二十九条 出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照约定的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。 Article 629 Where the seller has delivered more than one part of the subject matter, the buyer may accept or refuse to accept the part of the subject matter that has been delivered more than one part. If the buyer accepts the overpaid portion, it shall pay the price at the agreed price; if the buyer refuses to accept the overpaid portion, it shall notify the seller in a timely manner. 第六百三十条 标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有；交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 630 Fruit of Subject Matter Belongs to Seller Prior to Delivery; Fruit Belongs to Buyer After Delivery Unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第六百三十一条 因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。 Article 631 Termination of Contract due to Non-conformity of Subject Matter with Contract, Effect of Termination extends to Ancillary Matter. If the accessory of the subject matter is discharged because it does not conform to the agreement, the effect of discharge shall not be as good as that of the principal. 第六百三十二条 标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除。但是，该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，买受人可以就数物解除合同。 Article 632 Where the subject matter is a number of things, and one of them does not conform to the contract, the buyer may terminate the contract with respect to that thing. However, if the separation of the object from another object significantly impairs the value of the subject matter, the buyer may terminate the contract for several objects. 第六百三十三条 出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。 Article 633 Seller's Delivery of Subject Matter in Installations If the seller fails to deliver or fails to deliver in conformity with the contract one of the instalments, thereby rendering the object of the contract unfulfilled, the buyer may terminate the contract with respect to that instalment. 出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使之后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及之后其他各批标的物解除。 If the seller fails to deliver one of the instalments of the subject matter or the delivery is not in conformity with the contract, so that the delivery of other instalments of the subject matter cannot achieve the purpose of the contract, the buyer may terminate the contract with respect to that instalment and other instalments of the subject matter. 买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。 If the buyer terminates in respect of one of the batches of subject matter, if that batch of subject matter is interdependent with other batches of subject matter, it may terminate in respect of each batch of subject matter that has been delivered and that has not been delivered. 第六百三十四条 分期付款的买受人未支付到期价款的数额达到全部价款的五分之一，经催告后在合理期限内仍未支付到期价款的，出卖人可以请求买受人支付全部价款或者解除合同。 Article 634 Payment by Installations If the buyer has failed to pay the price due by instalments by an amount equal to one-fifth of the total price, and fails to pay the price due within a reasonable period of time after being urged to do so, the seller may request the buyer to pay the full price or terminate the contract. 出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人请求支付该标的物的使用费。If the seller rescinds the contract, it may request the buyer to pay the royalties for the subject matter. 第六百三十五条 凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。 Article 635 A party buying or selling by sample shall seal up the sample and may state the quality of the sample. The seller shall deliver the subject matter of the same quality as the sample and its description. 第六百三十六条 凭样品买卖的买受人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。 Article 636 Quality of Subject Matter Delivered by Seller Where a buyer who sells by sample is unaware that the sample has hidden defects, the quality of the subject matter delivered by the seller shall still conform to the normal standards for the same kind of thing, even if the subject matter delivered is identical to the sample. 第六百三十七条 试用买卖的当事人可以约定标的物的试用期限。对试用期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。 Article 637 The parties to a trial sale may prescribe a trial period for the subject matter. If the probation period is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, it shall be determined by the seller. 第六百三十八条 试用买卖的买受人在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝购买。试用期限届满，买受人对是否购买标的物未作表示的，视为购买。 Article 638 Probationary Purchase The buyer of a trial sale may purchase or refuse to purchase the subject matter during the trial period. At the expiration of the probation period, if the buyer does not indicate whether to purchase the subject matter, it shall be deemed to have purchased it. 试用买卖的买受人在试用期内已经支付部分价款或者对标的物实施出卖、出租、设立担保物权等行为的，视为同意购买。 If the buyer of a trial sale has already paid part of the price during the trial period or has carried out acts such as selling, leasing or establishing a security interest in the subject matter, it shall be deemed to have agreed to purchase. 第六百三十九条 试用买卖的当事人对标的物使用费没有约定或者约定不明确的，出卖人无权请求买受人支付。 Article 639 Where the parties to a trial sale did not agree or the agreement was unclear as to the royalty for the subject matter, the seller has no right to demand payment from the buyer. 第六百四十条 标的物在试用期内毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。Article 640 Risk of Damage to or Loss of Subject Matter During Probation Period The seller bears the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter during the probation period. 第六百四十一条 当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。 Article 641 Ownership of Subject Matter in Sales Contract The parties may stipulate in a sales contract that, if the buyer fails to pay the price or perform any other obligation, the ownership of the subject matter belongs to the seller. 出卖人对标的物保留的所有权，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。The seller's retention of title to the subject matter, unless registered, is not available against bona fide third parties. 第六百四十二条 当事人约定出卖人保留合同标的物的所有权，在标的物所有权转移前，买受人有下列情形之一，造成出卖人损害的，除当事人另有约定外，出卖人有权取回标的物： Article 642 Seller's Right to Retain Subject Matter The parties agree that the seller retains ownership of the subject matter of the contract. If, prior to the transfer of ownership of the subject matter, the buyer is in any of the following circumstances, thereby causing damage to the seller, the seller is entitled to retrieve the subject matter unless otherwise agreed by the parties: （一）未按照约定支付价款，经催告后在合理期限内仍未支付；(1) failure to pay the price as agreed and failure to pay within a reasonable time after being urged; （二）未按照约定完成特定条件；(2) failure to fulfill specified conditions as agreed; （三）将标的物出卖、出质或者作出其他不当处分。(3) selling, pledging or taking other improper measures against the subject matter. 出卖人可以与买受人协商取回标的物；协商不成的，可以参照适用担保物权的实现程序。 The seller may negotiate with the buyer to retrieve the subject matter; if negotiation fails, the seller may refer to the procedure for realizing the security interest. 第六百四十三条 出卖人依据前条第一款的规定取回标的物后，买受人在双方约定或者出卖人指定的合理回赎期限内，消除出卖人取回标的物的事由的，可以请求回赎标的物。 Article 643 Buyer's Request for Redemption After the seller retrieves the subject matter pursuant to paragraph 1 of the preceding article, the buyer may request redemption of the subject matter if it eliminates the cause for the seller's retrieval within a reasonable redemption period agreed upon by both parties or designated by the seller. 买受人在回赎期限内没有回赎标的物，出卖人可以以合理价格将标的物出卖给第三人，出卖所得价款扣除买受人未支付的价款以及必要费用后仍有剩余的，应当返还买受人；不足部分由买受人清偿。 If the buyer fails to redeem the subject matter within the redemption period, the seller may sell the subject matter to a third party at a reasonable price. If there is any surplus after deducting the unpaid price and necessary expenses from the sale proceeds, the surplus shall be returned to the buyer; the insufficient part shall be paid off by the buyer. 第六百四十四条 招标投标买卖的当事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。 Article 644 The rights and obligations of the parties to a sale by tender and the bidding procedures shall be governed by the provisions of the relevant laws and administrative regulations. 第六百四十五条 拍卖的当事人的权利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。 Article 645 The rights and obligations of the parties to an auction as well as the auction procedures shall be governed by the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations. 第六百四十六条 法律对其他有偿合同有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，参照适用买卖合同的有关规定。 Article 646 Where the law has provisions on other contracts for consideration, such provisions shall apply; where there are no such provisions, the relevant provisions on sales contracts shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第六百四十七条 当事人约定易货交易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照适用买卖合同的有关规定。 Article 647 Where the parties agree on a barter transaction to transfer ownership of the subject matter, the relevant provisions of the sales contract shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同Chapter X Contracts for the Supply of Electricity, Water, Gas and Heat 第六百四十八条 供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。Article 648 Power Supply Contract is a contract whereby the power supplier supplies power to the power consumer, and the power consumer pays the electricity charge. 向社会公众供电的供电人，不得拒绝用电人合理的订立合同要求。A power supplier supplying electricity to the public shall not refuse to enter into a reasonable contract with the consumer. 第六百四十九条 供用电合同的内容一般包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条款。 Article 649 Terms of Contract for Power Supply and Consumption Generally, a contract for power supply and consumption includes terms such as the mode, quality and duration of power supply, the capacity, address and nature of power consumption, the method of measurement, the method of settlement of electricity and electricity charges, and the responsibility for the maintenance of power supply facilities. 第六百五十条 供用电合同的履行地点，按照当事人约定；当事人没有约定或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界处为履行地点。 Article 650 Place of Performance of Power Supply Contract The place of performance of a power supply contract shall be as agreed upon by the parties; in the absence of such agreement or if the agreement is unclear, the place of performance shall be the place where the property rights of the power supply facility are divided. 第六百五十一条 供电人应当按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 651 A power supplier shall supply power safely in accordance with the quality standards for power supply prescribed by the State and the contract. If the power supplier fails to supply power safely in accordance with the quality standards for power supply prescribed by the state and the agreement, thus causing losses to the power consumer, it shall bear liability for compensation. 第六百五十二条 供电人因供电设施计划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人；未事先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 652 When the power supplier needs to interrupt the power supply due to planned overhaul or temporary overhaul of the power supply facilities, lawful power rationing or illegal use of power by the power consumer, it shall notify the power consumer in advance in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State; if the power supplier interrupts the power supply without notifying the power consumer in advance, thus causing losses to the power consumer, it shall be liable for compensation. 第六百五十三条 因自然灾害等原因断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时抢修；未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 653 If a power failure occurs due to natural disasters or other reasons, the power supplier shall make timely repairs in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State; if the power supplier fails to make timely repairs, thereby causing losses to the power consumer, it shall be liable for compensation. 第六百五十四条 用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定及时支付电费。用电人逾期不支付电费的，应当按照约定支付违约金。经催告用电人在合理期限内仍不支付电费和违约金的，供电人可以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。 Article 654 The power consumer shall pay the electricity charge in a timely manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and the agreement of the parties. If the power consumer fails to pay the electricity charges within the time limit, it shall pay liquidated damages in accordance with the contract. If the electricity supplier fails to pay the electricity charges and liquidated damages within a reasonable time after being urged to do so, the electricity supplier may suspend the supply of electricity in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the state. 供电人依据前款规定中止供电的，应当事先通知用电人。If the power supplier suspends power supply in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall notify the power consumer in advance. 第六百五十五条 用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全、节约和计划用电。用电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 655 The power consumer shall use electricity safely, economically and in a planned manner in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State and the agreement of the parties. If the power consumer fails to use electricity in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state and the agreement of the parties concerned, thereby causing losses to the power supplier, it shall be liable for compensation. 第六百五十六条 供用水、供用气、供用热力合同，参照适用供用电合同的有关规定。 Article 656 Contract for Supply of Water, Gas and Heat A contract for the supply of water, gas and heat shall be governed by reference to the relevant provisions applicable to contracts for the supply of electricity. 第十一章 赠与合同Chapter XI Gift Contracts 第六百五十七条 赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。 Article 657 A gift contract is a contract whereby the donor gives his property to the donee free of charge, and the donee expresses acceptance of the gift. 第六百五十八条 赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。Article 658 The donor may revoke the gift prior to the transfer of rights in the gift property. 经过公证的赠与合同或者依法不得撤销的具有救灾、扶贫、助残等公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。 The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to notarized gift contracts or gift contracts of a public or moral nature, such as disaster relief, poverty alleviation and disability assistance, which may not be revoked according to law. 第六百五十九条 赠与的财产依法需要办理登记或者其他手续的，应当办理有关手续。 Article 659 If the donated property is required to go through registration or other formalities in accordance with the law, the relevant formalities shall be gone through. 第六百六十条 经过公证的赠与合同或者依法不得撤销的具有救灾、扶贫、助残等公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与财产的，受赠人可以请求交付。 Article 660 Where the donor fails to deliver the gift property under a notarized gift contract or a gift contract that is irrevocable in accordance with law and has the nature of a public or moral obligation such as disaster relief, poverty alleviation or disability assistance, the donee may request delivery. 依据前款规定应当交付的赠与财产因赠与人故意或者重大过失致使毁损、灭失的，赠与人应当承担赔偿责任。 If the gift property that should be delivered in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph is damaged or lost due to the donor's intention or gross negligence, the donor shall bear the liability for compensation. 第六百六十一条 赠与可以附义务。Article 661 A gift may be accompanied by obligations. 赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定履行义务。Where the gift is accompanied by obligations, the donee shall perform his obligations as agreed. 第六百六十二条 赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人不承担责任。附义务的赠与，赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。 Article 662 Where the donated property is defective, the donor shall not be liable. A gift with obligations. If the donated property is defective, the donor bears the same liability as the seller to the extent of the obligations attached. 赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 If the donor intentionally fails to inform the donee of the defect or guarantees that there is no defect, thereby causing losses to the donee, he shall be liable for compensation. 第六百六十三条 受赠人有下列情形之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与：Article 663 The donor may revoke the gift if the donee falls under any of the following circumstances: （一）严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人近亲属的合法权益；(1) seriously infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of the donor or his close relatives; （二）对赠与人有扶养义务而不履行；(2) failure to perform maintenance obligations towards the donor; （三）不履行赠与合同约定的义务。(3) failure to perform the obligations stipulated in the gift contract. 赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。The donor's right of revocation shall be exercised within one year from the date on which he knew or ought to have known the cause of revocation. 第六百六十四条 因受赠人的违法行为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以撤销赠与。 Article 664 If the donor dies or loses civil capacity due to the illegal act of the donee, the heir or legal agent of the donor may revoke the gift. 赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起六个月内行使。 The heir or legal agent of the donor shall exercise the right of revocation within six months from the date on which he knew or ought to have known the cause of revocation. 第六百六十五条 撤销权人撤销赠与的，可以向受赠人请求返还赠与的财产。Article 665 Revocation Right Where the revocation right revokes the gift, it may request the donee to return the donated property. 第六百六十六条 赠与人的经济状况显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。 Article 666 Donor's Obligation to Donate If the donor's financial situation has deteriorated significantly, thereby seriously affecting his production, business operation or family life, he may no longer perform the obligation to donate. 第十二章 借款合同Chapter XII Loan Contracts 第六百六十七条 借款合同是借款人向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息的合同。 Article 667 Loan Contract A loan contract is a contract whereby the borrower borrows money from the lender and returns the loan and pays interest at the due date. 第六百六十八条 借款合同应当采用书面形式，但是自然人之间借款另有约定的除外。 Article 668 A contract for loan of money shall be in written form, except as otherwise agreed upon between natural persons for loan of money. 借款合同的内容一般包括借款种类、币种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式等条款。 The loan contract generally includes the loan type, currency, purpose, amount, interest rate, term and repayment method. 第六百六十九条 订立借款合同，借款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。 Article 669 In concluding a loan contract, the borrower shall, at the request of the lender, provide true information about its business activities and financial position related to the loan. 第六百七十条 借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除。利息预先在本金中扣除的，应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。 Article 670 Interest on loans may not be deducted from principal in advance. If interest is deducted from the principal in advance, the loan shall be repaid and interest calculated according to the actual loan amount. 第六百七十一条 贷款人未按照约定的日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Article 671 lender's failure to provide loan on agreed date and in agreed amount, resulting in loss to borrower, shall indemnify borrower for loss. 借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付利息。 If the borrower fails to collect the loan on the agreed date and amount, it shall pay interest on the agreed date and amount. 第六百七十二条 贷款人按照约定可以检查、监督借款的使用情况。借款人应当按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计报表或者其他资料。 The lender may inspect and supervise the utilization of the loan in accordance with the contract. The borrower shall regularly provide the lender with relevant financial accounting statements or other materials in accordance with the agreement. 第六百七十三条 借款人未按照约定的借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。 Article 673 Where the borrower fails to use the loan for the agreed purpose, the lender may stop issuing the loan, withdraw the loan ahead of time or terminate the contract. 第六百七十四条 借款人应当按照约定的期限支付利息。对支付利息的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付；借款期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付。 The borrower shall pay interest at the prescribed time. If the term for payment of interest is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 510 of this Law, if the term of the loan is less than one year, it shall be paid together with the repayment of the loan; if the term of the loan is more than one year, it shall be paid at the expiration of each year; if the remaining term is less than one year, it shall be paid together with the repayment of the loan. 第六百七十五条 借款人应当按照约定的期限返还借款。对借款期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还；贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返还。 The borrower shall repay the loan at the agreed time limit. Where the term of the loan is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 510 of this Law, the borrower may repay the loan at any time; the lender may urge the borrower to repay the loan within a reasonable time limit. 第六百七十六条 借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息。 Article 676 Where the borrower fails to repay the loan within the prescribed time limit, it shall pay overdue interest in accordance with the contract or the relevant provisions of the State. 第六百七十七条 借款人提前返还借款的，除当事人另有约定外，应当按照实际借款的期间计算利息。 Article 677 Where the borrower repays the loan in advance, interest shall be calculated according to the actual term of the loan, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第六百七十八条 借款人可以在还款期限届满前向贷款人申请展期；贷款人同意的，可以展期。 Article 678 Extension of Loan Term The borrower may apply to the lender for an extension of the term of repayment before the expiration of the term of repayment; the loan may be extended if the lender agrees. 第六百七十九条 自然人之间的借款合同，自贷款人提供借款时成立。Article 679 Contract for Loan of Money between Natural Persons A contract for loan of money between natural persons is formed when the lender provides the loan. 第六百八十条 禁止高利放贷，借款的利率不得违反国家有关规定。Article 680 It is prohibited to lend money at exorbitant rates, and the interest rate on loans shall not violate the relevant provisions of the State. 借款合同对支付利息没有约定的，视为没有利息。If the loan contract does not stipulate the payment of interest, it shall be deemed that there is no interest. 借款合同对支付利息约定不明确，当事人不能达成补充协议的，按照当地或者当事人的交易方式、交易习惯、市场利率等因素确定利息；自然人之间借款的，视为没有利息。 If the loan contract is unclear about the payment of interest and the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, the interest shall be determined according to the local or party's transaction mode, transaction habit, market interest rate and other factors; if the loan is between natural persons, it shall be deemed that there is no interest. 第十三章 保证合同Chapter XIII Guarantee Contract 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第六百八十一条 保证合同是为保障债权的实现，保证人和债权人约定，当债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的情形时，保证人履行债务或者承担责任的合同。 Article 681 A suretyship contract is a contract whereby the surety and the creditor agree that the surety shall perform the obligation or assume liability in the event that the debtor fails to perform the obligation when it becomes due or that circumstances agreed upon by the parties occur for the purpose of guaranteeing the realization of the creditor's right. 第六百八十二条 保证合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，保证合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 682 A suretyship contract is a subordinate contract to a principal obligee's right or obligation contract. If the principal obligee's right or obligation contract is invalid, the suretyship contract shall be invalid, except as otherwise provided by law. 保证合同被确认无效后，债务人、保证人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。 After a suretyship contract is confirmed as invalid, the debtor, surety and creditor shall bear corresponding civil liabilities according to their respective faults if they are at fault. 第六百八十三条 机关法人不得为保证人，但是经国务院批准为使用外国政府或者国际经济组织贷款进行转贷的除外。 Article 683 An agency legal person may not be a guarantor, except for loans from foreign governments or international economic organizations approved by the State Council for on-lending. 以公益为目的的非营利法人、非法人组织不得为保证人。A non-profit legal person or non-legal person organization for the purpose of public welfare shall not act as a guarantor. 第六百八十四条 保证合同的内容一般包括被保证的主债权的种类、数额，债务人履行债务的期限，保证的方式、范围和期间等条款。 Article 684 The terms of a suretyship contract generally include such clauses as the type and amount of the principal creditor's right guaranteed, the time limit for the debtor to perform the obligation, and the method, scope and duration of the suretyship. 第六百八十五条 保证合同可以是单独订立的书面合同，也可以是主债权债务合同中的保证条款。 Article 685 A suretyship contract may be a separately concluded written contract, or a suretyship clause in a contract for principal creditor's rights and obligations. 第三人单方以书面形式向债权人作出保证，债权人接收且未提出异议的，保证合同成立。 If the third party unilaterally gives a guaranty in writing to the creditor, and the creditor accepts it without raising any objection, the guaranty contract is established. 第六百八十六条 保证的方式包括一般保证和连带责任保证。Article 686 Forms of suretyship include general suretyship and suretyship of joint and several liability. 当事人在保证合同中对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照一般保证承担保证责任。 If the parties do not stipulate or clearly stipulate the form of warranty in the warranty contract, they shall bear the liability for warranty in accordance with the general warranty. 第六百八十七条 当事人在保证合同中约定，债务人不能履行债务时，由保证人承担保证责任的，为一般保证。 Article 687 General suretyship A suretyship is a general suretyship if the parties agree in the suretyship contract that the surety shall assume suretyship liability if the debtor is unable to perform his obligation. 一般保证的保证人在主合同纠纷未经审判或者仲裁，并就债务人财产依法强制执行仍不能履行债务前，有权拒绝向债权人承担保证责任，但是有下列情形之一的除外： The surety of a general suretyship shall have the right to refuse to assume suretyship liability to the creditor before the dispute over the principal contract has been tried or arbitrated and before the debtor's property is legally enforced and he is still unable to perform his debts, except in any of the following circumstances: （一）债务人下落不明，且无财产可供执行；(1) The debtor's whereabouts are unknown and there is no property available for execution; （二）人民法院已经受理债务人破产案件；(2) the people's court has accepted the debtor's bankruptcy case; （三）债权人有证据证明债务人的财产不足以履行全部债务或者丧失履行债务能力； (3) the creditor has evidence proving that the debtor's property is insufficient to perform all debts or that he has lost the ability to perform debts; （四）保证人书面表示放弃本款规定的权利。(4) The Guarantor waives in writing the right provided for in this paragraph. 第六百八十八条 当事人在保证合同中约定保证人和债务人对债务承担连带责任的，为连带责任保证。 Article 688 Suretyship of Joint Liability Where the parties agree in a suretyship contract that the surety and the debtor shall be jointly and severally liable for the debt, a suretyship of joint liability is provided. 连带责任保证的债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的情形时，债权人可以请求债务人履行债务，也可以请求保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。 When the debtor of a suretyship of joint and several liability fails to perform his due obligation or when circumstances agreed upon by the parties occur, the creditor may request the debtor to perform the obligation or request the surety to assume suretyship liability within the scope of the suretyship. 第六百八十九条 保证人可以要求债务人提供反担保。Article 689 The guarantor may require the debtor to provide a counter-guarantee. 第六百九十条 保证人与债权人可以协商订立最高额保证的合同，约定在最高债权额限度内就一定期间连续发生的债权提供保证。 Article 690 Guarantor's Contract for Maximum Amount of Guarantee The guarantor and the creditor may, through consultation, conclude a contract for maximum amount of guarantee, stipulating that a guarantee shall be provided for claims arising continuously within a certain period of time within the maximum amount of claims. 最高额保证除适用本章规定外，参照适用本法第二编最高额抵押权的有关规定。In addition to the provisions of this chapter, the provisions of part ii of this law on mortgage of maximum amount shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第二节 保证责任Section 2 Warranty Liability 第六百九十一条 保证的范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金和实现债权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 691 The scope of suretyship shall include the principal creditor's right and interest thereon, liquidated damages, damages and expenses for realizing the creditor's right. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 第六百九十二条 保证期间是确定保证人承担保证责任的期间，不发生中止、中断和延长。 Article 692 The term of a warranty is defined as the period during which the surety undertakes the liability of the warranty and shall not be subject to suspension, interruption or extension. 债权人与保证人可以约定保证期间，但是约定的保证期间早于主债务履行期限或者与主债务履行期限同时届满的，视为没有约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，保证期间为主债务履行期限届满之日起六个月。 The creditor and the surety may agree on a suretyship period, but if the agreed suretyship period is earlier than or expires at the same time as the principal obligation's performance period, it shall be deemed that there has been no agreement; if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the suretyship period shall be six months from the date of expiration of the principal obligation's performance period. 债权人与债务人对主债务履行期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，保证期间自债权人请求债务人履行债务的宽限期届满之日起计算。 If the creditor and the debtor have not agreed or the agreement is unclear on the time limit for performance of the principal obligation, the suretyship period shall be calculated from the date of expiration of the grace period for the creditor to request the debtor to perform the obligation. 第六百九十三条 一般保证的债权人未在保证期间对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，保证人不再承担保证责任。 Article 693 Where the creditor of a general suretyship fails to bring a lawsuit or apply for arbitration against the debtor during the term of the suretyship, the surety shall no longer be liable for the suretyship. 连带责任保证的债权人未在保证期间请求保证人承担保证责任的，保证人不再承担保证责任。 If the creditor of the suretyship of joint liability fails to request the surety to assume suretyship liability during the suretyship period, the surety shall no longer assume suretyship liability. 第六百九十四条 一般保证的债权人在保证期间届满前对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，从保证人拒绝承担保证责任的权利消灭之日起，开始计算保证债务的诉讼时效。 Article 694 If a creditor of a general guarantee files a lawsuit or applies for arbitration against the debtor before the expiration of the guarantee period, the limitation of action for the guaranteed debt shall begin to be calculated from the date when the guarantor's right to refuse to assume the guarantee liability is extinguished. 连带责任保证的债权人在保证期间届满前请求保证人承担保证责任的，从债权人请求保证人承担保证责任之日起，开始计算保证债务的诉讼时效。 If the creditor of a suretyship of joint and several liability requests the surety to assume suretyship liability before the expiration of the suretyship period, the limitation of action for suretyship debt shall begin to be calculated from the date on which the creditor requests the surety to assume suretyship liability. 第六百九十五条 债权人和债务人未经保证人书面同意，协商变更主债权债务合同内容，减轻债务的，保证人仍对变更后的债务承担保证责任；加重债务的，保证人对加重的部分不承担保证责任。 Article 695 Where the creditor and the debtor, without the written consent of the guarantor, negotiate to modify the contents of the principal obligee's right and obligation contract and mitigate the obligation, the guarantor shall still be liable for the modified obligation; where the obligation is aggravated, the guarantor shall not be liable for the aggravated portion. 债权人和债务人变更主债权债务合同的履行期限，未经保证人书面同意的，保证期间不受影响。 If the creditor and debtor alter the time limit for performance of the principal creditor's right and debt contract without the written consent of the guarantor, the term of suretyship shall not be affected. 第六百九十六条 债权人转让全部或者部分债权，未通知保证人的，该转让对保证人不发生效力。 Article 696 Assignment of Creditor's Rights Where a creditor assigns all or part of his creditor's rights without notifying the surety, the assignment shall have no effect on the surety. 保证人与债权人约定禁止债权转让，债权人未经保证人书面同意转让债权的，保证人对受让人不再承担保证责任。 If the guarantor and the creditor agree to prohibit the assignment of the creditor's right, and the creditor assigns the creditor's right without the written consent of the guarantor, the guarantor shall no longer bear the guarantee liability to the assignee. 第六百九十七条 债权人未经保证人书面同意，允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务，保证人对未经其同意转移的债务不再承担保证责任，但是债权人和保证人另有约定的除外。 Article 697 If the creditor permits the debtor to transfer all or part of the debt without the written consent of the surety, the surety shall no longer be liable for the debt transferred without his consent, except as otherwise agreed between the creditor and the surety. 第三人加入债务的，保证人的保证责任不受影响。The surety's suretyship liability shall not be affected by the participation of a third party in the debt. 第六百九十八条 一般保证的保证人在主债务履行期限届满后，向债权人提供债务人可供执行财产的真实情况，债权人放弃或者怠于行使权利致使该财产不能被执行的，保证人在其提供可供执行财产的价值范围内不再承担保证责任。 Article 698 Where the surety of a general suretyship provides the creditor with true information about the debtor's property available for enforcement after the expiration of the time limit for performance of the principal obligation, and the creditor waives or neglects to exercise his rights, resulting in the property not being enforceable, the surety shall no longer assume suretyship liability within the scope of the value of the property available for enforcement provided by him. 第六百九十九条 同一债务有两个以上保证人的，保证人应当按照保证合同约定的保证份额，承担保证责任；没有约定保证份额的，债权人可以请求任何一个保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。 Article 699 Where there are two or more guarantors for the same obligation, the guarantors shall assume suretyship liability in accordance with the proportion of suretyship agreed upon in the suretyship contract; where no proportion of suretyship is agreed upon, the creditor may request any of the guarantors to assume suretyship liability within the scope of suretyship. 第七百条 保证人承担保证责任后，除当事人另有约定外，有权在其承担保证责任的范围内向债务人追偿，享有债权人对债务人的权利，但是不得损害债权人的利益。 Article 700 Surety's Right to Claim Against Debtor After assuming suretyship liability, the surety shall, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, have the right to recover from the debtor within the scope of his suretyship liability and enjoy the creditor's rights against the debtor, provided that the interests of the creditor are not prejudiced. 第七百零一条 保证人可以主张债务人对债权人的抗辩。债务人放弃抗辩的，保证人仍有权向债权人主张抗辩。 Article 701 The surety may assert the debtor's defense against the creditor. If the debtor waives his defences, the surety shall still have the right to assert defences against the creditor. 第七百零二条 债务人对债权人享有抵销权或者撤销权的，保证人可以在相应范围内拒绝承担保证责任。 Article 702 Where the debtor enjoys the right of set-off or cancellation against the creditor, the surety may refuse to assume suretyship liability within the corresponding scope. 第十四章 租赁合同Chapter XIV Lease Contract 第七百零三条 租赁合同是出租人将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。 Article 703 A lease contract is a contract whereby the lessor delivers the lease item to the lessee for its use and benefit, and the lessee pays the rent. 第七百零四条 租赁合同的内容一般包括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维修等条款。 Article 704 The terms of a lease contract shall generally include such terms as the name, quantity, purpose, lease term, rent and the term and method of payment thereof, and maintenance of the lease item. 第七百零五条 租赁期限不得超过二十年。超过二十年的，超过部分无效。Article 705 The lease term may not exceed twenty years. More than 20 years, more than part invalid. 租赁期限届满，当事人可以续订租赁合同；但是，约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。 At the expiration of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease contract; however, the agreed lease term shall not exceed twenty years from the date of renewal. 第七百零六条 当事人未依照法律、行政法规规定办理租赁合同登记备案手续的，不影响合同的效力。 Article 706 Failure of the parties to complete the formalities for registration and filing of a lease contract in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall not affect the validity of the contract. 第七百零七条 租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式，无法确定租赁期限的，视为不定期租赁。 Article 707 Where the lease term is six months or more, it shall be in writing. If the parties fail to adopt a written form and are unable to determine the lease term, it shall be regarded as an indefinite lease. 第七百零八条 出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期限内保持租赁物符合约定的用途。 Article 708 The lessor shall deliver the lease item to the lessee in accordance with the contract, and shall maintain the lease item for its intended use during the lease term. 第七百零九条 承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当根据租赁物的性质使用。 Article 709 The lessee shall use the lease item in accordance with the agreed method. Where the method of use of the lease item is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the lease item shall be used in accordance with its nature. 第七百一十条 承租人按照约定的方法或者根据租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担赔偿责任。 Article 710 Where the lessee uses the lease item in the prescribed manner or according to its nature, thereby causing damage to the lease item, it shall not be liable for compensation. 第七百一十一条 承租人未按照约定的方法或者未根据租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并请求赔偿损失。 Article 711 Where the lessee fails to use the lease item in the manner agreed upon or in accordance with its nature, thereby causing damage to the lease item, the lessor may terminate the contract and claim compensation for the damage. 第七百一十二条 出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 712 The lessor shall perform its obligation to maintain the lease item, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第七百一十三条 承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以请求出租人在合理期限内维修。出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。 Article 713 If the lease item needs to be repaired, the lessee may request the lessor to repair it within a reasonable time. If the lessor fails to perform its maintenance obligations, the lessee may repair the equipment itself, and the maintenance expenses shall be borne by the lessor. If the maintenance of the leased item affects the lessee's use, the rent shall be reduced or the lease term extended accordingly. 因承租人的过错致使租赁物需要维修的，出租人不承担前款规定的维修义务。If the lease item needs to be repaired due to the fault of the lessee, the lessor shall not undertake the maintenance obligation stipulated in the preceding paragraph. 第七百一十四条 承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 714 The lessee shall keep the lease item in good condition and shall be liable for any damage or loss to the lease item caused by its improper keeping. 第七百一十五条 承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。Article 715 The lessee may, with the consent of the lessor, improve or add to the lease item. 承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以请求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。 If the lessee improves or adds anything else to the lease item without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may request the lessee to restore the lease item to its original condition or compensate for the losses. 第七百一十六条 承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效；第三人造成租赁物损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。 Article 716 The lessee may sublease the lease item to a third party with the consent of the lessor. If the lessee subleases the leased property, the lease contract between the lessee and the lessor shall remain valid; if a third party causes losses to the leased property, the lessee shall compensate for the losses. 承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。If the lessee sublets the lease without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the contract. 第七百一十七条 承租人经出租人同意将租赁物转租给第三人，转租期限超过承租人剩余租赁期限的，超过部分的约定对出租人不具有法律约束力，但是出租人与承租人另有约定的除外。 Article 717 Where the lessee subleases the lease item to a third party with the consent of the lessor, and the sublease term exceeds the remainder of the lease term of the lessee, the agreement on the excess shall not be legally binding on the lessor, except as otherwise agreed between the lessor and the lessee. 第七百一十八条 出租人知道或者应当知道承租人转租，但是在六个月内未提出异议的，视为出租人同意转租。 Article 718 Where the lessor knows or should know of the sublease, but fails to raise any objection within six months, the lessor shall be deemed to have consented to the sublease. 第七百一十九条 承租人拖欠租金的，次承租人可以代承租人支付其欠付的租金和违约金，但是转租合同对出租人不具有法律约束力的除外。 Article 719 Where the lessee is in arrears with the rent, the sublessee may pay the rent and liquidated damages in arrears on behalf of the lessee, except where the sublease contract is not legally binding on the lessor. 次承租人代为支付的租金和违约金，可以充抵次承租人应当向承租人支付的租金；超出其应付的租金数额的，可以向承租人追偿。 The rent and liquidated damages paid on behalf of the sub-lessee may be used to offset the rent payable by the sub-lessee to the lessee; if the rent exceeds the amount due, the sub-lessee may recover the amount from the lessee. 第七百二十条 在租赁期限内因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 720 Proceeds from Possession and Use of Lease Item During the Term of the Lease shall belong to the lessee, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第七百二十一条 承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。对支付租金的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期限不满一年的，应当在租赁期限届满时支付；租赁期限一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期限不满一年的，应当在租赁期限届满时支付。 Article 721 The lessee shall pay the rent within the prescribed time limit. If the lease term is less than one year, payment shall be made at the expiration of the lease term; if the lease term is more than one year, payment shall be made at the expiration of each year; if the remaining term is less than one year, payment shall be made at the expiration of the lease term. 第七百二十二条 承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以请求承租人在合理期限内支付；承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。 Article 722 Where the lessee fails or delays in paying the rent without justifiable reasons, the lessor may request the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable period of time; if the lessee fails to pay within the time limit, the lessor may terminate the contract. 第七百二十三条 因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以请求减少租金或者不支付租金。 Article 723 Where the lessee is unable to use or benefit from the lease item due to a claim by a third party, the lessee may request a reduction in rent or non-payment of rent. 第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。Where a third party claims rights, the lessee shall promptly notify the lessor. 第七百二十四条 有下列情形之一，非因承租人原因致使租赁物无法使用的，承租人可以解除合同： Article 724 The lessee may terminate the contract if the lease item is rendered unusable for reasons not attributable to the lessee under any of the following circumstances: （一）租赁物被司法机关或者行政机关依法查封、扣押；(1) The leased property has been sealed up or detained by judicial or administrative organs according to law; （二）租赁物权属有争议；(2) The ownership of the leased property is disputed; （三）租赁物具有违反法律、行政法规关于使用条件的强制性规定情形。(3) The leased property violates the mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations on the conditions for use. 第七百二十五条 租赁物在承租人按照租赁合同占有期限内发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。 Article 725 Any change in ownership of the lease item during the lessee's term of possession under the lease contract shall not affect the validity of the lease contract. 第七百二十六条 出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利；但是，房屋按份共有人行使优先购买权或者出租人将房屋出卖给近亲属的除外。 Article 726 Where the lessor sells the leased property, it shall notify the lessee within a reasonable period of time before the sale, and the lessee shall enjoy the right of first refusal to purchase on equal terms, except where the co-owners of the property exercise the right of first refusal or the lessor sells the property to a close relative. 出租人履行通知义务后，承租人在十五日内未明确表示购买的，视为承租人放弃优先购买权。 If the lessee fails to make an express purchase within 15 days after the lessor has fulfilled its notification obligation, the lessee shall be deemed to have waived its preemptive right. 第七百二十七条 出租人委托拍卖人拍卖租赁房屋的，应当在拍卖五日前通知承租人。承租人未参加拍卖的，视为放弃优先购买权。 Article 727 Where a lessor entrusts an auctioneer to auction a leased property, it shall notify the lessee five days before the auction. If the lessee fails to participate in the auction, it shall be deemed to have waived the preemptive right. 第七百二十八条 出租人未通知承租人或者有其他妨害承租人行使优先购买权情形的，承租人可以请求出租人承担赔偿责任。但是，出租人与第三人订立的房屋买卖合同的效力不受影响。 Article 728 Where the lessor fails to notify the lessee, or there are other circumstances impeding the lessee's exercise of its preemptive right, the lessee may request the lessor to assume liability for compensation. However, the validity of the contract for the sale of housing concluded between the lessor and a third party shall not be affected. 第七百二十九条 因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以请求减少租金或者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。 Article 729 Where the lease item is damaged or lost in part or in whole due to any cause not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may request reduction of rent or non-payment of rent; where the purpose of the contract cannot be fulfilled due to damage or loss of the lease item in part or in whole, the lessee may terminate the contract. 第七百三十条 当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁；当事人可以随时解除合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。 Article 730 Term of Lease Where the parties have not agreed or clearly agreed on the term of the lease, and it cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the lease is deemed to be an indefinite lease; the parties may terminate the contract at any time, provided that they notify the other party within a reasonable period of time. 第七百三十一条 租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。 Article 731 Where the lease item endangers the safety or health of the lessee, the lessee may terminate the contract at any time, even though the lessee knew at the time of conclusion of the contract that the lease item was substandard. 第七百三十二条 承租人在房屋租赁期限内死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人或者共同经营人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。 Article 732 If the lessee dies during the lease term of the building, the person or joint operator who lived together with him or her before his death may lease the building in accordance with the original lease contract. 第七百三十三条 租赁期限届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者根据租赁物的性质使用后的状态。 Article 733 At the end of the lease term, the lessee shall return the lease item. The lease item returned shall conform to the condition after being used in accordance with the agreement or according to the nature of the lease item. 第七百三十四条 租赁期限届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但是租赁期限为不定期。 Article 734 Lease Term Continued if the lessee continues to use the lease item at the end of the lease term and the lessor raises no objection, the original lease contract shall continue to be valid, provided that the lease term is indefinite. 租赁期限届满，房屋承租人享有以同等条件优先承租的权利。At the expiration of the lease term, the lessee of the building enjoys the right of priority in leasing under the same conditions. 第十五章 融资租赁合同Chapter XV Financial Lease Contracts 第七百三十五条 融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。 Article 735 A financial leasing contract is a contract in which the lessor purchases the lease item from the seller based on the lessee's choice of the seller and the lease item, provides it to the lessee for use, and the lessee pays the rent. 第七百三十六条 融资租赁合同的内容一般包括租赁物的名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法，租赁期限，租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种，租赁期限届满租赁物的归属等条款。 Article 736 The contents of a financial lease contract generally include terms such as the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance and inspection method of the lease item, the lease term, the lease components, the term, method and currency of payment thereof, and the ownership of the lease item at the end of the lease term. 融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。A financial lease contract shall be in written form. 第七百三十七条 当事人以虚构租赁物方式订立的融资租赁合同无效。Article 737 A financial lease contract concluded by the parties in the form of a fictitious lease item is void. 第七百三十八条 依照法律、行政法规的规定，对于租赁物的经营使用应当取得行政许可的，出租人未取得行政许可不影响融资租赁合同的效力。 Article 738 Where an administrative license is required for the operation and use of the lease item in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations, the lessor's failure to obtain the administrative license shall not affect the validity of the financial lease contract. 第七百三十九条 出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。 Article 739 Where the lessor concludes a sales contract based on the lessee's choice of the seller or the lease item, the seller shall deliver the subject item to the lessee in accordance with the contract, and the lessee shall enjoy the buyer's rights relating to the subject item to be taken delivery of. 第七百四十条 出卖人违反向承租人交付标的物的义务，有下列情形之一的，承租人可以拒绝受领出卖人向其交付的标的物： Article 740 Seller's Breach of Obligation to Deliver Subject Matter to Lessee The lessee may refuse to take delivery of the subject matter delivered to it by the seller under any of the following circumstances: （一）标的物严重不符合约定；(1) the subject matter seriously fails to conform to the contract; （二）未按照约定交付标的物，经承租人或者出租人催告后在合理期限内仍未交付。 (2) failure to deliver the subject matter as agreed and failure to deliver within a reasonable time after being urged by the lessee or lessor. 承租人拒绝受领标的物的，应当及时通知出租人。If the lessee refuses to take delivery of the subject matter, it shall promptly notify the lessor. 第七百四十一条 出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。 Article 741 Lessor, Seller and lessee may agree that if the seller fails to perform its obligations under the sales contract, the lessee shall exercise its right to claim compensation. The lessor shall assist the lessee in exercising his right to claim compensation. 第七百四十二条 承租人对出卖人行使索赔权利，不影响其履行支付租金的义务。但是，承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的，承租人可以请求减免相应租金。 Article 742 The lessee's exercise of its right to claim compensation against the seller shall not affect its performance of its obligation to pay the rent. However, if the lessee relies on the lessor's skills to determine the lease item or the lessor intervenes in the selection of the lease item, the lessee may request a corresponding rent reduction. 第七百四十三条 出租人有下列情形之一，致使承租人对出卖人行使索赔权利失败的，承租人有权请求出租人承担相应的责任： Article 743 Where the lessor is under any of the following circumstances, causing the lessee to fail to exercise its right to claim compensation against the seller, the lessee is entitled to request the lessor to assume corresponding liabilities: （一）明知租赁物有质量瑕疵而不告知承租人；(1) knowingly failing to inform the lessee of quality defects in the leased property; （二）承租人行使索赔权利时，未及时提供必要协助。(2) The lessee fails to provide necessary assistance in time for exercising its right to claim compensation. 出租人怠于行使只能由其对出卖人行使的索赔权利，造成承租人损失的，承租人有权请求出租人承担赔偿责任。 If the lessor fails to exercise the right of claim which can only be exercised against the seller, resulting in the lessee's loss, the lessee is entitled to claim the lessor's liability. 第七百四十四条 出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。 Article 744 Where a sales contract is concluded by the lessor based on the lessee's choice of the seller or the lease item, the lessor may not modify the contents of the contract relating to the lessee without the consent of the lessee. 第七百四十五条 出租人对租赁物享有的所有权，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。 Article 745 The lessor's ownership of the lease item may not be opposed to a bona fide third party until it has been registered. 第七百四十六条 融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。 Article 746 Rent Under a Financial Lease Contract Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the rent under a financial lease contract shall be determined based on most or all of the cost of purchasing the lease item and the lessor's reasonable profit. 第七百四十七条 租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责任。但是，承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。 Article 747 Where the lease item does not conform to the contract or to the purpose for which it is used, the lessor shall not be liable. However, the lessee relies on the lessor's skills to determine the lease item or the lessor intervenes in the selection of the lease item. 第七百四十八条 出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。The lessor shall guarantee the lessee's possession and use of the lease item. 出租人有下列情形之一的，承租人有权请求其赔偿损失：The lessee shall have the right to claim compensation if the lessor has any of the following circumstances: （一）无正当理由收回租赁物；(1) To recover the leased property without proper reasons; （二）无正当理由妨碍、干扰承租人对租赁物的占有和使用；(2) Impeding or interfering with the lessee's possession and use of the leased property without justifiable reasons; （三）因出租人的原因致使第三人对租赁物主张权利；(3) A third party claiming rights to the leased property due to the lessor's reasons; （四）不当影响承租人对租赁物占有和使用的其他情形。(4) Other circumstances that improperly affect the lessee's possession and use of the lease item. 第七百四十九条 承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人人身损害或者财产损失的，出租人不承担责任。 Article 749 Lessor's Liability If the lease item causes personal injury or property loss to a third party during the period in which the lessee is in possession of the lease item, the lessor shall not be liable. 第七百五十条 承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。Article 750 The lessee shall keep and use the lease item properly. 承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。The lessee shall perform the maintenance obligations during the period of possession of the lease item. 第七百五十一条 承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物毁损、灭失的，出租人有权请求承租人继续支付租金，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 751 If the lease item is damaged or lost during the period in which the lessee is in possession of the lease item, the lessor is entitled to request the lessee to continue to pay the rent, except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. 第七百五十二条 承租人应当按照约定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以请求支付全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。 Article 752 The lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the contract. If the lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable period of time after being urged to do so, the lessor may demand payment of the rent in full or terminate the contract and take back the leased property. 第七百五十三条 承租人未经出租人同意，将租赁物转让、抵押、质押、投资入股或者以其他方式处分的，出租人可以解除融资租赁合同。 Article 753 Where the lessee transfers, mortgages, pledges, invests in shares or disposes of the lease item by any other means without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may terminate the financial lease contract. 第七百五十四条 有下列情形之一的，出租人或者承租人可以解除融资租赁合同：Article 754 The lessor or lessee may terminate a financial lease contract under any of the following circumstances: （一）出租人与出卖人订立的买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销，且未能重新订立买卖合同； (1) The contract of sale concluded between the lessor and the seller is terminated, confirmed invalid or revoked, and the contract of sale cannot be re-concluded; （二）租赁物因不可归责于当事人的原因毁损、灭失，且不能修复或者确定替代物； (2) The leased property is damaged or lost due to reasons not attributable to the party concerned, and cannot be repaired or replaced; （三）因出卖人的原因致使融资租赁合同的目的不能实现。(3) The purpose of the financial lease contract cannot be achieved due to the seller's reasons. 第七百五十五条 融资租赁合同因买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销而解除，出卖人、租赁物系由承租人选择的，出租人有权请求承租人赔偿相应损失；但是，因出租人原因致使买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销的除外。 Article 755 Termination of Financial Lease Contract Due to Termination, Invalidity or Revocation of Sales Contract Where the seller or the lessee selected the lease item, the lessor is entitled to claim compensation from the lessee for the corresponding losses, except where the sales contract was terminated, invalidated or revoked due to reasons attributable to the lessor. 出租人的损失已经在买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销时获得赔偿的，承租人不再承担相应的赔偿责任。 If the lessor's losses have been compensated when the sales contract is terminated, confirmed invalid or cancelled, the lessee shall no longer bear the corresponding liability for compensation. 第七百五十六条 融资租赁合同因租赁物交付承租人后意外毁损、灭失等不可归责于当事人的原因解除的，出租人可以请求承租人按照租赁物折旧情况给予补偿。 Article 756 Where a financial lease contract is terminated due to accidental damage or loss of the lease item after it is delivered to the lessee for reasons not attributable to the parties, the lessor may request the lessee to make compensation in accordance with the depreciation of the lease item. 第七百五十七条 出租人和承租人可以约定租赁期限届满租赁物的归属；对租赁物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，租赁物的所有权归出租人。 Article 757 Ownership of Lease Item At the end of the lease term, the lessor and the lessee may agree on the ownership of the lease item; if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear as to the ownership of the lease item, and the ownership of the lease item cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the ownership of the lease item shall vest in the lessor. 第七百五十八条 当事人约定租赁期限届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但是无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以请求相应返还。 Article 758 Lease Item Ownership at the End of Lease Term The parties agreed that the lease item belongs to the lessee at the end of the lease term. The lessee has paid most of the rent but is unable to pay the remainder of the rent. If the lessor rescinds the lease item due to this reason, and the value of the lease item recovered exceeds the rent and other expenses owed by the lessee, the lessee may request a corresponding refund. 当事人约定租赁期限届满租赁物归出租人所有，因租赁物毁损、灭失或者附合、混合于他物致使承租人不能返还的，出租人有权请求承租人给予合理补偿。 If the parties agree that the lease item belongs to the lessor at the end of the lease term, and the lessee is unable to return it due to the damage, loss, attachment or mixture of the lease item with other items, the lessor has the right to demand reasonable compensation from the lessee. 第七百五十九条 当事人约定租赁期限届满，承租人仅需向出租人支付象征性价款的，视为约定的租金义务履行完毕后租赁物的所有权归承租人。 Article 759 Ownership of Lease Item at the End of Lease Term Where the lessee is required to pay only a nominal price to the lessor at the end of the lease term agreed upon by the parties, ownership of the lease item shall be deemed to vest in the lessee upon completion of the agreed rental obligation. 第七百六十条 融资租赁合同无效，当事人就该情形下租赁物的归属有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，租赁物应当返还出租人。但是，因承租人原因致使合同无效，出租人不请求返还或者返还后会显著降低租赁物效用的，租赁物的所有权归承租人，由承租人给予出租人合理补偿。 Article 760 Invalidity of Financial Lease Contract If the parties have agreed on the ownership of the lease item under the circumstances, such agreement shall prevail; if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear, the lease item shall be returned to the lessor. However, if the contract is invalid due to the lessee's reasons, and the lessor does not request the return of the lease item or the return of the lease item will significantly reduce the effectiveness of the lease item, the ownership of the lease item shall belong to the lessee, and the lessee shall give reasonable compensation to the lessor. 第十六章 保理合同Chapter XVI Factoring Contracts 第七百六十一条 保理合同是应收账款债权人将现有的或者将有的应收账款转让给保理人，保理人提供资金融通、应收账款管理或者催收、应收账款债务人付款担保等服务的合同。 Article 761 A factoring contract is a contract whereby an accounts receivable creditor assigns existing or existing accounts receivable to a factoring party, and the factoring party provides services such as financing, accounts receivable management or collection, and guarantee for payment by the accounts receivable debtor. 第七百六十二条 保理合同的内容一般包括业务类型、服务范围、服务期限、基础交易合同情况、应收账款信息、保理融资款或者服务报酬及其支付方式等条款。 Article 762 The contents of a factoring contract generally include terms such as the type of business, the scope of services, the term of services, the conditions of the underlying transaction contract, the information on accounts receivable, the factoring financing amount or the remuneration for services and the method of payment thereof. 保理合同应当采用书面形式。Factoring contracts shall be in writing. 第七百六十三条 应收账款债权人与债务人虚构应收账款作为转让标的，与保理人订立保理合同的，应收账款债务人不得以应收账款不存在为由对抗保理人，但是保理人明知虚构的除外。 Article 763 If an accounts receivable creditor and debtor fabricate accounts receivable as the subject matter of transfer and enter into a factoring contract with a factor, the accounts receivable debtor may not confront the factor on the grounds that the accounts receivable do not exist, unless the factor knows it is fictitious. 第七百六十四条 保理人向应收账款债务人发出应收账款转让通知的，应当表明保理人身份并附有必要凭证。 Article 764 Notification of Assignment of Accounts Receivable When a factor issues a notification of assignment of accounts receivable to an account debtor, it shall indicate the identity of the factor and attach the necessary documents. 第七百六十五条 应收账款债务人接到应收账款转让通知后，应收账款债权人与债务人无正当理由协商变更或者终止基础交易合同，对保理人产生不利影响的，对保理人不发生效力。 Article 765 Modification or Termination of Underlying Transaction Contract After the debtor of an accounts receivable receives notification of the assignment of the accounts receivable, the creditor of the accounts receivable and the debtor negotiate to modify or terminate the underlying transaction contract without justifiable reasons, thereby adversely affecting the factor, and the modification or termination of the underlying transaction contract shall not be effective against the factor. 第七百六十六条 当事人约定有追索权保理的，保理人可以向应收账款债权人主张返还保理融资款本息或者回购应收账款债权，也可以向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权。保理人向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权，在扣除保理融资款本息和相关费用后有剩余的，剩余部分应当返还给应收账款债权人。 Article 766 Where the parties agree that there is a right of recourse to factoring, the factoring party may claim the repayment of principal and interest of the factoring financing amount or the repurchase of the creditor's right of the accounts receivable from the creditor of the accounts receivable, or may claim the creditor's right of the accounts receivable from the debtor of the accounts receivable. The factoring party claims the creditor's right of the accounts receivable from the debtor of the accounts receivable, and if there is any surplus after deducting the principal and interest of the factoring financing fund and relevant expenses, the surplus shall be returned to the creditor of the accounts receivable. 第七百六十七条 当事人约定无追索权保理的，保理人应当向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权，保理人取得超过保理融资款本息和相关费用的部分，无需向应收账款债权人返还。 Article 767 Where the parties agree on non-recourse factoring, the factoring party shall claim the creditor's right of the accounts receivable from the debtor of the accounts receivable, and the factoring party shall not be required to return to the creditor of the accounts receivable the portion obtained in excess of the principal and interest of the factoring financing amount and related expenses. 第七百六十八条 应收账款债权人就同一应收账款订立多个保理合同，致使多个保理人主张权利的，已经登记的先于未登记的取得应收账款；均已经登记的，按照登记时间的先后顺序取得应收账款；均未登记的，由最先到达应收账款债务人的转让通知中载明的保理人取得应收账款；既未登记也未通知的，按照保理融资款或者服务报酬的比例取得应收账款。 Article 768 Where an accounts receivable creditor enters into multiple factoring contracts for the same accounts receivable, resulting in multiple factors claiming rights, the registered factor acquires the accounts receivable before the unregistered factor; where all have been registered, the accounts receivable shall be acquired in the order of registration; where all have not been registered, the factor specified in the assignment notice that first reaches the accounts receivable shall acquire the accounts receivable; If neither registered nor notified, the accounts receivable shall be obtained in proportion to the factoring financing amount or service remuneration. 第七百六十九条 本章没有规定的，适用本编第六章债权转让的有关规定。Article 769 For matters not provided for in this Chapter, the relevant provisions on assignment of claims in Chapter VI of this Part shall apply. 第十七章 承揽合同Chapter XVII Contract of Contracting 第七百七十条 承揽合同是承揽人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人支付报酬的合同。 Article 770 A hiree contract is a contract whereby the hiree completes work as required by the hirer, delivers the work product, and the hirer pays the remuneration. 承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、测试、检验等工作。Contract work includes processing, ordering, repair, duplication, testing and inspection. 第七百七十一条 承揽合同的内容一般包括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬，承揽方式，材料的提供，履行期限，验收标准和方法等条款。 Article 771 Terms of Contract Generally, the terms of a contract of contracting include such terms as the subject matter of the contract, quantity, quality, remuneration, method of contracting, supply of materials, time limit for performance, and criteria and method of acceptance. 第七百七十二条 承揽人应当以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 772 hiree's obligation to perform principal work with hiree's own equipment, technology and labour, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责；未经定作人同意的，定作人也可以解除合同。 Where the hiree delegates the main part of the contracted work to a third party for completion, it shall be responsible to the hirer for the work product completed by that third party; without the consent of the hirer, the hirer may also terminate the contract. 第七百七十三条 承揽人可以将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。承揽人将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责。 The hiree may delegate the ancillary work contracted to a third party for completion. Where the hiree delegates ancillary work to be completed by a third party, it shall be responsible to the hirer for the work product completed by that third party. 第七百七十四条 承揽人提供材料的，应当按照约定选用材料，并接受定作人检验。 Article 774 Hiree's Choice of Materials Where the hiree provides materials, it shall select the materials in accordance with the contract and submit them to inspection by the hirer. 第七百七十五条 定作人提供材料的，应当按照约定提供材料。承揽人对定作人提供的材料应当及时检验，发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。 Article 775 Where the hirer provides materials, it shall provide the materials in accordance with the contract. The hiree shall promptly inspect the materials supplied by the hirer, and if it finds that they do not conform to the contract, it shall promptly notify the hirer to replace them, supplement them or take other remedial measures. 承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。The hiree may not replace without authorization the materials supplied by the hirer, nor may it replace parts and components that do not need repair. 第七百七十六条 承揽人发现定作人提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当及时通知定作人。因定作人怠于答复等原因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Article 776 hiree's notice of unreasonable drawings or technical requirements if the hiree discovers that the drawings or technical requirements provided by the hirer are unreasonable, it shall promptly notify the hirer. If the hiree suffers losses due to the hirer's delay in replying, etc., the hiree shall compensate for the losses. 第七百七十七条 定作人中途变更承揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Article 777 hirer's right to compensate hiree for loss if hirer alters hiree's claim for work midway, thereby causing loss to hiree. 第七百七十八条 承揽工作需要定作人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。定作人不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限；定作人逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。 Article 778 Where the contracted work requires the assistance of the hirer, the hirer has the obligation to provide such assistance. If the hiree fails to perform its obligation of assistance, thereby rendering the hiree unable to complete the work, the hiree may urge the hirer to perform its obligation within a reasonable time limit, and may extend the time limit for performance; if the hirer fails to perform within the time limit, the hiree may terminate the contract. 第七百七十九条 承揽人在工作期间，应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。定作人不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。 Article 779 hiree's acceptance of necessary supervision and inspection by hiree during the period of its work The hirer may not interfere with the hiree's normal work by reason of supervision and inspection. 第七百八十条 承揽人完成工作的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。定作人应当验收该工作成果。 Upon completion of the work, the hiree shall deliver the work product to the hirer and submit the necessary technical materials and relevant quality certificates. The client shall accept the work product. 第七百八十一条 承揽人交付的工作成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以合理选择请求承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿损失等违约责任。 Article 781 hiree's liability for breach of contract if the work product delivered by the hiree does not meet the quality requirements, the hirer may, at its reasonable option, request the hiree to assume liability for breach of contract, such as repair, rework, reduction of remuneration, or compensation for losses. 第七百八十二条 定作人应当按照约定的期限支付报酬。对支付报酬的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在承揽人交付工作成果时支付；工作成果部分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。 Article 782 The hirer shall pay the remuneration within the prescribed time limit. If the time limit for payment of remuneration was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the orderer shall make payment when the hiree delivers the work product; if the work product is partially delivered, the orderer shall make corresponding payment. 第七百八十三条 定作人未向承揽人支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对完成的工作成果享有留置权或者有权拒绝交付，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 783 hiree's right to lien on work product if hirer fails to pay remuneration or material cost to hiree, except as otherwise agreed by the parties 第七百八十四条 承揽人应当妥善保管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 784 hiree's duty to keep materials supplied by hirer and completed work product in good condition; hiree liable for damages resulting from improper custody. 第七百八十五条 承揽人应当按照定作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，不得留存复制品或者技术资料。 Article 785 hiree's obligation to keep secrets as required by hirer, and may not retain copies or technical materials without permission of hirer. 第七百八十六条 共同承揽人对定作人承担连带责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 786 joint hirees jointly liable to hirer, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第七百八十七条 定作人在承揽人完成工作前可以随时解除合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Article 787 hirer may terminate the contract at any time before hiree completes its work, and shall indemnify hiree for losses incurred thereby. 第十八章 建设工程合同Chapter XVIII Construction Project Contracts 第七百八十八条 建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。Article 788 Contract for Construction Project A construction project contract is a contract whereby the contractor performs the construction of the project and the developer pays the price. 建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、施工合同。Construction contracts include contracts for engineering survey, design and construction. 第七百八十九条 建设工程合同应当采用书面形式。A contract for a construction project shall be in writing. 第七百九十条 建设工程的招标投标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、公平、公正进行。 Article 790 Bidding for construction projects shall be conducted in an open, fair and impartial manner in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws. 第七百九十一条 发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同。发包人不得将应当由一个承包人完成的建设工程支解成若干部分发包给数个承包人。 Article 791 Contract Issuing Party's Contract for Construction Project The contract issuing party may enter into a construction project contract with the main contractor, or may enter into contracts for survey, design and construction respectively with the surveyor, designer and constructor. The developer may not divide a construction project that should be completed by one contractor into several parts and contract them out to several contractors. 总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分工作交由第三人完成。第三人就其完成的工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。承包人不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三人或者将其承包的全部建设工程支解以后以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。 The general contractor or the survey, design or construction contractor may, with the consent of the developer, delegate part of the work contracted by itself to a third party for completion. The third party and the general contractor or the survey, design or construction contractor shall bear joint and several liability to the developer for the work results completed by the third party. A contractor may not subcontract the entire construction project contracted to a third party or, after disassembling the entire construction project contracted to, subcontract it separately to a third party in the name of subcontracting. 禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的单位。禁止分包单位将其承包的工程再分包。建设工程主体结构的施工必须由承包人自行完成。 Contractors are prohibited from subcontracting projects to units without corresponding qualifications. Subcontractors are prohibited from subcontracting the contracted projects. The construction of the main structure of the construction project must be completed by the contractor himself. 第七百九十二条 国家重大建设工程合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订立。 Article 792 Contracts for Major State Construction Projects Contracts for Major State Construction Projects shall be concluded in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the State and the investment plans, feasibility study reports and other documents approved by the State. 第七百九十三条 建设工程施工合同无效，但是建设工程经验收合格的，可以参照合同关于工程价款的约定折价补偿承包人。 Article 793 Contract for Construction Project Invalid, but if the construction project has passed acceptance, the contractor may be compensated at a discount by reference to the contract provision regarding the price of the project. 建设工程施工合同无效，且建设工程经验收不合格的，按照以下情形处理：If the construction contract of the construction project is invalid and the construction project fails to pass the acceptance, it shall be handled according to the following circumstances: （一）修复后的建设工程经验收合格的，发包人可以请求承包人承担修复费用；(1) If the repaired construction project passes the acceptance inspection, the employer may request the contractor to bear the repair costs; （二）修复后的建设工程经验收不合格的，承包人无权请求参照合同关于工程价款的约定折价补偿。 (2) If the repaired construction project fails to pass the acceptance inspection, the contractor shall not have the right to claim compensation for the discount with reference to the contract agreement on the project price. 发包人对因建设工程不合格造成的损失有过错的，应当承担相应的责任。If the developer is at fault for the losses caused by the unqualified construction project, he shall bear corresponding responsibilities. 第七百九十四条 勘察、设计合同的内容一般包括提交有关基础资料和概预算等文件的期限、质量要求、费用以及其他协作条件等条款。 Article 794 Terms of Contract for Survey and Design Generally, a contract for survey and design shall include terms such as the time limit for submission of documents such as basic data and budget estimates, quality requirements, fees, and other conditions for cooperation. 第七百九十五条 施工合同的内容一般包括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范围和质量保证期、相互协作等条款。 Article 795 Terms of Construction Contract Generally, a construction contract includes terms such as the scope of the project, the construction period, the time for commencement and completion of the intermediate project, the quality of the project, the cost of the project, the time for delivery of technical data, the responsibility for the supply of materials and equipment, the appropriation and settlement of accounts, the acceptance upon completion of the project, the scope and period of quality warranty, and mutual cooperation. 第七百九十六条 建设工程实行监理的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订立委托监理合同。发包人与监理人的权利和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本编委托合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定。 Article 796 Supervision of Construction Project Where supervision is to be exercised over a construction project, the developer shall conclude a supervision contract in writing with the supervisor. The rights, obligations and legal liabilities of the developer and the supervisor shall be in accordance with the provisions of this part of the entrustment contract and other relevant laws and administrative regulations. 第七百九十七条 发包人在不妨碍承包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业进度、质量进行检查。 Article 797 developer's right to inspect progress and quality of contractor's work Provided that it does not impede normal operation of contractor. 第七百九十八条 隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权请求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。 Article 798 Concealed Project Before a concealed project is concealed, the contractor shall notify the developer to inspect it. If the developer fails to inspect in time, the contractor may postpone the project date and has the right to claim compensation for losses such as work stoppage and delay. 第七百九十九条 建设工程竣工后，发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时进行验收。验收合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。 Article 799 Upon completion of a construction project, the developer shall conduct timely acceptance in accordance with the construction drawings and specifications, and the construction acceptance specifications and quality inspection standards issued by the State. If the acceptance is qualified, the developer shall pay the price as agreed and accept the construction project. 建设工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用；未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使用。 A completed construction project may not be delivered for use until it has passed the acceptance test; a construction project that has not been accepted or has failed the acceptance test may not be delivered for use. 第八百条 勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期，造成发包人损失的，勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。 Article 800 If the survey or design fails to meet the quality requirements or fails to submit the survey or design documents within the time limit and delays the construction period, thereby causing losses to the developer, the surveyor or designer shall continue to perfect the survey or design, reduce or waive the survey or design fee and compensate for the losses. 第八百零一条 因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有权请求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违约责任。 Article 801 If the quality of a construction project fails to conform to the contract due to the fault of the constructor, the developer shall have the right to request the constructor to repair or rework or rebuild it free of charge within a reasonable period of time. If the overdue delivery is caused by repair, rework or reconstruction, the constructor shall bear the liability for breach of contract. 第八百零二条 因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身损害和财产损失的，承包人应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 802 Contractor's Liability for Personal Injury and Property Loss During Reasonable Term of Use of Construction Project Where personal injury or property loss is caused by the contractor during the reasonable term of use of the construction project, the contractor shall be liable for compensation. 第八百零三条 发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权请求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。 Article 803 Contract Issuing Party's Failure to Provide Raw Materials, Equipment, Site, Funds and Technical Information within Time and in Accordance with Contracted Requirements, the contractor may postpone the project date and shall have the right to claim compensation for losses such as work stoppage or delay. 第八百零四条 因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。 Article 804 Where the construction of a project is suspended or delayed midway due to reasons attributable to the developer, the developer shall take measures to make up for or minimize losses and compensate the contractor for losses and actual expenses resulting from work stoppage, delay in work, reshipment, relocation of machinery and equipment, backlog of materials and structural members, etc. 第八百零五条 因发包人变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。 Article 805 If the developer alters its plan, provides inaccurate information, or fails to provide the necessary survey or design working conditions within the time limit, resulting in rework, suspension or design modification, the developer shall pay additional expenses in accordance with the actual workload consumed by the surveyor or designer. 第八百零六条 承包人将建设工程转包、违法分包的，发包人可以解除合同。Article 806 Termination of Contract If a contractor subcontracts a construction project or subcontracts it in violation of the law, the developer may terminate the contract. 发包人提供的主要建筑材料、建筑构配件和设备不符合强制性标准或者不履行协助义务，致使承包人无法施工，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行相应义务的，承包人可以解除合同。 If the main building materials, building components and equipment provided by the contract-issuing party do not conform to mandatory standards or fail to fulfill its assistance obligations, resulting in the contractor being unable to carry out construction, and fails to fulfill its corresponding obligations within a reasonable period of time after being urged to do so, the contractor may terminate the contract. 合同解除后，已经完成的建设工程质量合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付相应的工程价款；已经完成的建设工程质量不合格的，参照本法第七百九十三条的规定处理。 After the termination of the contract, if the completed construction project is qualified in quality, the developer shall pay the corresponding project price in accordance with the contract; if the completed construction project is unqualified in quality, it shall be handled with reference to the provisions of Article 793 of this Law. 第八百零七条 发包人未按照约定支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付的，除根据建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价，也可以请求人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。 Article 807 Failure of Employer to Pay Price in Accordance with Contract, Contractor May Demand Payment from Employer within Reasonable Time. If the developer fails to pay within the time limit, the contractor may negotiate with the developer to discount the project or request the people's court to auction the project according to law, except that the nature of the construction project is not suitable for discount or auction. The price of a construction project shall be paid in priority with respect to the discounted price or auction price of the project. 第八百零八条 本章没有规定的，适用承揽合同的有关规定。Article 808 Matters not provided for in this Chapter shall be governed by the relevant provisions of the contract of contracting. 第十九章 运输合同Chapter XIX Contract of Carriage 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第八百零九条 运输合同是承运人将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或者运输费用的合同。 Article 809 A contract of carriage is a contract whereby the carrier carries the passenger or cargo from the place of departure to the agreed place, and the passenger, shipper or consignee pays the fare or carriage expenses. 第八百一十条 从事公共运输的承运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的运输要求。 Article 810 A carrier engaged in public transport shall not refuse the usual and reasonable carriage requirements of passengers and shippers. 第八百一十一条 承运人应当在约定期限或者合理期限内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。 Article 811 The carrier shall safely transport the passengers and cargo to the agreed place within the agreed time limit or within a reasonable time limit. 第八百一十二条 承运人应当按照约定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运输到约定地点。 Article 812 The carrier shall carry the passengers or cargo to the agreed place by the agreed or ordinary route of carriage. 第八百一十三条 旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者运输费用。 Article 813 The passenger, shipper or consignee shall pay the fare or transportation expenses. If the carrier fails to carry the increased fare or transport expenses by the agreed route or the ordinary route, the passenger, shipper or consignee may refuse to pay the increased fare or transport expenses. 第二节 客运合同Section 2 Passenger Transport Contract 第八百一十四条 客运合同自承运人向旅客出具客票时成立，但是当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。 Article 814 A passenger transport contract is formed when the carrier issues the passenger ticket to the passenger, unless otherwise agreed by the parties or otherwise customary. 第八百一十五条 旅客应当按照有效客票记载的时间、班次和座位号乘坐。旅客无票乘坐、超程乘坐、越级乘坐或者持不符合减价条件的优惠客票乘坐的，应当补交票款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款；旅客不支付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。 Article 815 Passengers shall travel at the time, flight and seat number recorded on the valid ticket. If the passenger rides without a ticket, overrides, overrides, or holds a preferential ticket that does not meet the conditions for fare reduction, he shall pay the fare, and the carrier may charge additional fare in accordance with regulations; if the passenger does not pay the fare, the carrier may refuse transportation. 实名制客运合同的旅客丢失客票的，可以请求承运人挂失补办，承运人不得再次收取票款和其他不合理费用。 If a passenger under a real-name passenger transport contract loses his ticket, he may request the carrier to report the loss and make up for it. The carrier shall not collect ticket money and other unreasonable fees again. 第八百一十六条 旅客因自己的原因不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在约定的期限内办理退票或者变更手续；逾期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再承担运输义务。 Article 816 If the passenger, for his own reasons, is unable to board at the time stated on the passenger ticket, he shall go through the formalities for refund or alteration within the prescribed time limit; if the formalities are handled within the prescribed time limit, the carrier may not refund the money and shall no longer undertake the obligation of carriage. 第八百一十七条 旅客随身携带行李应当符合约定的限量和品类要求；超过限量或者违反品类要求携带行李的，应当办理托运手续。 Article 817 A passenger's carry-on luggage shall conform to the prescribed limit and category requirements; luggage carried in excess of the prescribed limit or in violation of the category requirements shall be checked in. 第八百一十八条 旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及可能危及运输工具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者违禁物品。 Article 818 Passengers shall not carry on their person or carry in their luggage dangerous articles that are inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive or radioactive or that may endanger the safety of persons and property on board the means of transport or prohibited articles. 旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将危险物品或者违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。旅客坚持携带或者夹带危险物品或者违禁物品的，承运人应当拒绝运输。 If the passenger violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may unload, destroy or deliver the dangerous or prohibited articles to the relevant authorities. If the passenger insists on carrying or carrying dangerous articles or prohibited articles, the carrier shall refuse to carry them. 第八百一十九条 承运人应当严格履行安全运输义务，及时告知旅客安全运输应当注意的事项。旅客对承运人为安全运输所作的合理安排应当积极协助和配合。 Article 819 The carrier shall strictly perform its obligations of safe transport and promptly inform passengers of matters requiring attention in safe transport. The passenger shall actively assist and cooperate with the reasonable arrangements made by the carrier for safe carriage. 第八百二十条 承运人应当按照有效客票记载的时间、班次和座位号运输旅客。承运人迟延运输或者有其他不能正常运输情形的，应当及时告知和提醒旅客，采取必要的安置措施，并根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票；由此造成旅客损失的，承运人应当承担赔偿责任，但是不可归责于承运人的除外。 Article 820 The carrier shall transport the passengers according to the time, frequency and seat number recorded on the valid passenger ticket. The carrier shall promptly inform and remind the passenger of any delay in carriage or other circumstances that prevent normal carriage, take necessary measures to accommodate the passenger, and arrange for another flight or refund of the ticket at the request of the passenger; the carrier shall be liable for any loss caused to the passenger as a result thereof, except where such loss is not attributable to the carrier. 第八百二十一条 承运人擅自降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的请求退票或者减收票款；提高服务标准的，不得加收票款。 Article 821 If the carrier reduces the standard of service without authorization, it shall refund the ticket or reduce the fare at the request of the passenger; if the standard of service is increased, no additional fare may be charged. 第八百二十二条 承运人在运输过程中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。 Article 822 The carrier shall, in the course of carriage, make every effort to rescue passengers suffering from acute illness, childbirth or distress. 第八百二十三条 承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担赔偿责任；但是，伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。 Article 823 The carrier shall be liable for the death or injury of the passenger in the course of carriage, except where the death or injury was caused by the health of the passenger or where the carrier proves that the death or injury was caused intentionally or through gross negligence of the passenger. 前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to passengers without tickets who are exempt from fare, hold preferential tickets or travel with the permission of the carrier in accordance with relevant regulations. 第八百二十四条 在运输过程中旅客随身携带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 824 Liability for Damage or Loss of Passenger's Carry-On Articles If the carrier is at fault for damage or loss of the carry-on articles of the passenger in the course of carriage, he shall be liable for compensation. 旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用货物运输的有关规定。In case of damage or loss of the passenger's checked baggage, the relevant provisions governing the carriage of goods shall apply. 第三节 货运合同Section 3 Freight Contract 第八百二十五条 托运人办理货物运输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的姓名、名称或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关货物运输的必要情况。 Article 825 Consignor's Carriage of Goods The consignor, in carrying out the carriage of the goods, shall accurately indicate to the carrier the name of the consignee or consignee to order, the name, nature, weight and quantity of the goods, and the place of receipt of the goods and other necessary information relating to the carriage of the goods. 因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担赔偿责任。 The shipper shall be liable for any loss suffered by the carrier as a result of any misrepresentation or omission of material information by the shipper. 第八百二十六条 货物运输需要办理审批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人。 Article 826 Where the carriage of goods requires approval, inspection, etc., the shipper shall submit to the carrier documents showing that the relevant formalities have been completed. 第八百二十七条 托运人应当按照约定的方式包装货物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六百一十九条的规定。 Article 827 The shipper shall pack the goods in the agreed manner. Where there is no stipulation or the stipulation is not clear, the provisions of Article 619 of this Law shall apply. 托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输。If the shipper violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may refuse carriage. 第八百二十八条 托运人托运易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的规定对危险物品妥善包装，做出危险物品标志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。 Article 828 Where the shipper consigns inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, radioactive or other dangerous goods, it shall properly pack the dangerous goods, mark and label them in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State on the transport of dangerous goods, and submit to the carrier written information concerning the name, nature and preventive measures of the dangerous goods. 托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人负担。 If the shipper violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may refuse carriage or take appropriate measures to avoid loss, and the expenses incurred thereby shall be borne by the shipper. 第八百二十九条 在承运人将货物交付收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物交给其他收货人，但是应当赔偿承运人因此受到的损失。 Article 829 Before the carrier delivers the goods to the consignee, the shipper may require the carrier to suspend the carriage, return the goods, change the place of arrival or hand over the goods to another consignee, but shall indemnify the carrier for any loss suffered thereby. 第八百三十条 货物运输到达后，承运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货人，收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。 Article 830 Carrier's Notification of Consignee's Arrival After the arrival of the cargo, if the carrier knows of the consignee, he shall promptly notify the consignee, and the consignee shall promptly take delivery of the goods. If the consignee delays in taking delivery of the goods, it shall pay to the carrier storage fees and other expenses. 第八百三十一条 收货人提货时应当按照约定的期限检验货物。对检验货物的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合理期限内检验货物。收货人在约定的期限或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付的初步证据。 Article 831 Consignee's Inspection of Goods at Time of Delivery The consignee shall inspect the goods at the agreed time limit. If the time limit for inspecting the goods is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 510 of this Law, the goods shall be inspected within a reasonable time limit. If the consignee does not object to the quantity, damage, etc. of the goods within the agreed time limit or within a reasonable time limit, it is deemed prima facie evidence that the carrier has delivered the goods in accordance with the description in the transport document. 第八百三十二条 承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担赔偿责任。但是，承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承担赔偿责任。 The carrier shall be liable for damage to or loss of the goods in the course of carriage. However, the carrier shall not be liable if he proves that the damage to or loss of the goods was caused by force majeure, the natural nature of the goods or reasonable wear and tear, or the fault of the shipper or consignee. 第八百三十三条 货物的毁损、灭失的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格计算。法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 833 Amount of Compensation for Damage to or Loss of Goods If the parties have agreed upon it, such agreement shall prevail; if there is no such agreement or such agreement is unclear and cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, the amount of compensation shall be calculated at the market price at the place of arrival of the goods at the time of delivery or when delivery should have been made. Where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise for the calculation method of the amount of compensation and the limit of compensation, such provisions shall prevail. 第八百三十四条 两个以上承运人以同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任；损失发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责任。 Article 834 If two or more carriers are engaged in combined transportation by the same mode of transport, the carrier that has concluded a contract with the shipper shall be liable for the entire carriage; if the loss occurs in a particular segment of transport, the carrier that has concluded a contract with the shipper and the carrier in that segment shall be jointly and severally liable. 第八百三十五条 货物在运输过程中因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人不得请求支付运费；已经收取运费的，托运人可以请求返还。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 835 Cargo Loss Due to Force Majeure If the freight has not been charged, the carrier may not claim payment of the freight; if the freight has been charged, the shipper may claim restitution. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第八百三十六条 托运人或者收货人不支付运费、保管费或者其他费用的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 836 Carrier's Right of Lien on Carriage If the shipper or consignee fails to pay the freight, storage charge or other charges, the carrier has a lien on the corresponding goods, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第八百三十七条 收货人不明或者收货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，承运人依法可以提存货物。 If the consignee is unknown or refuses to take delivery of the goods without justifiable reasons, the carrier may deposit the goods according to law. 第四节 多式联运合同Section IV Multimodal Transport Contract 第八百三十八条 多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的义务。 Article 838 The multimodal transport operator shall be responsible for the performance or organization of the performance of the multimodal transport contract and shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations of the carrier throughout the carriage. 第八百三十九条 多式联运经营人可以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责任；但是，该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全程运输承担的义务。 Article 839 The multimodal transport operator may agree with the segment carriers participating in the multimodal transport as to their mutual responsibilities in respect of the segments of the multimodal transport contract; provided, however, that such agreement shall not affect the obligations of the multimodal transport operator for the entire carriage. 第八百四十条 多式联运经营人收到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联运单据。按照托运人的要求，多式联运单据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让单据。 Article 840 The multimodal transport operator shall issue a multimodal transport document upon receipt of the goods delivered by the shipper. A multimodal transport document may be negotiable or non-negotiable at the request of the shipper. 第八百四十一条 因托运人托运货物时的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍然应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 841 Where the multimodal transport operator suffers loss due to the fault of the shipper in consigning the goods, the shipper shall be liable for compensation even if the multimodal transport document has been transferred by the shipper. 第八百四十二条 货物的毁损、灭失发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定；货物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定的，依照本章规定承担赔偿责任。 Article 842 Where damage to or loss of the goods occurs in a particular segment of multimodal transport, the provisions of the relevant law regulating the mode of transport in that segment shall apply to the liability and limitation of liability of the multimodal transport operator; if the segment of transport in which damage to or loss of the goods occurred cannot be determined, the liability shall be borne in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter. 第二十章 技术合同Chapter XX Technology Contracts 第一节 一般规定Section I General Provisions 第八百四十三条 技术合同是当事人就技术开发、转让、许可、咨询或者服务订立的确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。 Article 843 A technology contract is a contract whereby the parties establish their mutual rights and obligations in respect of the development, transfer, licensing, consulting or service of technology. 第八百四十四条 订立技术合同，应当有利于知识产权的保护和科学技术的进步，促进科学技术成果的研发、转化、应用和推广。 Article 844 The conclusion of a technology contract shall be conducive to the protection of intellectual property rights and the progress of science and technology, and promote the research and development, transformation, application and popularization of scientific and technological achievements. 第八百四十五条 技术合同的内容一般包括项目的名称，标的的内容、范围和要求，履行的计划、地点和方式，技术信息和资料的保密，技术成果的归属和收益的分配办法，验收标准和方法，名词和术语的解释等条款。 Article 845 The contents of a technology contract generally include the name of the project, the content, scope and requirements of the subject matter, the plan, location and method of performance, the confidentiality of technical information and materials, the ownership of technical results and the distribution method of benefits, Acceptance standards and methods, explanations of terms and terminology, etc. 与履行合同有关的技术背景资料、可行性论证和技术评价报告、项目任务书和计划书、技术标准、技术规范、原始设计和工艺文件，以及其他技术文档，按照当事人的约定可以作为合同的组成部分。 Technical background information, feasibility studies and technical evaluation reports, project specifications and plans, technical standards, technical specifications, original design and process documents, and other technical documents related to the performance of the contract may be regarded as integral parts of the contract according to the agreement of the parties. 技术合同涉及专利的，应当注明发明创造的名称、专利申请人和专利权人、申请日期、申请号、专利号以及专利权的有效期限。 Where the technology contract involves a patent, it shall indicate the name of the invention-creation, the applicant for the patent and the patentee, the date of application, the application number, the patent number and the term of validity of the patent right. 第八百四十六条 技术合同价款、报酬或者使用费的支付方式由当事人约定，可以采取一次总算、一次总付或者一次总算、分期支付，也可以采取提成支付或者提成支付附加预付入门费的方式。 Article 846 Method of Payment of Price, Remuneration or Royalty in Technology Contract The parties shall agree on the method of payment of the price, remuneration or royalties in a technology contract, which may be a lump sum payment, a lump sum payment or a lump sum payment or installment payment, or a royalty payment or a royalty payment for an additional introductory fee. 约定提成支付的，可以按照产品价格、实施专利和使用技术秘密后新增的产值、利润或者产品销售额的一定比例提成，也可以按照约定的其他方式计算。提成支付的比例可以采取固定比例、逐年递增比例或者逐年递减比例。 Where commission payment is agreed upon, the commission may be calculated in accordance with a certain proportion of the product price, the newly increased output value, profit or product sales volume after the patent is applied and the technical secret is used, or in accordance with other agreed methods. The percentage of royalty payment may be fixed, increasing year by year or decreasing year by year. 约定提成支付的，当事人可以约定查阅有关会计账目的办法。Where a royalty payment is agreed upon, the parties may agree on methods for consulting relevant accounting accounts. 第八百四十七条 职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于法人或者非法人组织的，法人或者非法人组织可以就该项职务技术成果订立技术合同。法人或者非法人组织订立技术合同转让职务技术成果时，职务技术成果的完成人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。 Article 847 Where the right to use or transfer a technological achievement made by employment belongs to a legal person or organization without legal personality, the legal person or organization without legal personality may conclude a technology contract in respect of the technological achievement made by employment. When a legal person or an organization without legal personality enters into a technology contract for the transfer of a job-related technological achievement, the person who completed the job-related technological achievement shall enjoy the right of priority in the transfer under the same conditions. 职务技术成果是执行法人或者非法人组织的工作任务，或者主要是利用法人或者非法人组织的物质技术条件所完成的技术成果。 Technological achievements of employment are technological achievements made by carrying out the tasks of legal persons or organizations without legal persons, or mainly by utilizing the material and technological conditions of legal persons or organizations without legal persons. 第八百四十八条 非职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于完成技术成果的个人，完成技术成果的个人可以就该项非职务技术成果订立技术合同。 Article 848 The right to use and transfer a non-job technological achievement belongs to the individual who completed the technological achievement, and the individual who completed the technological achievement may conclude a technology contract with respect to the non-job technological achievement. 第八百四十九条 完成技术成果的个人享有在有关技术成果文件上写明自己是技术成果完成者的权利和取得荣誉证书、奖励的权利。 Article 849 An individual who has accomplished a technological achievement shall enjoy the right to indicate on the relevant documents of the technological achievement that he or she has accomplished the technological achievement, and the right to obtain certificates of honor and awards. 第八百五十条 非法垄断技术或者侵害他人技术成果的技术合同无效。Article 850 A technology contract that illegally monopolizes technology or infringes on the technological achievements of others is null and void. 第二节 技术开发合同Section 2 Technology Development Contracts 第八百五十一条 技术开发合同是当事人之间就新技术、新产品、新工艺、新品种或者新材料及其系统的研究开发所订立的合同。 Article 851 Technology Development Contract A technology development contract is a contract concluded between the parties concerning the research and development of a new technology, product, process, variety or material and its system. 技术开发合同包括委托开发合同和合作开发合同。Technology development contracts include entrusted development contracts and cooperative development contracts. 技术开发合同应当采用书面形式。A technology development contract shall be in written form. 当事人之间就具有实用价值的科技成果实施转化订立的合同，参照适用技术开发合同的有关规定。 A contract concluded between the parties concerning the transformation of a scientific or technological achievement of practical value shall be governed by reference to the relevant provisions of a technology development contract. 第八百五十二条 委托开发合同的委托人应当按照约定支付研究开发经费和报酬，提供技术资料，提出研究开发要求，完成协作事项，接受研究开发成果。 Article 852 Entrusted Development Contract The client under an entrusted development contract shall, in accordance with the contract, pay the research and development funds and remuneration, provide technical materials, set forth requirements for research and development, complete the cooperation matters and accept the results of research and development. 第八百五十三条 委托开发合同的研究开发人应当按照约定制定和实施研究开发计划，合理使用研究开发经费，按期完成研究开发工作，交付研究开发成果，提供有关的技术资料和必要的技术指导，帮助委托人掌握研究开发成果。 Article 853 The research and development party under a commissioned development contract shall formulate and implement a research and development plan in accordance with the contract, make rational use of research and development funds, complete the research and development work on schedule, deliver the research and development results, provide relevant technical materials and necessary technical guidance, and assist the client in mastering the research and development results. 第八百五十四条 委托开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。 Article 854 party to commissioned development contract liable for breach of contract if breach of contract causes stagnation, delay or failure of research and development. 第八百五十五条 合作开发合同的当事人应当按照约定进行投资，包括以技术进行投资，分工参与研究开发工作，协作配合研究开发工作。 Article 855 The parties to a cooperative development contract shall make investments in accordance with the agreement, including investment in technology, participate in research and development work according to division of labor, and cooperate in research and development work. 第八百五十六条 合作开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。 Article 856 Party to Cooperative Development Contract Should a party to a cooperative development contract breach the contract and thereby cause stagnation, delay or failure of the research and development work, it shall be liable for breach of contract. 第八百五十七条 作为技术开发合同标的的技术已经由他人公开，致使技术开发合同的履行没有意义的，当事人可以解除合同。 Article 857 If the technology that is the subject matter of a technology development contract has been made public by others, making the performance of the technology development contract meaningless, the parties may terminate the contract. 第八百五十八条 技术开发合同履行过程中，因出现无法克服的技术困难，致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的，该风险由当事人约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，风险由当事人合理分担。 Article 858 Risk Allocation Where insurmountable technical difficulties arise in the course of performance of a technology development contract, resulting in failure or partial failure of the research and development, such risk shall be agreed upon by the parties; where there is no such agreement or the agreement is unclear and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 510 of this Law, the risk shall be allocated reasonably by the parties. 当事人一方发现前款规定的可能致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的情形时，应当及时通知另一方并采取适当措施减少损失；没有及时通知并采取适当措施，致使损失扩大的，应当就扩大的损失承担责任。 If a party discovers any circumstance as mentioned in the preceding paragraph that may lead to failure or partial failure of research and development, it shall promptly notify the other party and take appropriate measures to reduce losses; if it fails to promptly notify and take appropriate measures, resulting in increased losses, it shall be liable for the increased losses. 第八百五十九条 委托开发完成的发明创造，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，申请专利的权利属于研究开发人。研究开发人取得专利权的，委托人可以依法实施该专利。 Article 859 Except as otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, the right to apply for a patent for an invention-creation completed through entrusted development belongs to the research developer. Where the research developer obtains the patent right, the client may exploit the patent according to law. 研究开发人转让专利申请权的，委托人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。Where the research and development party assigns the right to apply for a patent, the client shall enjoy the right of priority to be assigned under the same conditions. 第八百六十条 合作开发完成的发明创造，申请专利的权利属于合作开发的当事人共有；当事人一方转让其共有的专利申请权的，其他各方享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 860 The right to apply for a patent for an invention-creation resulting from cooperative development shall be jointly owned by the parties to the cooperative development; where one party assigns its jointly owned right to apply for a patent, the other parties shall enjoy the right of priority in assignment under the same conditions. Unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 合作开发的当事人一方声明放弃其共有的专利申请权的，除当事人另有约定外，可以由另一方单独申请或者由其他各方共同申请。申请人取得专利权的，放弃专利申请权的一方可以免费实施该专利。 Where one party to a cooperative development declares that it waives its joint right to apply for a patent, the other party may apply alone or jointly, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. Where the applicant obtains the patent right, the party waiving the right to apply for the patent may exploit the patent free of charge. 合作开发的当事人一方不同意申请专利的，另一方或者其他各方不得申请专利。If one party to a cooperative development does not agree to apply for a patent, the other party or parties may not apply for a patent. 第八百六十一条 委托开发或者合作开发完成的技术秘密成果的使用权、转让权以及收益的分配办法，由当事人约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，在没有相同技术方案被授予专利权前，当事人均有使用和转让的权利。但是，委托开发的研究开发人不得在向委托人交付研究开发成果之前，将研究开发成果转让给第三人。 Article 861 The right to use, transfer and distribute the proceeds of the technical secret resulting from the commissioned or cooperative development shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned; where there is no such agreement or the agreement is unclear and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the parties shall have the right to use and transfer the same technical solution until such time as no patent right has been granted. However, the commissioned developer may not transfer the research and development results to a third party before delivering the research and development results to the client. 第三节 技术转让合同和技术许可合同Section III Technology Transfer Contracts and Technology Licensing Contracts 第八百六十二条 技术转让合同是合法拥有技术的权利人，将现有特定的专利、专利申请、技术秘密的相关权利让与他人所订立的合同。 Article 862 Technology Transfer Contract A technology transfer contract is a contract entered into by the holder of the right to legally own the technology to transfer to another person the relevant rights in an existing specific patent, patent application or technical secret. 技术许可合同是合法拥有技术的权利人，将现有特定的专利、技术秘密的相关权利许可他人实施、使用所订立的合同。 A technology licensing contract is a contract concluded by the holder of a technology that legally owns it and licenses the relevant rights of existing specific patents and technical secrets to others to implement and use them. 技术转让合同和技术许可合同中关于提供实施技术的专用设备、原材料或者提供有关的技术咨询、技术服务的约定，属于合同的组成部分。 The provisions in technology transfer contracts and technology licensing contracts concerning the provision of special equipment and raw materials for the implementation of technology or the provision of relevant technical advice and technical services are integral parts of the contracts. 第八百六十三条 技术转让合同包括专利权转让、专利申请权转让、技术秘密转让等合同。 Article 863 Technology transfer contracts include contracts for the assignment of patent rights, the right to apply for patents, and the transfer of technological secrets. 技术许可合同包括专利实施许可、技术秘密使用许可等合同。Technology licensing contracts include patent licensing, licensing of technical secrets and other contracts. 技术转让合同和技术许可合同应当采用书面形式。Technology transfer contracts and technology licensing contracts shall be in written form. 第八百六十四条 技术转让合同和技术许可合同可以约定实施专利或者使用技术秘密的范围，但是不得限制技术竞争和技术发展。 Article 864 Technology Transfer Contracts and Technology Licensing Contracts may stipulate the scope of exploitation of a patent or the use of a technical secret, provided that they do not restrict technological competition and technological development. 第八百六十五条 专利实施许可合同仅在该专利权的存续期限内有效。专利权有效期限届满或者专利权被宣告无效的，专利权人不得就该专利与他人订立专利实施许可合同。 Article 865 A patent license contract shall be valid only for the duration of the patent right. Where the term of validity of the patent right expires or the patent right is declared invalid, the patentee may not conclude a patent exploitation license contract with any other person in respect of the patent. 第八百六十六条 专利实施许可合同的许可人应当按照约定许可被许可人实施专利，交付实施专利有关的技术资料，提供必要的技术指导。 Article 866 The licensor under a patent exploitation license contract shall, in accordance with the contract, license the licensee to exploit the patent, deliver the technical materials related to the exploitation of the patent, and provide necessary technical guidance. 第八百六十七条 专利实施许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定实施专利，不得许可约定以外的第三人实施该专利，并按照约定支付使用费。 Article 867 The licensee under a patent exploitation license contract shall exploit the patent in accordance with the contract, may not license the exploitation of the patent to a third party other than the one stipulated in the contract, and shall pay the royalties in accordance with the contract. 第八百六十八条 技术秘密转让合同的让与人和技术秘密使用许可合同的许可人应当按照约定提供技术资料，进行技术指导，保证技术的实用性、可靠性，承担保密义务。 Article 868 The transferor of a technology secret transfer contract and the licensor of a technology secret license contract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide technical information, provide technical guidance, guarantee the practicality and reliability of the technology, and assume the obligation of confidentiality. 前款规定的保密义务，不限制许可人申请专利，但是当事人另有约定的除外。The obligation of confidentiality provided for in the preceding paragraph shall not restrict the licensor from applying for a patent, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第八百六十九条 技术秘密转让合同的受让人和技术秘密使用许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定使用技术，支付转让费、使用费，承担保密义务。 Article 869 Transferees Under a Technology Secret Transfer Contract and Licensees Under a Technology Secret License Contract shall use the technology in accordance with the contract, pay the transfer fees and royalties, and assume confidentiality obligations. 第八百七十条 技术转让合同的让与人和技术许可合同的许可人应当保证自己是所提供的技术的合法拥有者，并保证所提供的技术完整、无误、有效，能够达到约定的目标。 Article 870 The transferor of a technology transfer contract and the licensor of a technology licensing contract shall warrant that they are the lawful owners of the technology provided, and that the technology provided is complete, error-free and effective and capable of achieving the agreed objectives. 第八百七十一条 技术转让合同的受让人和技术许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定的范围和期限，对让与人、许可人提供的技术中尚未公开的秘密部分，承担保密义务。 Article 871 Obligations of Confidentiality The transferee under a technology transfer contract and the licensee under a technology licensing contract shall, within the agreed scope and time limit, assume the obligation of confidentiality with respect to the undisclosed secret portion of the technology provided by the transferor or licensor. 第八百七十二条 许可人未按照约定许可技术的，应当返还部分或者全部使用费，并应当承担违约责任；实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，违反约定擅自许可第三人实施该项专利或者使用该项技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任；违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。 Article 872 Where the licensor fails to license the technology in accordance with the agreement, it shall refund part or all of the royalties and bear the liability for breach of contract; where the licensor exploits the patent or uses the technical secret beyond the agreed scope, or authorizes a third party to exploit the patent or use the technical secret without authorization in violation of the agreement, it shall cease the breach and bear the liability for breach of contract; where it violates the agreed obligation of confidentiality, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract. 让与人承担违约责任，参照适用前款规定。The transferor shall bear the liability for breach of contract, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第八百七十三条 被许可人未按照约定支付使用费的，应当补交使用费并按照约定支付违约金；不补交使用费或者支付违约金的，应当停止实施专利或者使用技术秘密，交还技术资料，承担违约责任；实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，未经许可人同意擅自许可第三人实施该专利或者使用该技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任；违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。 Article 873 Where the licensee fails to pay the royalties as agreed, it shall pay the royalties and liquidated damages as agreed; where the licensee fails to pay the royalties or liquidated damages, it shall cease the exploitation of the patent or use of the technical secret, return the technical data and bear the liability for breach of contract; Where the exploitation of a patent or the use of a technical secret exceeds the agreed scope, or where a third party is authorized to exploit the patent or use the technical secret without the consent of the licensor, the act of breach shall cease and the party concerned shall be liable for breach of contract; where the party violates the agreed obligation of confidentiality, the party concerned shall be liable for breach of contract. 受让人承担违约责任，参照适用前款规定。The assignee shall bear the liability for breach of contract, and the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第八百七十四条 受让人或者被许可人按照约定实施专利、使用技术秘密侵害他人合法权益的，由让与人或者许可人承担责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 874 Where the assignee or licensee infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of another person by exploiting the patent or using the technical secret in accordance with the contract, the assignor or licensor shall be liable, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第八百七十五条 当事人可以按照互利的原则，在合同中约定实施专利、使用技术秘密后续改进的技术成果的分享办法；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，一方后续改进的技术成果，其他各方无权分享。 Article 875 The parties may, in accordance with the principle of mutual benefit, agree in the contract on the method for sharing the technological achievement resulting from the exploitation of the patent or the subsequent improvement using the technical secret; where there is no such agreement or the agreement is unclear and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the other parties shall not have the right to share the technological achievement resulting from the subsequent improvement made by one party. 第八百七十六条 集成电路布图设计专有权、植物新品种权、计算机软件著作权等其他知识产权的转让和许可，参照适用本节的有关规定。 Article 876 The relevant provisions of this Section shall apply mutatis mutandis to the assignment and licensing of other intellectual property rights, such as the exclusive right in the layout-design of integrated circuits, the right in new plant varieties and the copyright in computer software. 第八百七十七条 法律、行政法规对技术进出口合同或者专利、专利申请合同另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 877 Where any law or administrative regulation provides otherwise with respect to a technology import or export contract or a patent or patent application contract, such provision shall prevail. 第四节 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同Section IV Technical Consulting Contracts and Technical Service Contracts 第八百七十八条 技术咨询合同是当事人一方以技术知识为对方就特定技术项目提供可行性论证、技术预测、专题技术调查、分析评价报告等所订立的合同。 Article 878 Technical Consulting Contract A technical consulting contract is a contract whereby one party provides the other party with its technical knowledge in respect of a specified technical project, such as feasibility studies, technical forecasts, special technical surveys, analytical evaluation reports, etc. 技术服务合同是当事人一方以技术知识为对方解决特定技术问题所订立的合同，不包括承揽合同和建设工程合同。 A technical service contract is a contract concluded by one party to solve a specific technical problem for the other party with its technical knowledge, excluding contracting contracts and construction contracts. 第八百七十九条 技术咨询合同的委托人应当按照约定阐明咨询的问题，提供技术背景材料及有关技术资料，接受受托人的工作成果，支付报酬。 Article 879 client's obligations under technical consulting contract the client under a technical consulting contract shall, in accordance with the contract, clarify the issues to be consulted, provide technical background materials and relevant technical data, accept the work product of the agent, and pay remuneration. 第八百八十条 技术咨询合同的受托人应当按照约定的期限完成咨询报告或者解答问题，提出的咨询报告应当达到约定的要求。 Article 880 The trustee under a technical consulting contract shall complete the consulting report or answer the questions within the prescribed time limit, and the consulting report submitted shall meet the prescribed requirements. 第八百八十一条 技术咨询合同的委托人未按照约定提供必要的资料，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。 Article 881 Payment of Remuneration under Technical Consulting Contract Where the client under a technical consulting contract fails to provide the necessary information as agreed, thereby affecting the progress and quality of the work, or fails to accept or delays in accepting the work product, the remuneration paid may not be recovered, and the unpaid remuneration shall be paid. 技术咨询合同的受托人未按期提出咨询报告或者提出的咨询报告不符合约定的，应当承担减收或者免收报酬等违约责任。 If the trustee of the technical consulting contract fails to submit the consulting report on schedule or the consulting report submitted does not comply with the agreement, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract such as reduction or exemption of remuneration. 技术咨询合同的委托人按照受托人符合约定要求的咨询报告和意见作出决策所造成的损失，由委托人承担，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, losses incurred by the client in making decisions in accordance with the consultant's consulting reports and opinions that meet the agreed requirements shall be borne by the client. 第八百八十二条 技术服务合同的委托人应当按照约定提供工作条件，完成配合事项，接受工作成果并支付报酬。 The client under a technical service contract shall, in accordance with the contract, provide the working conditions, complete the cooperation, accept the work product and pay remuneration. 第八百八十三条 技术服务合同的受托人应当按照约定完成服务项目，解决技术问题，保证工作质量，并传授解决技术问题的知识。 Article 883 Service Provider Under a technical service contract, the service provider shall, in accordance with the contract, complete the service project, solve the technical problems, ensure the quality of work, and impart the knowledge for solving the technical problems. 第八百八十四条 技术服务合同的委托人不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。 Article 884 Payment of Remuneration under Technical Service Contract Where the client under a technical service contract fails to perform its obligations under the contract or fails to perform its obligations in conformity with the terms of the contract, thereby affecting the progress and quality of the work, or fails to accept or delays in accepting the work product, the remuneration paid may not be recovered, and the unpaid remuneration shall be paid. 技术服务合同的受托人未按照约定完成服务工作的，应当承担免收报酬等违约责任。 If the trustee of the technical service contract fails to complete the service work as agreed upon, it shall bear the liability for breach of contract such as exemption from remuneration. 第八百八十五条 技术咨询合同、技术服务合同履行过程中，受托人利用委托人提供的技术资料和工作条件完成的新的技术成果，属于受托人。委托人利用受托人的工作成果完成的新的技术成果，属于委托人。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 Article 885 New Technical Achievements Completed by the Trustee During the course of performance of a technical consulting contract or a technical service contract, any new technical achievements completed by the Trustee using the technical materials and working conditions provided by the client belong to the Trustee. The new technical achievements completed by the client using the trustee's work achievements belong to the client. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 第八百八十六条 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同对受托人正常开展工作所需费用的负担没有约定或者约定不明确的，由受托人负担。 Article 886 Burden of Expenses in Technical Consulting Contract and Technical Service Contract Where there is no provision or explicit provision in a technical consulting contract for the trustee to bear the expenses necessary for the normal performance of its work, the trustee shall bear the expenses. 第八百八十七条 法律、行政法规对技术中介合同、技术培训合同另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 887 Where laws and administrative regulations provide otherwise with respect to technology intermediary contracts and technical training contracts, such provisions shall prevail. 第二十一章 保管合同Chapter XXI Custody Contract 第八百八十八条 保管合同是保管人保管寄存人交付的保管物，并返还该物的合同。 Article 888 Custody Contract A custody contract is a contract whereby the depositary keeps and returns the deposit delivered by the depositor. 寄存人到保管人处从事购物、就餐、住宿等活动，将物品存放在指定场所的，视为保管，但是当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。 Where the depositor goes to the depository to engage in such activities as shopping, dining, lodging, etc., and deposits the article in a designated place, it shall be deemed to be in custody, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties or otherwise customary in transactions. 第八百八十九条 寄存人应当按照约定向保管人支付保管费。Article 889 The depositor shall pay the safekeeping fee to the depositary in accordance with the contract. 当事人对保管费没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为无偿保管。 Where the parties have not stipulated or clearly stipulated the storage fee, and it cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the storage shall be deemed to be free of charge. 第八百九十条 保管合同自保管物交付时成立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。Article 890 A custody contract is formed upon delivery of the deposit, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. 第八百九十一条 寄存人向保管人交付保管物的，保管人应当出具保管凭证，但是另有交易习惯的除外。 Article 891 Where the depositor delivers the deposit to the depositary, the depositary shall issue a custody certificate, unless otherwise customary. 第八百九十二条 保管人应当妥善保管保管物。Article 892 The depositary shall keep the deposit properly. 当事人可以约定保管场所或者方法。除紧急情况或者为维护寄存人利益外，不得擅自改变保管场所或者方法。 The parties may agree on the place or method of storage. Except in case of emergency or to protect the interests of the depositor, the place or method of storage shall not be changed without authorization. 第八百九十三条 寄存人交付的保管物有瑕疵或者根据保管物的性质需要采取特殊保管措施的，寄存人应当将有关情况告知保管人。寄存人未告知，致使保管物受损失的，保管人不承担赔偿责任；保管人因此受损失的，除保管人知道或者应当知道且未采取补救措施外，寄存人应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 893 Where the deposit delivered by the depositor is defective or special custody measures are required in view of the nature of the deposit, the depositor shall inform the depositor of the relevant circumstances. The depositor shall not be liable for damages caused to the deposit by the depositor's failure to inform; the depositor shall be liable for damages caused to the deposit by the depositor, unless the depositor knew or should have known and failed to take remedial measures. 第八百九十四条 保管人不得将保管物转交第三人保管，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 894 Depositary's Transfer of Deposit to Third Party for Custody Except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 保管人违反前款规定，将保管物转交第三人保管，造成保管物损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。 Where the depository violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph by transferring the deposit to a third party for safekeeping, thereby causing losses to the deposit, he shall be liable for compensation. 第八百九十五条 保管人不得使用或者许可第三人使用保管物，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 895 Depositary May Not Use or Permit Third Party to Use Deposit, Except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第八百九十六条 第三人对保管物主张权利的，除依法对保管物采取保全或者执行措施外，保管人应当履行向寄存人返还保管物的义务。 Article 896 Where a third party claims rights in the deposit, the depositary shall perform its obligation to return the deposit to the depositor, in addition to taking preservation or enforcement measures against the deposit according to law. 第三人对保管人提起诉讼或者对保管物申请扣押的，保管人应当及时通知寄存人。 Where a third party brings a lawsuit against the depositary or applies for seizure of the deposit, the depositary shall promptly notify the depositor. 第八百九十七条 保管期内，因保管人保管不善造成保管物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。但是，无偿保管人证明自己没有故意或者重大过失的，不承担赔偿责任。 Article 897 If the deposit is damaged or lost due to improper safekeeping by the depositary during the safekeeping period, the depositary shall be liable for compensation. However, if the unpaid depositor proves that he did not intentionally or grossly negligent, he shall not be liable for compensation. 第八百九十八条 寄存人寄存货币、有价证券或者其他贵重物品的，应当向保管人声明，由保管人验收或者封存；寄存人未声明的，该物品毁损、灭失后，保管人可以按照一般物品予以赔偿。 Article 898 Where the depositor deposits money, valuable securities or other valuables, he shall declare to the depositary that the articles will be inspected or sealed by the depositary; if the depositor fails to declare, the depositary may compensate for the damage or loss of the articles as ordinary articles. 第八百九十九条 寄存人可以随时领取保管物。Article 899 The depositor may withdraw the deposit at any time. 当事人对保管期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，保管人可以随时请求寄存人领取保管物；约定保管期限的，保管人无特别事由，不得请求寄存人提前领取保管物。 If the parties have not agreed or the agreement is unclear on the duration of custody, the depositary may request the depositor to take delivery of the deposit at any time; if the duration of custody has been agreed upon, the depositary may not request the depositor to take delivery of the deposit in advance unless there are special reasons. 第九百条 保管期限届满或者寄存人提前领取保管物的，保管人应当将原物及其孳息归还寄存人。 Article 900 Where the deposit expires or the depositor takes possession of the deposit before the expiration of the deposit period, the depositor shall return the original object and its fruits to the depositor. 第九百零一条 保管人保管货币的，可以返还相同种类、数量的货币；保管其他可替代物的，可以按照约定返还相同种类、品质、数量的物品。 Article 901 Where the depositary keeps money, he may return money of the same kind and quantity; where he keeps other fungible objects, he may return objects of the same kind, quality and quantity according to the agreement. 第九百零二条 有偿的保管合同，寄存人应当按照约定的期限向保管人支付保管费。 Article 902 In the case of a paid custody contract, the depositor shall pay the custody fee to the depositary within the prescribed time limit. 当事人对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在领取保管物的同时支付。 If the time limit for payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed by the parties and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 510 of this Law, payment shall be made at the same time as collection of the deposit. 第九百零三条 寄存人未按照约定支付保管费或者其他费用的，保管人对保管物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 903 Where the depositor fails to pay the safekeeping fee or other expenses as agreed upon, the depositor shall have a lien on the deposit, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第二十二章 仓储合同Chapter XXII Storage Contract 第九百零四条 仓储合同是保管人储存存货人交付的仓储物，存货人支付仓储费的合同。 Article 904 A storage contract is a contract whereby the warehouser stores the goods delivered by the depositor, and the depositor pays the storage fee. 第九百零五条 仓储合同自保管人和存货人意思表示一致时成立。Article 905 A warehousing contract is formed when the intentions of the custodian and the depositor coincide. 第九百零六条 储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品或者易变质物品的，存货人应当说明该物品的性质，提供有关资料。 Article 906 Where inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, radioactive or other dangerous articles or perishable articles are stored, the depositor shall explain the nature of the articles and provide relevant information. 存货人违反前款规定的，保管人可以拒收仓储物，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由存货人负担。 Where the depositor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the depository may reject the goods or take appropriate measures to avoid losses, and the expenses incurred therefrom shall be borne by the depositor. 保管人储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当具备相应的保管条件。 Where the depository stores inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, radioactive and other dangerous articles, it shall have the corresponding storage conditions. 第九百零七条 保管人应当按照约定对入库仓储物进行验收。保管人验收时发现入库仓储物与约定不符合的，应当及时通知存货人。保管人验收后，发生仓储物的品种、数量、质量不符合约定的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 907 The warehouseman shall conduct acceptance inspection of the warehoused goods in accordance with the contract. If the warehouseman discovers during inspection that the warehoused goods do not conform to the stipulations, he shall promptly notify the depositor. If, after acceptance by the depository, the variety, quantity or quality of the goods does not conform to the stipulations, the depository shall be liable for compensation. 第九百零八条 存货人交付仓储物的，保管人应当出具仓单、入库单等凭证。Article 908 Where the depositor delivers the goods in storage, the warehouser shall issue such vouchers as warehouse receipts and warehouse receipts. 第九百零九条 保管人应当在仓单上签名或者盖章。仓单包括下列事项：Article 909 The depositary shall sign or seal the warehouse receipt. Warehouse receipts include the following: （一）存货人的姓名或者名称和住所；(1) the name and domicile of the depositor; （二）仓储物的品种、数量、质量、包装及其件数和标记；(2) the variety, quantity, quality, packaging, number of packages and marks of the stored goods; （三）仓储物的损耗标准；(3) the standard of wear and tear of the stored goods; （四）储存场所；(iv) storage sites; （五）储存期限；(v) Storage period; （六）仓储费；(6) storage expenses; （七）仓储物已经办理保险的，其保险金额、期间以及保险人的名称；(7) if the goods have been insured, the insured amount, duration and name of the insurer; （八）填发人、填发地和填发日期。(8) The person, place and date of filling and distribution. 第九百一十条 仓单是提取仓储物的凭证。存货人或者仓单持有人在仓单上背书并经保管人签名或者盖章的，可以转让提取仓储物的权利。 Article 910 A warehouse receipt is a voucher for retrieving the stored goods. If the depositor or warehouse receipt holder endorses the warehouse receipt and the depository signs or seals it, he may transfer the right to retrieve the warehouse objects. 第九百一十一条 保管人根据存货人或者仓单持有人的要求，应当同意其检查仓储物或者提取样品。 Article 911 Upon the request of the depositor or warehouse receipt holder, the warehouser shall agree to the inspection of the goods or the taking of samples. 第九百一十二条 保管人发现入库仓储物有变质或者其他损坏的，应当及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。 Article 912 Where the warehouser discovers deterioration or other damage to the warehoused goods, he shall promptly notify the depositor or warehouse receipt holder thereof. 第九百一十三条 保管人发现入库仓储物有变质或者其他损坏，危及其他仓储物的安全和正常保管的，应当催告存货人或者仓单持有人作出必要的处置。因情况紧急，保管人可以作出必要的处置；但是，事后应当将该情况及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。 Article 913 Where the warehouseman discovers that the warehoused objects have deteriorated or otherwise been damaged, thereby endangering the safety and normal storage of other warehoused objects, he shall urge the depositor or holder of the warehouse receipt to take necessary measures to dispose of them. Due to emergency circumstances, the depository may make necessary disposals; however, it shall promptly notify the depositor or warehouse receipt holder of such circumstances afterwards. 第九百一十四条 当事人对储存期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，存货人或者仓单持有人可以随时提取仓储物，保管人也可以随时请求存货人或者仓单持有人提取仓储物，但是应当给予必要的准备时间。 Article 914 Where the parties have not prescribed or clearly prescribed a storage term, the depositor or warehouse receipt holder may retrieve the goods at any time, and the warehouser may request the depositor or warehouse receipt holder to retrieve the goods at any time, provided that necessary preparation time is allowed. 第九百一十五条 储存期限届满，存货人或者仓单持有人应当凭仓单、入库单等提取仓储物。存货人或者仓单持有人逾期提取的，应当加收仓储费；提前提取的，不减收仓储费。 Article 915 Upon expiration of the storage term, the depositor or warehouse receipt holder shall retrieve the goods upon presentation of the warehouse receipt, warehouse receipt, etc. If the depositor or warehouse receipt holder withdraws the goods on time, a storage fee shall be charged; if the goods are withdrawn in advance, the storage fee shall not be reduced. 第九百一十六条 储存期限届满，存货人或者仓单持有人不提取仓储物的，保管人可以催告其在合理期限内提取；逾期不提取的，保管人可以提存仓储物。 Article 916 Where the depositor or warehouse receipt holder fails to retrieve the goods at the expiration of the storage term, the depository may urge him to retrieve them within a reasonable period of time; if he fails to retrieve them within the time limit, the depository may deposit the goods. 第九百一十七条 储存期内，因保管不善造成仓储物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。因仓储物本身的自然性质、包装不符合约定或者超过有效储存期造成仓储物变质、损坏的，保管人不承担赔偿责任。 Article 917 The warehouser shall be liable for damages to or loss of the goods due to improper safekeeping during the storage period. The warehouseman shall not be liable for any deterioration or damage to the goods due to their natural nature, non-conforming packaging or expiration of their shelf life. 第九百一十八条 本章没有规定的，适用保管合同的有关规定。Article 918 Where there are no provisions in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of custody contracts shall apply. 第二十三章 委托合同Chapter XXIII Entrustment Contract 第九百一十九条 委托合同是委托人和受托人约定，由受托人处理委托人事务的合同。 An entrustment contract is a contract whereby the principal and the agent agree that the agent shall handle the principal's affairs. 第九百二十条 委托人可以特别委托受托人处理一项或者数项事务，也可以概括委托受托人处理一切事务。 Article 920 The trustor may specially entrust the trustee to handle one or more affairs, or may entrust the trustee to handle all affairs in general. 第九百二十一条 委托人应当预付处理委托事务的费用。受托人为处理委托事务垫付的必要费用，委托人应当偿还该费用并支付利息。 Article 921 The principal shall pay in advance the expenses incurred in handling the entrusted affairs. The trustor shall repay the necessary expenses paid by the trustee for handling the entrusted affairs and pay the interest thereon. 第九百二十二条 受托人应当按照委托人的指示处理委托事务。需要变更委托人指示的，应当经委托人同意；因情况紧急，难以和委托人取得联系的，受托人应当妥善处理委托事务，但是事后应当将该情况及时报告委托人。 The trustee shall handle the entrusted affairs in accordance with the instructions of the principal. If it is necessary to change the instructions of the trustor, consent of the trustor shall be obtained; if it is difficult to contact the trustor due to emergency, the trustor shall properly handle the entrusted affairs, but shall report the situation to the trustor in a timely manner afterwards. 第九百二十三条 受托人应当亲自处理委托事务。经委托人同意，受托人可以转委托。转委托经同意或者追认的，委托人可以就委托事务直接指示转委托的第三人，受托人仅就第三人的选任及其对第三人的指示承担责任。转委托未经同意或者追认的，受托人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任；但是，在紧急情况下受托人为了维护委托人的利益需要转委托第三人的除外。 Article 923 The trustee shall personally handle the entrusted affairs. With the consent of the trustee, the trustee may delegate the trust. If the sub-entrustment is approved or ratified, the trustor may directly instruct the sub-entrusted third party with respect to the entrusted affairs, and the trustee shall only be liable for the selection of the third party and the instructions given to the third party. If the sub-entrustment is not approved or ratified, the trustee shall be liable for the acts of the third party to whom the sub-entrustment is made, except where, in an emergency, the trustee needs to sub-entrust the third party to safeguard the interests of the trustor. 第九百二十四条 受托人应当按照委托人的要求，报告委托事务的处理情况。委托合同终止时，受托人应当报告委托事务的结果。 Article 924 The trustee shall, at the request of the principal, report on the handling of the entrusted affairs. Upon termination of the entrustment contract, the trustee shall report the results of the entrusted affairs. 第九百二十五条 受托人以自己的名义，在委托人的授权范围内与第三人订立的合同，第三人在订立合同时知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，该合同直接约束委托人和第三人；但是，有确切证据证明该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。 Article 925 Contract between Principal and Agent A contract concluded by the agent in its own name, within the scope of authority granted by the principal, with a third party who was aware of the agency relationship between the agent and the principal at the time of conclusion of the contract is directly binding on the principal and the third party, unless there is conclusive evidence that the contract is binding only on the agent and the third party. 第九百二十六条 受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同时，第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，受托人因第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此可以行使受托人对第三人的权利。但是，第三人与受托人订立合同时如果知道该委托人就不会订立合同的除外。 Article 926 Where, when the agent concluded a contract in its own name with a third party, the third party was unaware of the agency relationship between the agent and the principal, and the agent fails to perform its obligations towards the principal due to any reason attributable to the third party, the agent shall disclose the third party to the principal, and the principal may exercise the agent's rights against the third party accordingly. However, this is not the case if the third party would not have concluded the contract with the trustee if he had known that the principal was involved at the time the contract was concluded. 受托人因委托人的原因对第三人不履行义务，受托人应当向第三人披露委托人，第三人因此可以选择受托人或者委托人作为相对人主张其权利，但是第三人不得变更选定的相对人。 If the trustee fails to perform his obligations to the third party due to the reasons attributable to the trustor, the trustee shall disclose the trustor to the third party, and the third party may therefore choose the trustee or the trustor as the counterpart to claim its rights, provided that the third party may not change the selected counterpart. 委托人行使受托人对第三人的权利的，第三人可以向委托人主张其对受托人的抗辩。第三人选定委托人作为其相对人的，委托人可以向第三人主张其对受托人的抗辩以及受托人对第三人的抗辩。 If the trustor exercises the trustee's rights against a third party, the third party may assert its defense against the trustee against the trustor. If the third party chooses the principal as its counterpart, the principal may assert his defense against the trustee and the trustee's defense against the third party. 第九百二十七条 受托人处理委托事务取得的财产，应当转交给委托人。Article 927 Property Obtained by the trustee in Handling the entrusted affairs shall be transferred to the principal. 第九百二十八条 受托人完成委托事务的，委托人应当按照约定向其支付报酬。Article 928 Remuneration Upon completion of entrusted affairs by the trustee, the trustor shall pay remuneration to the trustee in accordance with the contract. 因不可归责于受托人的事由，委托合同解除或者委托事务不能完成的，委托人应当向受托人支付相应的报酬。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。 If the entrustment contract is terminated or the entrusted affairs cannot be completed due to causes not attributable to the trustee, the trustor shall pay the trustee corresponding remuneration. If the parties agree otherwise, such agreement shall prevail. 第九百二十九条 有偿的委托合同，因受托人的过错造成委托人损失的，委托人可以请求赔偿损失。无偿的委托合同，因受托人的故意或者重大过失造成委托人损失的，委托人可以请求赔偿损失。 Article 929 Under a paid entrustment contract, if the principal suffers losses due to the fault of the agent, the principal may claim damages. Under a gratuitous entrustment contract, if the trustor suffers losses due to intentional or gross negligence of the trustee, the trustor may claim compensation for the losses. 受托人超越权限造成委托人损失的，应当赔偿损失。Where the trustee exceeds his authority and causes losses to the trustor, he shall compensate for the losses. 第九百三十条 受托人处理委托事务时，因不可归责于自己的事由受到损失的，可以向委托人请求赔偿损失。 Article 930 Where, in the course of handling the entrusted affairs, the trustee suffers losses due to causes not attributable to him, he may claim damages from the principal. 第九百三十一条 委托人经受托人同意，可以在受托人之外委托第三人处理委托事务。因此造成受托人损失的，受托人可以向委托人请求赔偿损失。 Article 931 Subject to the consent of the trustor, the trustor may, in addition to the trustee, entrust a third party to handle the entrusted affairs. The trustee may claim compensation from the trustor for any loss caused thereby. 第九百三十二条 两个以上的受托人共同处理委托事务的，对委托人承担连带责任。 Article 932 Where two or more trustees jointly handle the entrusted affairs, they shall be jointly and severally liable to the principal. 第九百三十三条 委托人或者受托人可以随时解除委托合同。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可归责于该当事人的事由外，无偿委托合同的解除方应当赔偿因解除时间不当造成的直接损失，有偿委托合同的解除方应当赔偿对方的直接损失和合同履行后可以获得的利益。 The principal or agent may terminate the entrustment contract at any time. If the termination of the contract causes losses to the other party, except for causes not attributable to the party concerned, the party terminating the gratuitous entrustment contract shall compensate for the direct losses caused by the improper termination time, and the party terminating the paid entrustment contract shall compensate the other party for the direct losses and the benefits that may be obtained after the performance of the contract. 第九百三十四条 委托人死亡、终止或者受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力、终止的，委托合同终止；但是，当事人另有约定或者根据委托事务的性质不宜终止的除外。 Article 934 Termination of Entrustment Contract Upon the death or termination of the principal or the death, incapacity for civil conduct or termination of the agent, the entrustment contract shall be terminated, except as otherwise agreed by the parties or in light of the nature of the entrusted affair. 第九百三十五条 因委托人死亡或者被宣告破产、解散，致使委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人的继承人、遗产管理人或者清算人承受委托事务之前，受托人应当继续处理委托事务。 Article 935 Where termination of the trust contract will harm the interests of the principal due to the death, bankruptcy or dissolution of the principal, the trustee shall continue to handle the entrusted affairs until the successor, administrator or liquidator of the principal assumes the entrusted affairs. 第九百三十六条 因受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者被宣告破产、解散，致使委托合同终止的，受托人的继承人、遗产管理人、法定代理人或者清算人应当及时通知委托人。因委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人作出善后处理之前，受托人的继承人、遗产管理人、法定代理人或者清算人应当采取必要措施。 Article 936 If the trust contract is terminated due to the death, incapacity for civil conduct, bankruptcy or dissolution of the trustee, the successor, administrator, legal agent or liquidator of the trustee shall promptly notify the principal. If termination of the trust contract will harm the interests of the trustor, the successor, administrator, legal representative or liquidator of the trustee shall take necessary measures before the trustor makes any remedial action. 第二十四章 物业服务合同Chapter XXIV Property Services Contract 第九百三十七条 物业服务合同是物业服务人在物业服务区域内，为业主提供建筑物及其附属设施的维修养护、环境卫生和相关秩序的管理维护等物业服务，业主支付物业费的合同。 Article 937 A realty service contract is a contract whereby a realty servicer provides realty services such as the maintenance and repair of buildings and their ancillary facilities, environmental sanitation and management and maintenance of relevant order for the owner within the realty service area, and the owner pays the realty fee. 物业服务人包括物业服务企业和其他管理人。Property service providers include property service enterprises and other managers. 第九百三十八条 物业服务合同的内容一般包括服务事项、服务质量、服务费用的标准和收取办法、维修资金的使用、服务用房的管理和使用、服务期限、服务交接等条款。 Article 938 The contents of a realty service contract shall generally include terms such as service items, service quality, standards and methods for collection of service fees, use of maintenance funds, management and use of service premises, service term, and handover of services. 物业服务人公开作出的有利于业主的服务承诺，为物业服务合同的组成部分。The service commitment made publicly by the property servicer in favor of the owner is an integral part of the property service contract. 物业服务合同应当采用书面形式。A property service contract shall be in written form. 第九百三十九条 建设单位依法与物业服务人订立的前期物业服务合同，以及业主委员会与业主大会依法选聘的物业服务人订立的物业服务合同，对业主具有法律约束力。 Article 939 The early stage property service contract concluded between the construction unit and the property service provider according to law, and the property service contract concluded between the owners committee and the property service provider selected by the owners 'assembly according to law shall be legally binding on the owners. 第九百四十条 建设单位依法与物业服务人订立的前期物业服务合同约定的服务期限届满前，业主委员会或者业主与新物业服务人订立的物业服务合同生效的，前期物业服务合同终止。 Article 940 Prior to the expiration of the service period stipulated in the early stage property service contract concluded between the construction unit and the property service provider according to law, the early stage property service contract shall be terminated if the property service contract concluded between the owners committee or the owner and the new property service provider becomes effective. 第九百四十一条 物业服务人将物业服务区域内的部分专项服务事项委托给专业性服务组织或者其他第三人的，应当就该部分专项服务事项向业主负责。 Article 941 If a realty servicer entrusts a professional service organization or other third party with some special service items within the realty service area, it shall be responsible to the owner for such special service items. 物业服务人不得将其应当提供的全部物业服务转委托给第三人，或者将全部物业服务支解后分别转委托给第三人。 The realty servicer shall not delegate all the realty services it shall provide to a third party, or delegate all the realty services to a third party after disintegration. 第九百四十二条 物业服务人应当按照约定和物业的使用性质，妥善维修、养护、清洁、绿化和经营管理物业服务区域内的业主共有部分，维护物业服务区域内的基本秩序，采取合理措施保护业主的人身、财产安全。 Article 942 A realty servicer shall, in accordance with the contract and the nature of the use of the realty, properly maintain, maintain, clean, afforest and manage the parts jointly owned by the owners within the realty service area, maintain the basic order within the realty service area, and take reasonable measures to protect the personal and property safety of the owners. 对物业服务区域内违反有关治安、环保、消防等法律法规的行为，物业服务人应当及时采取合理措施制止、向有关行政主管部门报告并协助处理。 For violations of relevant laws and regulations on public security, environmental protection, fire protection, etc. in the property service area, the property service provider shall promptly take reasonable measures to stop, report to the relevant administrative department and assist in handling. 第九百四十三条 物业服务人应当定期将服务的事项、负责人员、质量要求、收费项目、收费标准、履行情况，以及维修资金使用情况、业主共有部分的经营与收益情况等以合理方式向业主公开并向业主大会、业主委员会报告。 Article 943 The realty servicer shall regularly disclose to the owners in a reasonable manner the matters of service, responsible personnel, quality requirements, charging items, charging standards, performance, use of maintenance funds, operation and income of the owners 'common parts, etc., and report to the owners' assembly and owners 'committee. 第九百四十四条 业主应当按照约定向物业服务人支付物业费。物业服务人已经按照约定和有关规定提供服务的，业主不得以未接受或者无需接受相关物业服务为由拒绝支付物业费。 Article 944 The owner shall pay the property management fee to the property servicer in accordance with the contract. If the property servicer has provided services in accordance with the agreement and relevant regulations, the owner shall not refuse to pay the property fee on the grounds that he has not accepted or does not need to accept the relevant property services. 业主违反约定逾期不支付物业费的，物业服务人可以催告其在合理期限内支付；合理期限届满仍不支付的，物业服务人可以提起诉讼或者申请仲裁。 If the owner fails to pay the property fee within the time limit in violation of the agreement, the property servicer may urge him to pay within a reasonable time limit; if he still fails to pay within the reasonable time limit, the property servicer may institute a lawsuit or apply for arbitration. 物业服务人不得采取停止供电、供水、供热、供燃气等方式催交物业费。The property servicer shall not urge the payment of property fees by stopping power supply, water supply, heating or gas supply. 第九百四十五条 业主装饰装修房屋的，应当事先告知物业服务人，遵守物业服务人提示的合理注意事项，并配合其进行必要的现场检查。 Article 945 Where an owner decorates a house, he shall inform the realty servicer in advance, observe the reasonable precautions pointed out by the realty servicer, and cooperate with him in carrying out necessary on-site inspection. 业主转让、出租物业专有部分、设立居住权或者依法改变共有部分用途的，应当及时将相关情况告知物业服务人。 If the owner transfers or leases the exclusive part of the property, establishes the right of residence or changes the use of the common part according to law, he shall promptly inform the property service person of the relevant information. 第九百四十六条 业主依照法定程序共同决定解聘物业服务人的，可以解除物业服务合同。决定解聘的，应当提前六十日书面通知物业服务人，但是合同对通知期限另有约定的除外。 Article 946 If the owners jointly decide to dismiss the realty service provider in accordance with legal procedures, they may terminate the realty service contract. If it decides to dismiss, it shall notify the property service provider in writing 60 days in advance, except where the notice period is otherwise stipulated in the contract. 依据前款规定解除合同造成物业服务人损失的，除不可归责于业主的事由外，业主应当赔偿损失。 If the termination of the contract in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph causes losses to the realty servicer, the owner shall compensate for the losses, except for causes that are not attributable to the owner. 第九百四十七条 物业服务期限届满前，业主依法共同决定续聘的，应当与原物业服务人在合同期限届满前续订物业服务合同。 Article 947 If the owners jointly decide to renew the employment before the expiration of the term of the realty service according to law, they shall renew the realty service contract with the original realty service provider before the expiration of the contract. 物业服务期限届满前，物业服务人不同意续聘的，应当在合同期限届满前九十日书面通知业主或者业主委员会，但是合同对通知期限另有约定的除外。 Before the expiration of the term of the realty service, if the realty service provider does not agree to renew the employment, it shall notify the owner or the owners 'committee in writing 90 days before the expiration of the contract term, except where the notice period is otherwise stipulated in the contract. 第九百四十八条 物业服务期限届满后，业主没有依法作出续聘或者另聘物业服务人的决定，物业服务人继续提供物业服务的，原物业服务合同继续有效，但是服务期限为不定期。 Article 948 After the term of the realty service expires, if the owner fails to make a decision to renew or hire another realty servicer according to law, and the realty servicer continues to provide realty service, the original realty service contract shall continue to be valid, but the term of service shall be indefinite. 当事人可以随时解除不定期物业服务合同，但是应当提前六十日书面通知对方。The parties may terminate the indefinite term property service contract at any time, but they shall notify the other party in writing 60 days in advance. 第九百四十九条 物业服务合同终止的，原物业服务人应当在约定期限或者合理期限内退出物业服务区域，将物业服务用房、相关设施、物业服务所必需的相关资料等交还给业主委员会、决定自行管理的业主或者其指定的人，配合新物业服务人做好交接工作，并如实告知物业的使用和管理状况。 Article 949 Where a realty service contract is terminated, the original realty servicer shall withdraw from the realty service area within the agreed time limit or a reasonable time limit, return the realty service room, relevant facilities, relevant materials necessary for realty service, etc. to the owners 'committee, decide to manage the realty itself or its designated person, cooperate with the new realty servicer to complete the handover work, and truthfully inform the realty of the use and management status. 原物业服务人违反前款规定的，不得请求业主支付物业服务合同终止后的物业费；造成业主损失的，应当赔偿损失。 Where the original realty servicer violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, he shall not request the owner to pay the realty fee after the termination of the realty service contract; if losses are caused to the owner, he shall compensate for the losses. 第九百五十条 物业服务合同终止后，在业主或者业主大会选聘的新物业服务人或者决定自行管理的业主接管之前，原物业服务人应当继续处理物业服务事项，并可以请求业主支付该期间的物业费。 Article 950 After the termination of a realty service contract, the original realty service provider shall continue to handle realty service matters and may request the owner to pay realty fees during the period before the owner or the new realty service provider selected by the owners 'assembly or the owner who decides to manage the realty service by himself takes over. 第二十五章 行纪合同Chapter 25-The Contract 第九百五十一条 行纪合同是行纪人以自己的名义为委托人从事贸易活动，委托人支付报酬的合同。 Article 951 A trading-contract is a contract whereby the trading-party engages in trading activities for the trustor in its own name and the trustor pays the remuneration. 第九百五十二条 行纪人处理委托事务支出的费用，由行纪人负担，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 952 The expenses incurred by the trustee-trader in handling the entrusted affairs shall be borne by the trustee-trader, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第九百五十三条 行纪人占有委托物的，应当妥善保管委托物。Article 953 Where the trustee is in possession of the entrusted object, he shall keep the entrusted object properly. 第九百五十四条 委托物交付给行纪人时有瑕疵或者容易腐烂、变质的，经委托人同意，行纪人可以处分该物；不能与委托人及时取得联系的，行纪人可以合理处分。 Article 954 If the entrusted object is defective or perishable at the time of delivery to the trustee-trader, the trustee-trader may dispose of the entrusted object with the consent of the trustor; if the trustor cannot be contacted in time, the trustee-trader may dispose of the entrusted object reasonably. 第九百五十五条 行纪人低于委托人指定的价格卖出或者高于委托人指定的价格买入的，应当经委托人同意；未经委托人同意，行纪人补偿其差额的，该买卖对委托人发生效力。 Article 955 Where the broker sells below the price specified by the trustor or buys above the price specified by the trustor, consent shall be obtained from the trustor; if the broker compensates for the difference without consent of the trustor, the sale shall be effective against the trustor. 行纪人高于委托人指定的价格卖出或者低于委托人指定的价格买入的，可以按照约定增加报酬；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，该利益属于委托人。 If the broker sells at a price higher than or buys at a price lower than the price specified by the trustor, he may increase his remuneration as agreed; if there is no agreement or the agreement is unclear and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, the interest belongs to the trustor. 委托人对价格有特别指示的，行纪人不得违背该指示卖出或者买入。Where the trustor has special instructions on prices, the broker may not sell or buy against such instructions. 第九百五十六条 行纪人卖出或者买入具有市场定价的商品，除委托人有相反的意思表示外，行纪人自己可以作为买受人或者出卖人。 Article 956 When a trustee-trader sells or buys a commodity at a market price, the trustee-trader himself may act as buyer or seller unless the trustor indicates otherwise. 行纪人有前款规定情形的，仍然可以请求委托人支付报酬。The broker may still demand payment of remuneration from the trustor if he falls under the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph. 第九百五十七条 行纪人按照约定买入委托物，委托人应当及时受领。经行纪人催告，委托人无正当理由拒绝受领的，行纪人依法可以提存委托物。 Article 957 When the trustee-trader purchases the entrusted object in accordance with the contract, the trustor shall accept it promptly. If the trustor refuses to accept the trust property without proper reasons after being urged by the trustee-trader, the trustee-trader may deposit the trust property according to law. 委托物不能卖出或者委托人撤回出卖，经行纪人催告，委托人不取回或者不处分该物的，行纪人依法可以提存委托物。 If the entrusted item cannot be sold or the trustor withdraws the sale, and the trustor fails to retrieve or dispose of the entrusted item after being urged by the trustee-trader, the trustee-trader may deposit the entrusted item according to law. 第九百五十八条 行纪人与第三人订立合同的，行纪人对该合同直接享有权利、承担义务。 Article 958 Where the trustee-holder enters into a contract with a third party, the trustee-holder directly enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations under the contract. 第三人不履行义务致使委托人受到损害的，行纪人应当承担赔偿责任，但是行纪人与委托人另有约定的除外。 If the third party fails to perform its obligations and causes damage to the trustor, the trustee-trader shall be liable for compensation, except as otherwise agreed between the trustee-trader and the trustor. 第九百五十九条 行纪人完成或者部分完成委托事务的，委托人应当向其支付相应的报酬。委托人逾期不支付报酬的，行纪人对委托物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。 Article 959 Where the trustee-trader completes or partially completes the entrusted affairs, the trustor shall pay him corresponding remuneration. If the trustor fails to pay the remuneration within the time limit, the trustee-holder shall have a lien on the entrusted property, except as otherwise agreed by the parties. 第九百六十条 本章没有规定的，参照适用委托合同的有关规定。Article 960 For matters not provided for in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of the commission contract shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第二十六章 中介合同Chapter XXVI Intermediary Contracts 第九百六十一条 中介合同是中介人向委托人报告订立合同的机会或者提供订立合同的媒介服务，委托人支付报酬的合同。 An intermediary contract is a contract whereby the intermediary reports to the principal an opportunity to conclude a contract or provides intermediary services in connection with the conclusion of a contract, and the principal pays the remuneration. 第九百六十二条 中介人应当就有关订立合同的事项向委托人如实报告。Article 962 Intermediary's Reporting to Principal on Matters Related to Contract Formation The intermediary shall truthfully report to the principal the matters related to the conclusion of the contract. 中介人故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况，损害委托人利益的，不得请求支付报酬并应当承担赔偿责任。 If an intermediary intentionally conceals important facts or provides false information relevant to the conclusion of the contract, thereby harming the interests of the client, he shall not demand payment of remuneration and shall be liable for compensation. 第九百六十三条 中介人促成合同成立的，委托人应当按照约定支付报酬。对中介人的报酬没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，根据中介人的劳务合理确定。因中介人提供订立合同的媒介服务而促成合同成立的，由该合同的当事人平均负担中介人的报酬。 Where an intermediary facilitates the formation of a contract, the principal shall pay remuneration as agreed. Where the remuneration of an intermediary is not prescribed or clearly prescribed and cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Law, it shall be reasonably determined on the basis of the services rendered by the intermediary. Where the contract is formed as a result of intermediary services rendered by the intermediary for the conclusion of the contract, the remuneration of the intermediary shall be borne equally by the parties to the contract. 中介人促成合同成立的，中介活动的费用，由中介人负担。If the intermediary facilitates the formation of the contract, the expenses incurred in the intermediary activities shall be borne by the intermediary. 第九百六十四条 中介人未促成合同成立的，不得请求支付报酬；但是，可以按照约定请求委托人支付从事中介活动支出的必要费用。 Article 964 Intermediary's Request for Payment of Remuneration Where an intermediary fails to facilitate the formation of a contract, it may not request payment of remuneration; however, it may, in accordance with the contract, request the principal to pay the necessary expenses incurred in engaging in intermediary activities. 第九百六十五条 委托人在接受中介人的服务后，利用中介人提供的交易机会或者媒介服务，绕开中介人直接订立合同的，应当向中介人支付报酬。 Article 965 Principal's Remuneration to Intermediary After accepting the intermediary's services, if the principal takes advantage of the trading opportunities or intermediary services provided by the intermediary to bypass the intermediary and directly conclude a contract, it shall pay remuneration to the intermediary. 第九百六十六条 本章没有规定的，参照适用委托合同的有关规定。Article 966 For matters not provided for in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of the commission contract shall apply mutatis mutandis. 第二十七章 合伙合同Chapter XXVII Partnership Contract 第九百六十七条 合伙合同是两个以上合伙人为了共同的事业目的，订立的共享利益、共担风险的协议。 A partnership contract is an agreement concluded by two or more partners to share benefits and risks for a common business purpose. 第九百六十八条 合伙人应当按照约定的出资方式、数额和缴付期限，履行出资义务。 Article 968 A partner shall fulfill his obligation to make capital contribution in accordance with the agreed method, amount and time limit for making capital contribution. 第九百六十九条 合伙人的出资、因合伙事务依法取得的收益和其他财产，属于合伙财产。 Article 969 Partnership Property The partners 'capital contributions, profits lawfully derived from partnership affairs and other property belong to partnership property. 合伙合同终止前，合伙人不得请求分割合伙财产。Before the partnership contract is terminated, no partner may request division of partnership property. 第九百七十条 合伙人就合伙事务作出决定的，除合伙合同另有约定外，应当经全体合伙人一致同意。 Article 970 Decisions made by partners on partnership affairs shall be unanimously agreed upon by all partners unless otherwise stipulated in the partnership contract. 合伙事务由全体合伙人共同执行。按照合伙合同的约定或者全体合伙人的决定，可以委托一个或者数个合伙人执行合伙事务；其他合伙人不再执行合伙事务，但是有权监督执行情况。 Partnership affairs are carried out jointly by all partners. In accordance with the partnership contract or the decision of all the partners, one or more partners may be entrusted to perform partnership affairs; the other partners shall no longer perform partnership affairs, but shall have the right to supervise their performance. 合伙人分别执行合伙事务的，执行事务合伙人可以对其他合伙人执行的事务提出异议；提出异议后，其他合伙人应当暂停该项事务的执行。 Where the partners perform partnership affairs separately, the partner performing the affairs may raise objections to the affairs performed by the other partners; after raising objections, the other partners shall suspend the performance of the affairs. 第九百七十一条 合伙人不得因执行合伙事务而请求支付报酬，但是合伙合同另有约定的除外。 Article 971 A partner may not claim remuneration for the performance of partnership affairs, except as otherwise agreed in the partnership contract. 第九百七十二条 合伙的利润分配和亏损分担，按照合伙合同的约定办理；合伙合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，由合伙人协商决定；协商不成的，由合伙人按照实缴出资比例分配、分担；无法确定出资比例的，由合伙人平均分配、分担。 Article 972 Distribution of profits and sharing of losses in partnership shall be handled in accordance with the partnership contract; where there is no such agreement or the agreement is unclear, the partnership contract shall determine the profits and losses through consultation among the partners; where consultation fails, the profits and losses shall be distributed and shared among the partners in proportion to the contributions actually paid; where the proportion of contributions cannot be determined, the profits and losses shall be distributed and shared equally among the partners. 第九百七十三条 合伙人对合伙债务承担连带责任。清偿合伙债务超过自己应当承担份额的合伙人，有权向其他合伙人追偿。 Article 973 The partners shall be jointly and severally liable for the debts of the partnership. A partner who has paid off more than his share of the partnership's debts shall have the right to recover from the other partners. 第九百七十四条 除合伙合同另有约定外，合伙人向合伙人以外的人转让其全部或者部分财产份额的，须经其他合伙人一致同意。 Article 974 Assignment of Share of Property by Partner Unless otherwise stipulated in the partnership contract, assignment of all or part of a partner's share of property to a person other than a partner requires unanimous consent of the other partners. 第九百七十五条 合伙人的债权人不得代位行使合伙人依照本章规定和合伙合同享有的权利，但是合伙人享有的利益分配请求权除外。 Article 975 A creditor of a partner may not subrogate the rights enjoyed by the partner under this Chapter and the partnership contract, except for the partner's right to claim distribution of benefits. 第九百七十六条 合伙人对合伙期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期合伙。 Article 976 Partnership Term Where the partners have not agreed or clearly agreed upon the term of partnership, and it cannot be determined pursuant to Article 510 of this Law, it shall be deemed an indefinite partnership. 合伙期限届满，合伙人继续执行合伙事务，其他合伙人没有提出异议的，原合伙合同继续有效，但是合伙期限为不定期。 At the expiration of the partnership term, the partners continue to carry out partnership affairs, and the original partnership contract continues to be valid if no other partner raises any objection, but the partnership term is indefinite. 合伙人可以随时解除不定期合伙合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知其他合伙人。 A partner may terminate an indefinite partnership contract at any time, provided that he gives notice to the other partners within a reasonable period of time. 第九百七十七条 合伙人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者终止的，合伙合同终止；但是，合伙合同另有约定或者根据合伙事务的性质不宜终止的除外。 Article 977 The partnership contract shall be terminated upon the death, incapacity for civil conduct or termination of a partner, except as otherwise agreed in the partnership contract or where termination is inappropriate in view of the nature of the partnership affairs. 第九百七十八条 合伙合同终止后，合伙财产在支付因终止而产生的费用以及清偿合伙债务后有剩余的，依据本法第九百七十二条的规定进行分配。 Article 978 After termination of the partnership contract, any surplus of partnership property remaining after payment of expenses incurred as a result of termination and liquidation of partnership debts shall be distributed in accordance with the provisions of Article 972 of this Law. 第三分编 准合同Third, prepare the contract 第二十八章 无因管理Cause-Free Management 第九百七十九条 管理人没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而管理他人事务的，可以请求受益人偿还因管理事务而支出的必要费用；管理人因管理事务受到损失的，可以请求受益人给予适当补偿。 Article 979 Where an administrator has no statutory or contractual obligation to administer the affairs of others in order to avoid losses to the interests of others, he may request the beneficiaries to reimburse the necessary expenses incurred in administering the affairs; where the administrator has suffered losses as a result of administration of the affairs, he may request the beneficiaries to make appropriate compensation. 管理事务不符合受益人真实意思的，管理人不享有前款规定的权利；但是，受益人的真实意思违反法律或者违背公序良俗的除外。 If the administration of affairs does not conform to the true intention of the beneficiary, the administrator shall not enjoy the rights provided for in the preceding paragraph, except where the true intention of the beneficiary violates the law or public order and good custom. 第九百八十条 管理人管理事务不属于前条规定的情形，但是受益人享有管理利益的，受益人应当在其获得的利益范围内向管理人承担前条第一款规定的义务。 Article 980 Where the administration of affairs by an administrator does not fall under the circumstances specified in the preceding Article, but where the beneficiary enjoys an interest in administration, the beneficiary shall assume the obligations specified in paragraph 1 of the preceding Article towards the administrator to the extent of the interest obtained. 第九百八十一条 管理人管理他人事务，应当采取有利于受益人的方法。中断管理对受益人不利的，无正当理由不得中断。 Article 981 When administering the affairs of others, the administrator shall adopt a method beneficial to the beneficiaries. Disruption of management to the disadvantage of beneficiaries shall not be interrupted without justifiable reasons. 第九百八十二条 管理人管理他人事务，能够通知受益人的，应当及时通知受益人。管理的事务不需要紧急处理的，应当等待受益人的指示。 Article 982 Where the administrator manages the affairs of another person and is able to notify the beneficiary, he shall promptly notify the beneficiary. Management of matters not requiring urgent action shall await instructions from beneficiaries. 第九百八十三条 管理结束后，管理人应当向受益人报告管理事务的情况。管理人管理事务取得的财产，应当及时转交给受益人。 Article 983 Upon termination of administration, the administrator shall report to the beneficiaries on the administrative affairs. The property acquired by the administrator in the management of affairs shall be promptly transferred to the beneficiaries. 第九百八十四条 管理人管理事务经受益人事后追认的，从管理事务开始时起，适用委托合同的有关规定，但是管理人另有意思表示的除外。 Article 984 Where the affairs managed by the administrator are subsequently ratified by the beneficiary, the relevant provisions of the entrustment contract shall apply from the beginning of the management affairs, unless the administrator indicates otherwise. 第二十九章 不当得利Chapter 29 Unjustified Enrichment 第九百八十五条 得利人没有法律根据取得不当利益的，受损失的人可以请求得利人返还取得的利益，但是有下列情形之一的除外： Article 985 Where the beneficiary has not obtained the unjust benefit according to law, the person who suffered the loss may request the beneficiary to return the benefit obtained, except in any of the following circumstances: （一）为履行道德义务进行的给付；(i) payments made for the performance of moral obligations; （二）债务到期之前的清偿；(2) payment of debts prior to maturity; （三）明知无给付义务而进行的债务清偿。(3) liquidation of debts knowing that there is no obligation to pay. 第九百八十六条 得利人不知道且不应当知道取得的利益没有法律根据，取得的利益已经不存在的，不承担返还该利益的义务。 Article 986 Where the beneficiary did not know and should not have known that the interest obtained had no legal basis and that the interest obtained no longer existed, he shall not be obliged to return the interest. 第九百八十七条 得利人知道或者应当知道取得的利益没有法律根据的，受损失的人可以请求得利人返还其取得的利益并依法赔偿损失。 Article 987 Where the beneficiary knew or ought to have known that the benefit obtained had no legal basis, the person who suffered the loss may request the beneficiary to return the benefit obtained and compensate for the loss according to law. 第九百八十八条 得利人已经将取得的利益无偿转让给第三人的，受损失的人可以请求第三人在相应范围内承担返还义务。 Article 988 Where the beneficiary has transferred the benefit acquired to a third party without compensation, the person who suffered the loss may request the third party to assume the obligation of restitution within a corresponding scope. 第四编 人格权 Title IV Personal Rights 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第九百八十九条 本编调整因人格权的享有和保护产生的民事关系。Article 989 This Part regulates civil relations arising from the enjoyment and protection of personality rights. 第九百九十条 人格权是民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权等权利。 Article 990 The right of personality refers to the right to life, body, health, name, portrait, reputation, honor, privacy and other rights enjoyed by a civil subject. 除前款规定的人格权外，自然人享有基于人身自由、人格尊严产生的其他人格权益。 In addition to the personality rights provided for in the preceding paragraph, natural persons enjoy other personality rights and interests arising from personal freedom and dignity. 第九百九十一条 民事主体的人格权受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵害。Article 991 The personality rights of civil subjects shall be protected by law and shall not be infringed upon by any organization or individual. 第九百九十二条 人格权不得放弃、转让或者继承。Article 992 The right of personality may not be waived, transferred or inherited. 第九百九十三条 民事主体可以将自己的姓名、名称、肖像等许可他人使用，但是依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得许可的除外。 Article 993 A civil subject may permit others to use his name, title, portrait, etc., except where such permission is not permitted in accordance with the provisions of law or in light of its nature. 第九百九十四条 死者的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉、隐私、遗体等受到侵害的，其配偶、子女、父母有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任；死者没有配偶、子女且父母已经死亡的，其他近亲属有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。 Article 994 If the name, portrait, reputation, privacy or remains of the deceased have been infringed upon, his spouse, children or parents shall have the right to demand that the actor bear civil liability according to law; if the deceased has no spouse or children and his parents are dead, other close relatives shall have the right to demand that the actor bear civil liability according to law. 第九百九十五条 人格权受到侵害的，受害人有权依照本法和其他法律的规定请求行为人承担民事责任。受害人的停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉请求权，不适用诉讼时效的规定。 Article 995 Where the right of personality has been infringed upon, the aggrieved party shall have the right to demand that the actor bear civil liability in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws. The victim's right to cease the infringement, remove the obstruction, eliminate the danger, eliminate the influence, restore the reputation and make an apology shall not be subject to the limitation of action. 第九百九十六条 因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。 Article 996 Infringement of Personal Rights by a Party's Breach If the aggrieved party elects to claim liability for breach of contract, this shall not prevent the aggrieved party from claiming compensation for moral damages. 第九百九十七条 民事主体有证据证明行为人正在实施或者即将实施侵害其人格权的违法行为，不及时制止将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，有权依法向人民法院申请采取责令行为人停止有关行为的措施。 Article 997 If a civil subject has evidence to prove that the actor is committing or is about to commit an illegal act infringing upon his right to personality and that failure to stop it in time will cause irreparable damage to his legitimate rights and interests, he shall have the right to apply to a people's court for measures to order the actor to stop the relevant act. 第九百九十八条 认定行为人承担侵害除生命权、身体权和健康权外的人格权的民事责任，应当考虑行为人和受害人的职业、影响范围、过错程度，以及行为的目的、方式、后果等因素。 Article 998 In determining that the actor bears civil liability for infringement of personality rights other than the right to life, the right to body and the right to health, consideration shall be given to factors such as the occupation of the actor and the victim, the scope of influence, the degree of fault, and the purpose, manner and consequences of the act. 第九百九十九条 为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的，可以合理使用民事主体的姓名、名称、肖像、个人信息等；使用不合理侵害民事主体人格权的，应当依法承担民事责任。 Article 999 Those who carry out news reporting, public opinion supervision, etc. for the public interest may reasonably use the name, name, portrait, personal information, etc. of a civil subject; those who use it unreasonably infringe on the personality rights of a civil subject shall bear civil liability in accordance with the law. 第一千条 行为人因侵害人格权承担消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉等民事责任的，应当与行为的具体方式和造成的影响范围相当。 Article 1000 Civil liability borne by the actor for eliminating the influence, restoring his reputation, making an apology, etc. due to infringement of the right to personality shall be commensurate with the specific manner of the act and the scope of the influence caused. 行为人拒不承担前款规定的民事责任的，人民法院可以采取在报刊、网络等媒体上发布公告或者公布生效裁判文书等方式执行，产生的费用由行为人负担。 If the actor refuses to bear the civil liability prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the people's court may execute the case by publishing an announcement in newspapers, the Internet or other media or by publishing an effective judgment document, and the expenses incurred shall be borne by the actor. 第一千零一条 对自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的身份权利的保护，适用本法第一编、第五编和其他法律的相关规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编人格权保护的有关规定。 Article 101 The relevant provisions of Part I and Part V of this Law and other laws shall apply to the protection of the identity rights of natural persons arising from marriage and family relations; where there are no provisions, the relevant provisions of this Part on the protection of personality rights may be applied by reference to their nature. 第二章 生命权、身体权和健康权Chapter II Right to life, body and health 第一千零二条 自然人享有生命权。自然人的生命安全和生命尊严受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的生命权。 Article 102 Natural persons shall enjoy the right to life. The safety and dignity of life of natural persons are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the right to life of others. 第一千零三条 自然人享有身体权。自然人的身体完整和行动自由受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的身体权。 Article 103 Natural persons shall enjoy the right to body. Physical integrity and freedom of movement of natural persons are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the physical rights of others. 第一千零四条 自然人享有健康权。自然人的身心健康受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害他人的健康权。 Article 104 Natural persons shall enjoy the right to health. The physical and mental health of natural persons is protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the right to health of others. 第一千零五条 自然人的生命权、身体权、健康权受到侵害或者处于其他危难情形的，负有法定救助义务的组织或者个人应当及时施救。 Article 105 Where a natural person's right to life, body or health is infringed upon or he is in other distress, the organization or individual that has the legal obligation to render assistance shall render timely assistance. 第一千零六条 完全民事行为能力人有权依法自主决定无偿捐献其人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。任何组织或者个人不得强迫、欺骗、利诱其捐献。 Article 106 A person with full capacity for civil conduct shall have the right to make an independent decision in accordance with law to donate his human cells, human tissues, human organs and remains free of charge. No organization or individual may force, deceive or induce them to make donations. 完全民事行为能力人依据前款规定同意捐献的，应当采用书面形式，也可以订立遗嘱。 If a person with full capacity for civil conduct agrees to donate according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, it shall be in writing or may make a will. 自然人生前未表示不同意捐献的，该自然人死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以共同决定捐献，决定捐献应当采用书面形式。 If a natural person has not expressed his disapproval of donation before his death, his spouse, adult children and parents may jointly decide to donate after his death, and the decision to donate shall be made in writing. 第一千零七条 禁止以任何形式买卖人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。Article 107 It is prohibited to buy or sell human cells, human tissues, human organs or human remains in any form. 违反前款规定的买卖行为无效。Any act of buying or selling in violation of the preceding paragraph shall be null and void. 第一千零八条 为研制新药、医疗器械或者发展新的预防和治疗方法，需要进行临床试验的，应当依法经相关主管部门批准并经伦理委员会审查同意，向受试者或者受试者的监护人告知试验目的、用途和可能产生的风险等详细情况，并经其书面同意。 Article 108 Where clinical trials are required for the purpose of developing new drugs, medical devices or new preventive and therapeutic methods, they shall be approved by the relevant competent authorities according to law and reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee, and the subjects or their guardians shall be informed of the purpose, use and possible risks of the trials, and their written consent shall be obtained. 进行临床试验的，不得向受试者收取试验费用。For clinical trials, trial fees shall not be charged to subjects. 第一千零九条 从事与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的医学和科研活动，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国家有关规定，不得危害人体健康，不得违背伦理道德，不得损害公共利益。 Article 109 Medical and scientific research activities relating to human genes and human embryos shall be conducted in compliance with laws, administrative regulations and relevant provisions of the State, and shall not endanger human health, violate ethics or harm public interests. 第一千零一十条 违背他人意愿，以言语、文字、图像、肢体行为等方式对他人实施性骚扰的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。 Article 1010 Where, against the will of another person, sexual harassment is committed against another person by means of words, words, images or physical acts, the victim shall have the right to demand that the actor bear civil liability according to law. 机关、企业、学校等单位应当采取合理的预防、受理投诉、调查处置等措施，防止和制止利用职权、从属关系等实施性骚扰。 Organs, enterprises, schools and other units shall take reasonable measures to prevent, accept complaints, investigate and dispose of them, so as to prevent and stop sexual harassment by taking advantage of their powers and subordinate relationships. 第一千零一十一条 以非法拘禁等方式剥夺、限制他人的行动自由，或者非法搜查他人身体的，受害人有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。 Article 1011 Where a person is deprived of or restricted of his freedom of movement by unlawful detention or other means, or his body is unlawfully searched, the victim shall have the right to claim civil liability from the perpetrator according to law. 第三章 姓名权和名称权Chapter III Name and Name Rights 第一千零一十二条 自然人享有姓名权，有权依法决定、使用、变更或者许可他人使用自己的姓名，但是不得违背公序良俗。 Article 1012 Natural persons shall enjoy the right of name and shall have the right to decide, use, change or permit others to use their own names in accordance with law, provided that they do not violate public order and good custom. 第一千零一十三条 法人、非法人组织享有名称权，有权依法决定、使用、变更、转让或者许可他人使用自己的名称。 Article 1013 Legal persons and organizations without legal personality shall enjoy the right of name and shall have the right to decide, use, change, assign or permit others to use their own names in accordance with law. 第一千零一十四条 任何组织或者个人不得以干涉、盗用、假冒等方式侵害他人的姓名权或者名称权。 Article 1014 No organization or individual may infringe upon the name rights or name rights of others by interference, misappropriation, counterfeiting, etc. 第一千零一十五条 自然人应当随父姓或者母姓，但是有下列情形之一的，可以在父姓和母姓之外选取姓氏： Article 1015 A natural person shall take his father's surname or his mother's surname, but under any of the following circumstances, he may choose a surname other than his father's surname or his mother's surname: （一）选取其他直系长辈血亲的姓氏；(1) selecting surnames of other lineal ascendants; （二）因由法定扶养人以外的人扶养而选取扶养人姓氏；(2) The family name of the dependant is chosen for maintenance by a person other than the legal dependant; （三）有不违背公序良俗的其他正当理由。(3) There are other legitimate reasons that do not violate public order and good custom. 少数民族自然人的姓氏可以遵从本民族的文化传统和风俗习惯。The surnames of natural persons of ethnic minorities may conform to their cultural traditions and customs. 第一千零一十六条 自然人决定、变更姓名，或者法人、非法人组织决定、变更、转让名称的，应当依法向有关机关办理登记手续，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 1016 Where a natural person decides to change or assign a name, or a legal person or an organization without legal personality decides to change or assign a name, it shall go through registration procedures with the relevant authorities according to law, except as otherwise provided by law. 民事主体变更姓名、名称的，变更前实施的民事法律行为对其具有法律约束力。Where a civil subject changes its name, the civil juristic act performed prior to the change shall be legally binding on it. 第一千零一十七条 具有一定社会知名度，被他人使用足以造成公众混淆的笔名、艺名、网名、译名、字号、姓名和名称的简称等，参照适用姓名权和名称权保护的有关规定。 Article 1017 For pen names, stage names, net names, translated names, shop names, abbreviations of names, etc., which have a certain social reputation and are used by others to cause confusion among the public, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions applicable to the protection of the right to name and the right to name. 第四章 肖像权Chapter IV Portrait Rights 第一千零一十八条 自然人享有肖像权，有权依法制作、使用、公开或者许可他人使用自己的肖像。 Article 1018 Natural persons shall enjoy the right of portrait and shall have the right to make, use, disclose or permit others to use their portraits in accordance with law. 肖像是通过影像、雕塑、绘画等方式在一定载体上所反映的特定自然人可以被识别的外部形象。 Portrait is an external image of a specific natural person reflected on a certain carrier by means of images, sculptures, paintings, etc. 第一千零一十九条 任何组织或者个人不得以丑化、污损，或者利用信息技术手段伪造等方式侵害他人的肖像权。未经肖像权人同意，不得制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像，但是法律另有规定的除外。 Article 1019 No organization or individual may infringe upon the portrait rights of others by means of defacing, defacing, or falsifying by means of information technology. Without the consent of the portrait owner, the portrait of the portrait owner shall not be made, used or made public, except as otherwise provided by law. 未经肖像权人同意，肖像作品权利人不得以发表、复制、发行、出租、展览等方式使用或者公开肖像权人的肖像。 Without the consent of the portrait owner, the owner of the portrait work may not use or disclose the portrait of the portrait owner by publishing, reproducing, distributing, renting, exhibiting, etc. 第一千零二十条 合理实施下列行为的，可以不经肖像权人同意：Article 1020 The following acts may be reasonably carried out without the consent of the portrait owner: （一）为个人学习、艺术欣赏、课堂教学或者科学研究，在必要范围内使用肖像权人已经公开的肖像； (1) to use, to the extent necessary, the public portrait of the portrait owner for personal study, artistic appreciation, classroom teaching or scientific research; （二）为实施新闻报道，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；(2) inevitably producing, using and publicizing portraits of persons entitled to portraits for the purpose of news reporting; （三）为依法履行职责，国家机关在必要范围内制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像； (3) In order to perform their duties according to law, state organs make, use and disclose portraits of portrait owners to the extent necessary; （四）为展示特定公共环境，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；(4) inevitably making, using and publicizing portraits of portrait owners for the purpose of displaying specific public environments; （五）为维护公共利益或者肖像权人合法权益，制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像的其他行为。 (5) Other acts of making, using or publicizing the portrait of the portrait owner in order to safeguard the public interest or the legitimate rights and interests of the portrait owner. 第一千零二十一条 当事人对肖像许可使用合同中关于肖像使用条款的理解有争议的，应当作出有利于肖像权人的解释。 Article 1021 If the parties dispute the understanding of the terms on the use of portraits in the portrait license contract, they shall make an interpretation in favor of the portrait owner. 第一千零二十二条 当事人对肖像许可使用期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，任何一方当事人可以随时解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。 Article 1022 Where the parties have not stipulated or clearly stipulated the term of the portrait license, either party may terminate the portrait license contract at any time, provided that it notifies the other party before a reasonable period of time. 当事人对肖像许可使用期限有明确约定，肖像权人有正当理由的，可以解除肖像许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可归责于肖像权人的事由外，应当赔偿损失。 If the parties have clearly agreed on the period of license for the use of portraits, and the portrait owner has justified reasons, he may terminate the contract for license for the use of portraits, but he shall notify the other party before a reasonable period. If the other party suffers losses due to the termination of the contract, it shall compensate for the losses except for the reasons not attributable to the portrait holder. 第一千零二十三条 对姓名等的许可使用，参照适用肖像许可使用的有关规定。Article 1023 For the permitted use of names, etc., reference shall be made to the relevant provisions applicable to the permitted use of portraits. 对自然人声音的保护，参照适用肖像权保护的有关规定。For the protection of the voice of natural persons, reference shall be made to the relevant provisions on the protection of portrait rights. 第五章 名誉权和荣誉权Chapter V Right to Reputation and Honor 第一千零二十四条 民事主体享有名誉权。任何组织或者个人不得以侮辱、诽谤等方式侵害他人的名誉权。 Article 1024 Civil subjects shall enjoy the right of reputation. No organization or individual may infringe upon the right of reputation of others by insulting, slandering, etc. 名誉是对民事主体的品德、声望、才能、信用等的社会评价。Reputation is the social evaluation of civil subject's moral character, reputation, ability and credit. 第一千零二十五条 行为人为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为，影响他人名誉的，不承担民事责任，但是有下列情形之一的除外： Article 1025 A person who, in the public interest, carries out news reporting, supervision by public opinion, etc., and thus affects the reputation of others, shall not bear civil liability, except in any of the following circumstances: （一）捏造、歪曲事实；(1) fabricating or distorting facts; （二）对他人提供的严重失实内容未尽到合理核实义务；(2) failing to fulfill the obligation of reasonable verification of the seriously inaccurate contents provided by others; （三）使用侮辱性言辞等贬损他人名誉。(3) Using insulting words to derogate from the reputation of others. 第一千零二十六条 认定行为人是否尽到前条第二项规定的合理核实义务，应当考虑下列因素： Article 1026 To determine whether the actor has fulfilled the reasonable verification obligation stipulated in paragraph 2 of the preceding article, the following factors shall be considered: （一）内容来源的可信度；(i) Credibility of the source of the content; （二）对明显可能引发争议的内容是否进行了必要的调查；(2) whether necessary investigations have been conducted into the contents that are obviously likely to cause disputes; （三）内容的时限性；(3) the time limit of the content; （四）内容与公序良俗的关联性；(4) Relevance between content and public order and good custom; （五）受害人名誉受贬损的可能性；(v) The likelihood of the victim's reputation being tarnished; （六）核实能力和核实成本。(vi) Verification capabilities and verification costs. 第一千零二十七条 行为人发表的文学、艺术作品以真人真事或者特定人为描述对象，含有侮辱、诽谤内容，侵害他人名誉权的，受害人有权依法请求该行为人承担民事责任。 Article 1027 Where a literary or artistic work published by an actor portrays a real person, a true story or a specific person, contains insulting or defamatory content and infringes upon the right of reputation of another person, the victim shall have the right to claim civil liability from the actor in accordance with law. 行为人发表的文学、艺术作品不以特定人为描述对象，仅其中的情节与该特定人的情况相似的，不承担民事责任。 A literary or artistic work published by the actor shall not bear civil liability if it does not depict a particular person, and only if the circumstances therein are similar to those of that particular person. 第一千零二十八条 民事主体有证据证明报刊、网络等媒体报道的内容失实，侵害其名誉权的，有权请求该媒体及时采取更正或者删除等必要措施。 Article 1028 If a civil subject has evidence to prove that the contents reported by newspapers, networks and other media are untrue and infringe upon his reputation, he shall have the right to request the media to take necessary measures such as correction or deletion in time. 第一千零二十九条 民事主体可以依法查询自己的信用评价；发现信用评价不当的，有权提出异议并请求采取更正、删除等必要措施。信用评价人应当及时核查，经核查属实的，应当及时采取必要措施。 Article 1029 Civil subjects may inquire about their own credit evaluations according to law; if they find that their credit evaluations are improper, they shall have the right to raise objections and request necessary measures such as correction and deletion. The credit evaluator shall check in time, and shall take necessary measures in time if it is verified to be true. 第一千零三十条 民事主体与征信机构等信用信息处理者之间的关系，适用本编有关个人信息保护的规定和其他法律、行政法规的有关规定。 Article 1030 The relationship between civil subjects and credit information processors such as credit reporting agencies shall be governed by the provisions of this Part on the protection of personal information and the relevant provisions of other laws and administrative regulations. 第一千零三十一条 民事主体享有荣誉权。任何组织或者个人不得非法剥夺他人的荣誉称号，不得诋毁、贬损他人的荣誉。 Article 1031 Civil subjects shall enjoy the right to honour. No organization or individual may unlawfully deprive others of honorary titles, slander or belittle their honors. 获得的荣誉称号应当记载而没有记载的，民事主体可以请求记载；获得的荣誉称号记载错误的，民事主体可以请求更正。 If the honorary title obtained should be recorded but not recorded, the civil subject may request to record it; if the honorary title obtained is recorded incorrectly, the civil subject may request to correct it. 第六章 隐私权和个人信息保护Chapter VI Privacy and Personal Information Protection 第一千零三十二条 自然人享有隐私权。任何组织或者个人不得以刺探、侵扰、泄露、公开等方式侵害他人的隐私权。 Article 1032 Natural persons shall enjoy the right to privacy. No organization or individual may infringe upon the privacy rights of others by means of spying, intrusion, disclosure or publicity. 隐私是自然人的私人生活安宁和不愿为他人知晓的私密空间、私密活动、私密信息。 Privacy is the tranquility of a natural person's private life and private spaces, private activities, and private information that he or she does not want others to know. 第一千零三十三条 除法律另有规定或者权利人明确同意外，任何组织或者个人不得实施下列行为： Article 1033 Except as otherwise provided by law or with the express consent of the obligee, no organization or individual may commit any of the following acts: （一）以电话、短信、即时通讯工具、电子邮件、传单等方式侵扰他人的私人生活安宁； (1) Intruding into the privacy of others by telephone, text messages, instant messaging tools, e-mails, leaflets, etc.; （二）进入、拍摄、窥视他人的住宅、宾馆房间等私密空间；(2) Entering, photographing or peeping into private spaces such as houses and hotel rooms of others; （三）拍摄、窥视、窃听、公开他人的私密活动；(3) photographing, spying on, eavesdropping on, or publicizing the private activities of others; （四）拍摄、窥视他人身体的私密部位；(4) photographing or peeping into the private parts of other people's bodies; （五）处理他人的私密信息；(5) Dealing with the private information of others; （六）以其他方式侵害他人的隐私权。(6) Infringing upon the privacy rights of others in other ways. 第一千零三十四条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。Article 1034 Personal information of natural persons shall be protected by law. 个人信息是以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别特定自然人的各种信息，包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、生物识别信息、住址、电话号码、电子邮箱、健康信息、行踪信息等。 Personal information is various information recorded electronically or otherwise that can identify a specific natural person alone or in combination with other information, including the natural person's name, date of birth, identification number, biometric information, address, telephone number, e-mail address, health information, whereabouts information, etc. 个人信息中的私密信息，适用有关隐私权的规定；没有规定的，适用有关个人信息保护的规定。 Private information in personal information shall be subject to the provisions on privacy rights; where there are no provisions, the provisions on protection of personal information shall apply. 第一千零三十五条 处理个人信息的，应当遵循合法、正当、必要原则，不得过度处理，并符合下列条件： Article 1035 The handling of personal information shall follow the principles of legality, propriety and necessity, shall not be excessive, and shall meet the following conditions: （一）征得该自然人或者其监护人同意，但是法律、行政法规另有规定的除外；(1) obtaining the consent of the natural person or his guardian, except as otherwise provided by laws and administrative regulations; （二）公开处理信息的规则；(2) Rules for the disclosure of information; （三）明示处理信息的目的、方式和范围；(3) express the purpose, manner and scope of processing information; （四）不违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定。(4) Not violate the provisions of laws, administrative regulations and the agreements of both parties. 个人信息的处理包括个人信息的收集、存储、使用、加工、传输、提供、公开等。 The processing of personal information includes the collection, storage, use, processing, transmission, provision and disclosure of personal information. 第一千零三十六条 处理个人信息，有下列情形之一的，行为人不承担民事责任：Article 1036 In case of any of the following circumstances in handling personal information, the actor shall not bear civil liability: （一）在该自然人或者其监护人同意的范围内合理实施的行为；(1) acts reasonably performed within the scope of consent of the natural person or his guardian; （二）合理处理该自然人自行公开的或者其他已经合法公开的信息，但是该自然人明确拒绝或者处理该信息侵害其重大利益的除外； (2) Reasonably dispose of the information disclosed by the natural person or other information that has been legally disclosed, except that the natural person explicitly refuses or processes the information to infringe upon his or her major interests; （三）为维护公共利益或者该自然人合法权益，合理实施的其他行为。(3) other acts reasonably performed for the purpose of safeguarding public interests or the legitimate rights and interests of the natural person. 第一千零三十七条 自然人可以依法向信息处理者查阅或者复制其个人信息；发现信息有错误的，有权提出异议并请求及时采取更正等必要措施。 Article 1037 A natural person may consult or copy his personal information from the information processor according to law; if he finds any error in the information, he shall have the right to raise an objection and request to take necessary measures such as correction in time. 自然人发现信息处理者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定处理其个人信息的，有权请求信息处理者及时删除。 If a natural person finds that the information processor has handled his personal information in violation of laws, administrative regulations or agreements between the parties, he has the right to request the information processor to delete it in time. 第一千零三十八条 信息处理者不得泄露或者篡改其收集、存储的个人信息；未经自然人同意，不得向他人非法提供其个人信息，但是经过加工无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。 Article 1038 An information processor shall not disclose or tamper with the personal information collected or stored by it; without the consent of a natural person, it shall not illegally provide his or her personal information to others, except for the personal information that cannot be identified after processing and cannot be recovered. 信息处理者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集、存储的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、篡改、丢失；发生或者可能发生个人信息泄露、篡改、丢失的，应当及时采取补救措施，按照规定告知自然人并向有关主管部门报告。 The information processor shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to ensure the safety of the personal information collected and stored, and prevent the disclosure, tampering and loss of information; where the disclosure, tampering and loss of personal information occur or may occur, remedial measures shall be taken in time, and natural persons shall be notified and reported to the relevant competent department in accordance with regulations. 第一千零三十九条 国家机关、承担行政职能的法定机构及其工作人员对于履行职责过程中知悉的自然人的隐私和个人信息，应当予以保密，不得泄露或者向他人非法提供。 Article 1039 State organs, statutory bodies with administrative functions and their functionaries shall keep confidential the privacy and personal information of natural persons known in the course of performing their duties, and shall not disclose or illegally provide it to others. 第五编 婚姻家庭 Part V Marriage and Family 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第一千零四十条 本编调整因婚姻家庭产生的民事关系。Article 1040 This Part regulates civil relations arising from marriage and family. 第一千零四十一条 婚姻家庭受国家保护。Article 1041 Marriage and family shall be protected by the State. 实行婚姻自由、一夫一妻、男女平等的婚姻制度。A marriage system characterized by freedom of marriage, monogamy and equality between men and women shall be practiced. 保护妇女、未成年人、老年人、残疾人的合法权益。Protect the legitimate rights and interests of women, minors, the elderly and the disabled. 第一千零四十二条 禁止包办、买卖婚姻和其他干涉婚姻自由的行为。禁止借婚姻索取财物。 Article 1042 Arranged marriage, mercenary marriage and other acts interfering with the freedom of marriage shall be prohibited. It is prohibited to extort property by marriage. 禁止重婚。禁止有配偶者与他人同居。Bigamy is prohibited. Cohabitation between spouses is prohibited. 禁止家庭暴力。禁止家庭成员间的虐待和遗弃。Domestic violence is prohibited. Maltreatment and abandonment among family members are prohibited. 第一千零四十三条 家庭应当树立优良家风，弘扬家庭美德，重视家庭文明建设。Article 1043 Families shall foster fine family conduct, carry forward family virtues and attach importance to the building of family civilization. 夫妻应当互相忠实，互相尊重，互相关爱；家庭成员应当敬老爱幼，互相帮助，维护平等、和睦、文明的婚姻家庭关系。 Husband and wife shall be faithful to each other, respect each other and care for each other; family members shall respect the elderly and love the young, help each other and maintain equal, harmonious and civilized marriage and family relations. 第一千零四十四条 收养应当遵循最有利于被收养人的原则，保障被收养人和收养人的合法权益。 Article 1044 Adoption shall follow the principle of being in the best interests of the adoptee and safeguard the lawful rights and interests of the adoptee and the adoptee. 禁止借收养名义买卖未成年人。It is prohibited to buy or sell minors in the name of adoption. 第一千零四十五条 亲属包括配偶、血亲和姻亲。Article 1045 Relatives include spouses, blood relatives and in-laws. 配偶、父母、子女、兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母、孙子女、外孙子女为近亲属。 Spouse, parents, children, brothers and sisters, grandparents, maternal grandparents, grandchildren and grandchildren are close relatives. 配偶、父母、子女和其他共同生活的近亲属为家庭成员。Spouses, parents, children and other close relatives living together are family members. 第二章 结婚Chapter 2 Marriage 第一千零四十六条 结婚应当男女双方完全自愿，禁止任何一方对另一方加以强迫，禁止任何组织或者个人加以干涉。 Article 1046 Marriage shall be entered into of the complete consent of both the man and the woman, and coercion by either party against the other party or interference by any organization or individual shall be prohibited. 第一千零四十七条 结婚年龄，男不得早于二十二周岁，女不得早于二十周岁。Article 1047 The marriageable age shall not be earlier than 22 years for males and 20 years for females. 第一千零四十八条 直系血亲或者三代以内的旁系血亲禁止结婚。Article 1048 Marriage shall be prohibited for lineal relatives or collateral relatives up to the third generation. 第一千零四十九条 要求结婚的男女双方应当亲自到婚姻登记机关申请结婚登记。符合本法规定的，予以登记，发给结婚证。完成结婚登记，即确立婚姻关系。未办理结婚登记的，应当补办登记。 Article 1049 Both the man and the woman desiring marriage shall apply for marriage registration in person at the marriage registration office. Those who comply with the provisions of this Law shall be registered and marriage certificates shall be issued. Marriage is established upon completion of registration of marriage. If marriage registration has not been completed, registration shall be completed. 第一千零五十条 登记结婚后，按照男女双方约定，女方可以成为男方家庭的成员，男方可以成为女方家庭的成员。 Article 1050 After a marriage is registered, the woman may become a member of the man's family and the man may become a member of the woman's family according to the agreement between the man and the woman. 第一千零五十一条 有下列情形之一的，婚姻无效：Article 1051 A marriage shall be null and void under any of the following circumstances: （一）重婚；(1) bigamy; （二）有禁止结婚的亲属关系；(2) having kinship that prohibits marriage; （三）未到法定婚龄。(3) Under the legal age of marriage. 第一千零五十二条 因胁迫结婚的，受胁迫的一方可以向人民法院请求撤销婚姻。Article 1052 Where a marriage is contracted under duress, the party under duress may apply to the people's court for annulment of the marriage. 请求撤销婚姻的，应当自胁迫行为终止之日起一年内提出。A request for annulment of marriage shall be filed within one year from the date of termination of the coercive act. 被非法限制人身自由的当事人请求撤销婚姻的，应当自恢复人身自由之日起一年内提出。 If the party whose personal freedom has been illegally restricted requests annulment of marriage, he shall file the request within one year from the date of restoration of personal freedom. 第一千零五十三条 一方患有重大疾病的，应当在结婚登记前如实告知另一方；不如实告知的，另一方可以向人民法院请求撤销婚姻。 Article 1053 If one party suffers from a serious illness, he or she shall truthfully inform the other party before marriage registration; if he or she fails to truthfully inform the other party, the other party may request the people's court to annul the marriage. 请求撤销婚姻的，应当自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内提出。A request for annulment of a marriage shall be made within one year from the date on which the cause for annulment is known or should have been known. 第一千零五十四条 无效的或者被撤销的婚姻自始没有法律约束力，当事人不具有夫妻的权利和义务。同居期间所得的财产，由当事人协议处理；协议不成的，由人民法院根据照顾无过错方的原则判决。对重婚导致的无效婚姻的财产处理，不得侵害合法婚姻当事人的财产权益。当事人所生的子女，适用本法关于父母子女的规定。 Article 1054 An invalid or annulled marriage shall have no legally binding force from the very beginning, and the parties shall not have the rights and obligations of husband and wife. The property acquired during the period of cohabitation shall be disposed of by agreement between the parties concerned; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment in accordance with the principle of giving consideration to the innocent party. The disposition of the property of an invalid marriage resulting from bigamy shall not infringe upon the property rights and interests of the parties to a lawful marriage. The provisions of this Law concerning parents and children shall apply to children born to the parties concerned. 婚姻无效或者被撤销的，无过错方有权请求损害赔偿。If the marriage is null and void or annulled, the innocent party shall have the right to claim damages. 第三章 家庭关系Chapter III Family Relations 第一节 夫妻关系Section 1. 第一千零五十五条 夫妻在婚姻家庭中地位平等。Article 1055 Husband and wife shall have equal status in marriage and family. 第一千零五十六条 夫妻双方都有各自使用自己姓名的权利。Article 1056 Both husband and wife shall have the right to use their own names. 第一千零五十七条 夫妻双方都有参加生产、工作、学习和社会活动的自由，一方不得对另一方加以限制或者干涉。 Article 1057 Both husband and wife shall have the freedom to participate in production, work, study and social activities, and neither party may restrict or interfere with the other party. 第一千零五十八条 夫妻双方平等享有对未成年子女抚养、教育和保护的权利，共同承担对未成年子女抚养、教育和保护的义务。 Article 1058 Both husband and wife shall enjoy equal rights to the upbringing, education and protection of their minor children, and shall jointly assume the obligation to bring up, educate and protect their minor children. 第一千零五十九条 夫妻有相互扶养的义务。Article 1059 Husband and wife shall have the obligation to provide for each other. 需要扶养的一方，在另一方不履行扶养义务时，有要求其给付扶养费的权利。The party in need of maintenance shall have the right to demand maintenance payments from the other party if the other party fails to perform its maintenance obligations. 第一千零六十条 夫妻一方因家庭日常生活需要而实施的民事法律行为，对夫妻双方发生效力，但是夫妻一方与相对人另有约定的除外。 Article 1060 Civil juristic acts performed by one party to meet the needs of daily family life shall be effective for both parties, except as otherwise agreed between one party and the other party. 夫妻之间对一方可以实施的民事法律行为范围的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。The limitation on the scope of civil legal acts that can be implemented by one party between husband and wife shall not oppose the bona fide counterpart. 第一千零六十一条 夫妻有相互继承遗产的权利。Article 1061 Husband and wife shall have the right to inherit each other's property. 第一千零六十二条 夫妻在婚姻关系存续期间所得的下列财产，为夫妻的共同财产，归夫妻共同所有： Article 1062 The following property acquired by husband and wife during their marriage shall be their joint property and shall be jointly owned by them: （一）工资、奖金、劳务报酬；(1) wages, bonuses and remuneration for labor services; （二）生产、经营、投资的收益；(2) income from production, operation and investment; （三）知识产权的收益；(3) income from intellectual property rights; （四）继承或者受赠的财产，但是本法第一千零六十三条第三项规定的除外；(4) property inherited or donated, except as provided for in subparagraph 3 of Article 1063 of this Law; （五）其他应当归共同所有的财产。(5) other property that should be under common ownership. 夫妻对共同财产，有平等的处理权。Spouses have equal rights to dispose of common property. 第一千零六十三条 下列财产为夫妻一方的个人财产：Article 1063 The following property shall be the personal property of either spouse: （一）一方的婚前财产；(1) premarital property of one party; （二）一方因受到人身损害获得的赔偿或者补偿；(2) compensation or compensation for personal injury suffered by one party; （三）遗嘱或者赠与合同中确定只归一方的财产；(3) property identified as belonging exclusively to one party in a will or gift contract; （四）一方专用的生活用品；(4) Articles for daily use exclusively used by one party; （五）其他应当归一方的财产。(5) Other property that should belong to one party. 第一千零六十四条 夫妻双方共同签名或者夫妻一方事后追认等共同意思表示所负的债务，以及夫妻一方在婚姻关系存续期间以个人名义为家庭日常生活需要所负的债务，属于夫妻共同债务。 Article 1064 A debt owed by a husband and wife through joint signatures or subsequent ratification by one of the husband and wife, and a debt owed by one of the husband and wife for the daily needs of the family in his own name during the marriage shall be a joint debt of the husband and wife. 夫妻一方在婚姻关系存续期间以个人名义超出家庭日常生活需要所负的债务，不属于夫妻共同债务；但是，债权人能够证明该债务用于夫妻共同生活、共同生产经营或者基于夫妻双方共同意思表示的除外。 Debts incurred by one of the spouses in excess of the daily needs of the family in his or her own name during the existence of the marital relationship shall not be joint debts of the husband and wife, except where the creditor can prove that the debts are used for the husband and wife's common life, joint production and operation, or are expressed on the basis of the common will of both spouses. 第一千零六十五条 男女双方可以约定婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产归各自所有、共同所有或者部分各自所有、部分共同所有。约定应当采用书面形式。没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第一千零六十二条、第一千零六十三条的规定。 Article 1065 A man and a woman may stipulate that the property acquired during the existence of their marriage relationship and the property acquired before marriage shall be under their respective ownership, joint ownership, or partly under their respective ownership and partly under their joint ownership. The agreement shall be in writing. Where there is no such agreement or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Articles 1062 and 1063 of this Law shall apply. 夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产以及婚前财产的约定，对双方具有法律约束力。 The agreement between husband and wife on the property acquired during the existence of marriage and the property acquired before marriage shall be legally binding on both parties. 夫妻对婚姻关系存续期间所得的财产约定归各自所有，夫或者妻一方对外所负的债务，相对人知道该约定的，以夫或者妻一方的个人财产清偿。 The husband and wife agree that the property acquired during the existence of the marriage relationship shall be owned by each other, and the debts incurred by the husband or wife shall be paid off with the personal property of the husband or wife if the other party knows about the agreement. 第一千零六十六条 婚姻关系存续期间，有下列情形之一的，夫妻一方可以向人民法院请求分割共同财产： Article 1066 During the period of marriage, either spouse may apply to the people's court for division of joint property under any of the following circumstances: （一）一方有隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损、挥霍夫妻共同财产或者伪造夫妻共同债务等严重损害夫妻共同财产利益的行为； (1) One party has committed acts that seriously damage the interests of the joint property of the husband and wife, such as concealing, transferring, selling, damaging or squandering the joint property of the husband and wife or forging the joint debts of the husband and wife; （二）一方负有法定扶养义务的人患重大疾病需要医治，另一方不同意支付相关医疗费用。 (2) A person who has legal maintenance obligations of one party suffers from a serious disease and needs medical treatment, and the other party does not agree to pay the relevant medical expenses. 第二节 父母子女关系和其他近亲属关系Section 2 Parent-Child Relationships and Other Close Kinship Relationships 第一千零六十七条 父母不履行抚养义务的，未成年子女或者不能独立生活的成年子女，有要求父母给付抚养费的权利。 Article 1067 If a parent fails to fulfill his or her duty of upbringing, a minor child or an adult child who is unable to live independently shall have the right to demand maintenance payments from his or her parents. 成年子女不履行赡养义务的，缺乏劳动能力或者生活困难的父母，有要求成年子女给付赡养费的权利。 Parents of adult children who fail to fulfill their maintenance obligations or who lack the ability to work or have difficulties in their livelihood shall have the right to demand maintenance payments from their adult children. 第一千零六十八条 父母有教育、保护未成年子女的权利和义务。未成年子女造成他人损害的，父母应当依法承担民事责任。 Article 1068 Parents shall have the right and duty to educate and protect their minor children. If minor children cause harm to others, their parents shall bear civil liability according to law. 第一千零六十九条 子女应当尊重父母的婚姻权利，不得干涉父母离婚、再婚以及婚后的生活。子女对父母的赡养义务，不因父母的婚姻关系变化而终止。 Article 1069 Children shall respect their parents 'marital rights and shall not interfere in their parents' divorce, remarriage or post-marital life. The obligation of a child to support his or her parents shall not terminate with any change in the marital relationship between the parents. 第一千零七十条 父母和子女有相互继承遗产的权利。Article 1070 Parents and children shall have the right to inherit each other's property. 第一千零七十一条 非婚生子女享有与婚生子女同等的权利，任何组织或者个人不得加以危害和歧视。 Article 1071 Children born out of wedlock shall enjoy the same rights as children born in wedlock, and no organization or individual may harm or discriminate against them. 不直接抚养非婚生子女的生父或者生母，应当负担未成年子女或者不能独立生活的成年子女的抚养费。 A natural father or mother who does not directly bring up a child born out of wedlock shall bear the alimony for a minor child or an adult child who is unable to live independently. 第一千零七十二条 继父母与继子女间，不得虐待或者歧视。Article 1072 There shall be no maltreatment or discrimination between stepparents and stepchildren. 继父或者继母和受其抚养教育的继子女间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于父母子女关系的规定。 The provisions of this Law concerning the relationship between parents and children shall apply to the relationship of rights and obligations between a stepfather or stepmother and his stepchild who has been brought up and educated by him. 第一千零七十三条 对亲子关系有异议且有正当理由的，父或者母可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求确认或者否认亲子关系。 Article 1073 If there is an objection to the parentage relationship and there are justified reasons, either the father or the mother may bring a suit in a people's court to request confirmation or denial of the parentage relationship. 对亲子关系有异议且有正当理由的，成年子女可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求确认亲子关系。 If there are objections to the parentage relationship and there are justified reasons, the adult children may bring a lawsuit to the people's court to request confirmation of the parentage relationship. 第一千零七十四条 有负担能力的祖父母、外祖父母，对于父母已经死亡或者父母无力抚养的未成年孙子女、外孙子女，有抚养的义务。 Article 1074 Grandparents or maternal grandparents who can afford it shall have the obligation to bring up minor grandchildren whose parents are dead or unable to bring them up. 有负担能力的孙子女、外孙子女，对于子女已经死亡或者子女无力赡养的祖父母、外祖父母，有赡养的义务。 Grandchildren who can afford it shall have the obligation to support grandparents whose children are dead or unable to support them. 第一千零七十五条 有负担能力的兄、姐，对于父母已经死亡或者父母无力抚养的未成年弟、妹，有扶养的义务。 Article 1075 Older brothers and sisters who can afford it shall have the obligation to bring up minor younger brothers and sisters whose parents are dead or unable to bring them up. 由兄、姐扶养长大的有负担能力的弟、妹，对于缺乏劳动能力又缺乏生活来源的兄、姐，有扶养的义务。 Younger brothers and sisters who have been brought up by older brothers and sisters and who can afford it have the obligation to bring up older brothers and sisters who lack the ability to work and the means of livelihood. 第四章 离婚Chapter 4 Divorce 第一千零七十六条 夫妻双方自愿离婚的，应当签订书面离婚协议，并亲自到婚姻登记机关申请离婚登记。 Article 1076 If the husband and wife divorce voluntarily, they shall sign a written divorce agreement and apply for divorce registration in person at the marriage registration office. 离婚协议应当载明双方自愿离婚的意思表示和对子女抚养、财产以及债务处理等事项协商一致的意见。 The divorce agreement shall clearly state the intention of both parties to divorce voluntarily and the consensus reached through consultation on matters such as child rearing, property and debt disposal. 第一千零七十七条 自婚姻登记机关收到离婚登记申请之日起三十日内，任何一方不愿意离婚的，可以向婚姻登记机关撤回离婚登记申请。 Article 1077 Within 30 days from the date the marriage registration authority receives the divorce registration application, if either party is unwilling to divorce, it may withdraw the divorce registration application from the marriage registration authority. 前款规定期限届满后三十日内，双方应当亲自到婚姻登记机关申请发给离婚证；未申请的，视为撤回离婚登记申请。 Within 30 days after the expiration of the time limit prescribed in the preceding paragraph, both parties shall apply in person to the marriage registration office for the issuance of a divorce certificate; if no application is made, the application for divorce registration shall be deemed withdrawn. 第一千零七十八条 婚姻登记机关查明双方确实是自愿离婚，并已经对子女抚养、财产以及债务处理等事项协商一致的，予以登记，发给离婚证。 Article 1078 If the marriage registration authority finds out that the divorce is indeed voluntary and that both parties have reached consensus through consultation on matters such as child support, property and debt settlement, it shall register the divorce and issue a divorce certificate. 第一千零七十九条 夫妻一方要求离婚的，可以由有关组织进行调解或者直接向人民法院提起离婚诉讼。 Article 1079 If either spouse requests divorce, mediation may be conducted by the relevant organization or divorce proceedings may be brought directly in a people's court. 人民法院审理离婚案件，应当进行调解；如果感情确已破裂，调解无效的，应当准予离婚。 When trying divorce cases, the people's courts shall conduct mediation; if the feelings have indeed broken down and mediation is ineffective, divorce shall be granted. 有下列情形之一，调解无效的，应当准予离婚：Divorce shall be granted if mediation fails under any of the following circumstances: （一）重婚或者与他人同居；(1) bigamy or cohabitation with another person; （二）实施家庭暴力或者虐待、遗弃家庭成员；(2) committing domestic violence or maltreating or abandoning family members; （三）有赌博、吸毒等恶习屡教不改；(3) having bad habits such as gambling and drug abuse and refusing to mend after repeated admonition; （四）因感情不和分居满二年；(4) Separation for two years due to emotional discord; （五）其他导致夫妻感情破裂的情形。(5) Other circumstances that lead to the breakdown of the couple's feelings. 一方被宣告失踪，另一方提起离婚诉讼的，应当准予离婚。If one party is declared missing and the other party files divorce proceedings, divorce shall be granted. 经人民法院判决不准离婚后，双方又分居满一年，一方再次提起离婚诉讼的，应当准予离婚。 After a people's court has ruled against divorce, if one party files divorce proceedings again at the expiration of one year after the two parties have separated, divorce shall be granted. 第一千零八十条 完成离婚登记，或者离婚判决书、调解书生效，即解除婚姻关系。 Article 1080 Marriage shall be dissolved upon completion of divorce registration or entry into force of divorce judgment or mediation. 第一千零八十一条 现役军人的配偶要求离婚，应当征得军人同意，但是军人一方有重大过错的除外。 Article 1081 If the spouse of an active serviceman requests divorce, consent of the serviceman shall be obtained, except where the serviceman is at serious fault. 第一千零八十二条 女方在怀孕期间、分娩后一年内或者终止妊娠后六个月内，男方不得提出离婚；但是，女方提出离婚或者人民法院认为确有必要受理男方离婚请求的除外。 Article 1082 The husband may not file for divorce during the period of pregnancy of the woman, within one year after she gives birth or within six months after the termination of pregnancy, unless the woman files for divorce or the people's court deems it necessary to accept the husband's request for divorce. 第一千零八十三条 离婚后，男女双方自愿恢复婚姻关系的，应当到婚姻登记机关重新进行结婚登记。 Article 1083 If, after divorce, both the man and the woman voluntarily resume their marriage relationship, they shall go to the marriage registration office for marriage registration anew. 第一千零八十四条 父母与子女间的关系，不因父母离婚而消除。离婚后，子女无论由父或者母直接抚养，仍是父母双方的子女。 Article 1084 The relationship between parents and children shall not be dissolved by divorce of parents. After divorce, the children remain the children of both parents, regardless of whether they are brought up directly by either parent. 离婚后，父母对于子女仍有抚养、教育、保护的权利和义务。After divorce, parents shall still have the right and duty to bring up, educate and protect their children. 离婚后，不满两周岁的子女，以由母亲直接抚养为原则。已满两周岁的子女，父母双方对抚养问题协议不成的，由人民法院根据双方的具体情况，按照最有利于未成年子女的原则判决。子女已满八周岁的，应当尊重其真实意愿。 After divorce, children under the age of two shall, in principle, be brought up directly by their mothers. If the parents of a child who has reached the age of two fail to reach an agreement on the upbringing of the child, the people's court shall make a judgment in the light of the specific circumstances of both parties and in accordance with the principle of being most beneficial to the minor child. Children who have reached the age of eight shall respect their true wishes. 第一千零八十五条 离婚后，子女由一方直接抚养的，另一方应当负担部分或者全部抚养费。负担费用的多少和期限的长短，由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。 Article 1085 If, after divorce, one party directly raises a child, the other party shall bear part or all of the maintenance fee. The amount of expenses to be borne and the length of the time limit shall be agreed upon by both parties; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment. 前款规定的协议或者判决，不妨碍子女在必要时向父母任何一方提出超过协议或者判决原定数额的合理要求。 The agreement or judgment provided for in the preceding paragraph shall not prevent the child from, when necessary, making reasonable demands to either parent for an amount exceeding the amount originally agreed upon in the agreement or judgment. 第一千零八十六条 离婚后，不直接抚养子女的父或者母，有探望子女的权利，另一方有协助的义务。 Article 1086 After divorce, the parent who does not directly bring up the children shall have the right to visit the children, while the other party shall have the obligation to assist. 行使探望权利的方式、时间由当事人协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。The manner and time for exercising the right of visitation shall be agreed upon by the parties concerned; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment. 父或者母探望子女，不利于子女身心健康的，由人民法院依法中止探望；中止的事由消失后，应当恢复探望。 If visits by the father or mother are detrimental to the physical and mental health of the child, the people's court shall suspend the visits according to law; after the reasons for suspension have disappeared, the visits shall be resumed. 第一千零八十七条 离婚时，夫妻的共同财产由双方协议处理；协议不成的，由人民法院根据财产的具体情况，按照照顾子女、女方和无过错方权益的原则判决。 Article 1087 At the time of divorce, the spouses 'joint property shall be disposed of by mutual agreement; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment in the light of the specific circumstances of the property and in accordance with the principle of taking care of the rights and interests of the children, the wife and the innocent party. 对夫或者妻在家庭土地承包经营中享有的权益等，应当依法予以保护。The rights and interests enjoyed by the husband or wife in the contracted operation of household land shall be protected according to law. 第一千零八十八条 夫妻一方因抚育子女、照料老年人、协助另一方工作等负担较多义务的，离婚时有权向另一方请求补偿，另一方应当给予补偿。具体办法由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。 Article 1088 If one of the spouses bears relatively heavy obligations in bringing up children, caring for the elderly or assisting the other spouse in his or her work, he or she shall have the right, at the time of divorce, to request compensation from the other spouse, who shall make compensation. Specific measures shall be agreed upon by both parties; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment. 第一千零八十九条 离婚时，夫妻共同债务应当共同偿还。共同财产不足清偿或者财产归各自所有的，由双方协议清偿；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。 Article 1089 At the time of divorce, the husband and wife shall jointly repay their joint debts. If the joint property is insufficient to pay off or if the property is owned by each party, the two parties shall settle the debts through agreement; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment. 第一千零九十条 离婚时，如果一方生活困难，有负担能力的另一方应当给予适当帮助。具体办法由双方协议；协议不成的，由人民法院判决。 Article 1090 At the time of divorce, if one party has financial difficulties, the other party who can afford it shall provide appropriate assistance. Specific measures shall be agreed upon by both parties; if no agreement can be reached, the people's court shall make a judgment. 第一千零九十一条 有下列情形之一，导致离婚的，无过错方有权请求损害赔偿：Article 1091 If divorce is caused by any of the following circumstances, the innocent party shall have the right to claim damages: （一）重婚；(1) bigamy; （二）与他人同居；(2) cohabitation with others; （三）实施家庭暴力；(iii) domestic violence; （四）虐待、遗弃家庭成员；(4) maltreatment and abandonment of family members; （五）有其他重大过错。(5) There are other serious mistakes. 第一千零九十二条 夫妻一方隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损、挥霍夫妻共同财产，或者伪造夫妻共同债务企图侵占另一方财产的，在离婚分割夫妻共同财产时，对该方可以少分或者不分。离婚后，另一方发现有上述行为的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼，请求再次分割夫妻共同财产。 Article 1092 If either party conceals, transfers, sells, damages or squanders the joint property of the husband and wife, or forges joint debts of the husband and wife in an attempt to encroach upon the property of the other party, the said party may be given a smaller share or no share of the joint property of the husband and wife at the time of division of the joint property of the husband and wife through divorce. After divorce, if the other party discovers any of the above-mentioned acts, he or she may bring a lawsuit in a people's court and request a repartition of the joint property of the husband and wife. 第五章 收养Chapter V Adoption 第一节 收养关系的成立Section 1 Establishment of Adoption Relationship 第一千零九十三条 下列未成年人，可以被收养：Article 1093 The following minors may be adopted: （一）丧失父母的孤儿；(1) orphans who have lost their parents; （二）查找不到生父母的未成年人；(2) minors whose biological parents cannot be traced; （三）生父母有特殊困难无力抚养的子女。(3) children whose parents have special difficulties and are unable to raise them. 第一千零九十四条 下列个人、组织可以作送养人：Article 1094 The following individuals and organizations may be adopters: （一）孤儿的监护人；(1) guardians of orphans; （二）儿童福利机构；(ii) Child welfare agencies; （三）有特殊困难无力抚养子女的生父母。(3) parents who have special difficulties and are unable to raise their children. 第一千零九十五条 未成年人的父母均不具备完全民事行为能力且可能严重危害该未成年人的，该未成年人的监护人可以将其送养。 Article 1095 If neither of the parents of a minor possesses full capacity for civil conduct and may seriously endanger the minor, the minor's guardian may place the minor for adoption. 第一千零九十六条 监护人送养孤儿的，应当征得有抚养义务的人同意。有抚养义务的人不同意送养、监护人不愿意继续履行监护职责的，应当依照本法第一编的规定另行确定监护人。 Article 1096 Where a guardian places an orphan for adoption, he shall obtain the consent of the person who has the obligation to bring him up. If the person who has the obligation to bring up the child does not agree to the placement, or the guardian is unwilling to continue to perform his guardianship duties, another guardian shall be appointed in accordance with the provisions of Part I of this Law. 第一千零九十七条 生父母送养子女，应当双方共同送养。生父母一方不明或者查找不到的，可以单方送养。 Article 1097 If the parents place a child for adoption, they shall do so jointly. If one of the parents is unknown or cannot be found, the child may be placed for adoption unilaterally. 第一千零九十八条 收养人应当同时具备下列条件：Article 1098 The adopter shall simultaneously meet the following conditions: （一）无子女或者只有一名子女；(i) have no children or only one child; （二）有抚养、教育和保护被收养人的能力；(2) ability to bring up, educate and protect the adoptee; （三）未患有在医学上认为不应当收养子女的疾病；(3) he is not suffering from any disease that is medically considered unfit for adoption; （四）无不利于被收养人健康成长的违法犯罪记录；(4) No criminal record detrimental to the healthy growth of the adoptee; （五）年满三十周岁。(5) at least thirty years of age. 第一千零九十九条 收养三代以内旁系同辈血亲的子女，可以不受本法第一千零九十三条第三项、第一千零九十四条第三项和第一千一百零二条规定的限制。 Article 1099 The adoption of a child of collateral descent of the same generation up to the third generation may not be subject to the restrictions provided for in Paragraph 3 of Article 1093, Paragraph 3 of Article 1094 and Article 1102 of this Law. 华侨收养三代以内旁系同辈血亲的子女，还可以不受本法第一千零九十八条第一项规定的限制。 The adoption of collateral relatives and consanguineous children up to the third generation by overseas Chinese may also be exempted from the restrictions provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 1098 of this Law. 第一千一百条 无子女的收养人可以收养两名子女；有子女的收养人只能收养一名子女。 Article 1100 An adopter without children may adopt two children; an adopter with children may adopt only one child. 收养孤儿、残疾未成年人或者儿童福利机构抚养的查找不到生父母的未成年人，可以不受前款和本法第一千零九十八条第一项规定的限制。 Orphans or disabled minors adopted or minors brought up by children's welfare institutions whose birth parents cannot be traced may not be subject to the restrictions prescribed in the preceding paragraph and in subparagraph 1 of article 1098 of this law. 第一千一百零一条 有配偶者收养子女，应当夫妻共同收养。Article 1101 If a spouse adopts a child, the husband and wife shall adopt the child together. 第一千一百零二条 无配偶者收养异性子女的，收养人与被收养人的年龄应当相差四十周岁以上。 Article 1102 Where a spouse adopts a child of the opposite sex, the difference in age between the adopter and the adoptee shall be at least 40 years. 第一千一百零三条 继父或者继母经继子女的生父母同意，可以收养继子女，并可以不受本法第一千零九十三条第三项、第一千零九十四条第三项、第一千零九十八条和第一千一百条第一款规定的限制。 Article 1103 A stepfather or stepmother may adopt a stepchild with the consent of the stepchild's birth parents and may be exempted from the restrictions provided for in Paragraph 3 of Article 1093, Paragraph 3 of Article 1094, Article 1098 and Paragraph 1 of Article 1100 of this Law. 第一千一百零四条 收养人收养与送养人送养，应当双方自愿。收养八周岁以上未成年人的，应当征得被收养人的同意。 Article 1104 Adoption by the adopter and placement by the adopter shall be voluntary. The adoption of a minor over the age of eight shall require the consent of the adoptee. 第一千一百零五条 收养应当向县级以上人民政府民政部门登记。收养关系自登记之日起成立。 Article 1105 Adoption shall be registered with the civil affairs department of the people's government at or above the county level. The adoption relationship shall be established from the date of registration. 收养查找不到生父母的未成年人的，办理登记的民政部门应当在登记前予以公告。 Where the adoption of a minor whose biological parents cannot be found, the civil affairs department handling the registration shall make a public announcement before registration. 收养关系当事人愿意签订收养协议的，可以签订收养协议。If the parties to an adoption relationship are willing to sign an adoption agreement, they may do so. 收养关系当事人各方或者一方要求办理收养公证的，应当办理收养公证。If the parties or one of the parties to the adoption request notarization of the adoption, the adoption shall be notarized. 县级以上人民政府民政部门应当依法进行收养评估。The civil affairs department of the people's government at or above the county level shall conduct adoption evaluation according to law. 第一千一百零六条 收养关系成立后，公安机关应当按照国家有关规定为被收养人办理户口登记。 Article 1106 After an adoptive relationship is established, the public security organ shall register the adoptee in accordance with the relevant provisions of the State. 第一千一百零七条 孤儿或者生父母无力抚养的子女，可以由生父母的亲属、朋友抚养；抚养人与被抚养人的关系不适用本章规定。 Article 1107 An orphan or a child whose parents are unable to bring him up may be brought up by relatives or friends of the parents; the provisions of this Chapter shall not apply to the relationship between the provider and the dependant. 第一千一百零八条 配偶一方死亡，另一方送养未成年子女的，死亡一方的父母有优先抚养的权利。 Article 1108 If one spouse dies and the other spouse places up a minor child for adoption, the parents of the deceased spouse shall have priority in bringing up the child. 第一千一百零九条 外国人依法可以在中华人民共和国收养子女。Article 1109 Aliens may adopt children in the People's Republic of China according to law. 外国人在中华人民共和国收养子女，应当经其所在国主管机关依照该国法律审查同意。收养人应当提供由其所在国有权机构出具的有关其年龄、婚姻、职业、财产、健康、有无受过刑事处罚等状况的证明材料，并与送养人签订书面协议，亲自向省、自治区、直辖市人民政府民政部门登记。 Aliens adopting children in the People's Republic of China shall obtain the examination and consent of the competent authorities of the country in which they are located in accordance with the laws of that country. The adopter shall provide documentary evidence concerning his age, marriage, occupation, property, health and whether he has received criminal punishment issued by the competent authorities of the country where he is located, sign a written agreement with the adopter, and register himself with the civil affairs department of the people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government. 前款规定的证明材料应当经收养人所在国外交机关或者外交机关授权的机构认证，并经中华人民共和国驻该国使领馆认证，但是国家另有规定的除外。 The evidentiary materials specified in the preceding paragraph shall be authenticated by the diplomatic organ or an institution authorized by the diplomatic organ of the country where the adopter is located, and authenticated by the embassy or consulate of the People's Republic of China in that country, unless otherwise stipulated by the State. 第一千一百一十条 收养人、送养人要求保守收养秘密的，其他人应当尊重其意愿，不得泄露。 Article 1110 Where the adopter or the adopter requests that the secret of the adoption be kept confidential, other persons shall respect his wish and shall not disclose it. 第二节 收养的效力Section 2 Effect of Adoption 第一千一百一十一条 自收养关系成立之日起，养父母与养子女间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于父母子女关系的规定；养子女与养父母的近亲属间的权利义务关系，适用本法关于子女与父母的近亲属关系的规定。 Article 1111 As of the date of establishment of the adoptive relationship, the provisions of this Law concerning the relationship between parents and children shall apply to the relationship of rights and obligations between adoptive parents and adopted children; the provisions of this Law concerning the relationship between children and parents shall apply to the relationship of rights and obligations between adopted children and close relatives of adoptive parents. 养子女与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系，因收养关系的成立而消除。The relationship of rights and obligations between an adopted child and his or her biological parents and other close relatives shall be extinguished with the establishment of the adoptive relationship. 第一千一百一十二条 养子女可以随养父或者养母的姓氏，经当事人协商一致，也可以保留原姓氏。 Article 1112 An adopted child may take the surname of his adoptive father or mother, or may retain his original surname if the parties concerned so agree through consultation. 第一千一百一十三条 有本法第一编关于民事法律行为无效规定情形或者违反本编规定的收养行为无效。 Article 113 An act of adoption shall be null and void if it falls under the circumstances provided for in Part I of this Law concerning the nullity of civil juristic acts or if it violates the provisions of this Part. 无效的收养行为自始没有法律约束力。An invalid adoption is not legally binding ab initio. 第三节 收养关系的解除Section 3 Termination of Adoption Relationship 第一千一百一十四条 收养人在被收养人成年以前，不得解除收养关系，但是收养人、送养人双方协议解除的除外。养子女八周岁以上的，应当征得本人同意。 Article 114 The adopter may not terminate the adoption relationship before the adoptee reaches adulthood, except where the adopter and the adopter agree to terminate the adoption relationship. If a foster child is over eight years old, consent shall be obtained from the foster child. 收养人不履行抚养义务，有虐待、遗弃等侵害未成年养子女合法权益行为的，送养人有权要求解除养父母与养子女间的收养关系。送养人、收养人不能达成解除收养关系协议的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼。 If the adopter fails to fulfill his obligation to bring up the child and commits maltreatment, abandonment or other acts infringing upon the legitimate rights and interests of the minor adopted child, the adopter shall have the right to demand the termination of the adoptive relationship between the adoptive parents and the adopted child. If the adopter or the adopter fails to reach an agreement on terminating the adoptive relationship, he or she may bring a suit in a people's court. 第一千一百一十五条 养父母与成年养子女关系恶化、无法共同生活的，可以协议解除收养关系。不能达成协议的，可以向人民法院提起诉讼。 Article 115 If the relationship between adoptive parents and an adult adopted child deteriorates and they are unable to live together, the adoptive relationship may be terminated by agreement. If no agreement can be reached, a lawsuit may be brought in a people's court. 第一千一百一十六条 当事人协议解除收养关系的，应当到民政部门办理解除收养关系登记。 Article 116 Where the parties agree to terminate the adoption relationship, they shall register the termination of the adoption relationship with the civil affairs department. 第一千一百一十七条 收养关系解除后，养子女与养父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系即行消除，与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系自行恢复。但是，成年养子女与生父母以及其他近亲属间的权利义务关系是否恢复，可以协商确定。 Article 117 After the termination of the adoptive relationship, the rights and obligations of the adopted child with his adoptive parents and other close relatives shall immediately be terminated, and the rights and obligations of the adopted child with his biological parents and other close relatives shall automatically be restored. However, whether the rights and obligations between adult adopted children and their biological parents and other close relatives are restored can be determined through negotiation. 第一千一百一十八条 收养关系解除后，经养父母抚养的成年养子女，对缺乏劳动能力又缺乏生活来源的养父母，应当给付生活费。因养子女成年后虐待、遗弃养父母而解除收养关系的，养父母可以要求养子女补偿收养期间支出的抚养费。 Article 118 After the termination of the adoptive relationship, an adult adopted child who has been brought up by his adoptive parents shall pay living expenses to the adoptive parents who lack the ability to work and the means of subsistence. If the adoptive relationship is terminated because the adopted child maltreats or abandons the adoptive parents after reaching adulthood, the adoptive parents may demand compensation from the adopted child for the maintenance expenses incurred during the period of adoption. 生父母要求解除收养关系的，养父母可以要求生父母适当补偿收养期间支出的抚养费；但是，因养父母虐待、遗弃养子女而解除收养关系的除外。 If the adoptive parents demand the termination of the adoptive relationship, the adoptive parents may demand that the adoptive parents appropriately compensate for the maintenance expenses incurred during the period of adoption, except where the adoptive relationship is terminated due to maltreatment or abandonment of the adopted child by the adoptive parents. 第六编 继承 Part VI Succession 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第一千一百一十九条 本编调整因继承产生的民事关系。Article 1119 This Part regulates civil relations arising from succession. 第一千一百二十条 国家保护自然人的继承权。Article 1120 The State protects the inheritance rights of natural persons. 第一千一百二十一条 继承从被继承人死亡时开始。Article 1121 Succession begins at the death of the decedent. 相互有继承关系的数人在同一事件中死亡，难以确定死亡时间的，推定没有其他继承人的人先死亡。都有其他继承人，辈份不同的，推定长辈先死亡；辈份相同的，推定同时死亡，相互不发生继承。 If several persons who have inherited each other die in the same event and it is difficult to determine the time of death, it is presumed that the person who has no other heir dies first. There are other heirs, generations different, presumed elders died first; The same generation, presumed to die at the same time, mutual inheritance does not occur. 第一千一百二十二条 遗产是自然人死亡时遗留的个人合法财产。Article 1122 An estate is the legal property of an individual left behind by a natural person at the time of his death. 依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得继承的遗产，不得继承。Inheritance shall not be inherited if it is excluded by law or by its nature. 第一千一百二十三条 继承开始后，按照法定继承办理；有遗嘱的，按照遗嘱继承或者遗赠办理；有遗赠扶养协议的，按照协议办理。 Article 1123 After the commencement of succession, it shall be handled in accordance with statutory succession; if there is a will, it shall be handled in accordance with testamentary succession or bequest; if there is an agreement on bequest or maintenance, it shall be handled in accordance with the agreement. 第一千一百二十四条 继承开始后，继承人放弃继承的，应当在遗产处理前，以书面形式作出放弃继承的表示；没有表示的，视为接受继承。 Article 1124 If, after the commencement of succession, a successor renounces succession, he shall indicate in writing his renunciation before the estate is disposed of; if he fails to do so, he shall be deemed to have accepted succession. 受遗赠人应当在知道受遗赠后六十日内，作出接受或者放弃受遗赠的表示；到期没有表示的，视为放弃受遗赠。 The legatee shall, within 60 days after he becomes aware of the legacy, indicate whether he accepts or renounces the legacy; failure to do so within the prescribed time period shall be deemed to have renounced the legacy. 第一千一百二十五条 继承人有下列行为之一的，丧失继承权：Article 1125 A successor shall lose his right to inheritance if he commits any of the following acts: （一）故意杀害被继承人；(1) intentionally killing the decedent; （二）为争夺遗产而杀害其他继承人；(2) killing other heirs for the purpose of fighting over inheritance; （三）遗弃被继承人，或者虐待被继承人情节严重；(3) serious desertion or maltreatment of the decedent; （四）伪造、篡改、隐匿或者销毁遗嘱，情节严重；(4) forging, tampering with, concealing or destroying a will, if the circumstances are serious; （五）以欺诈、胁迫手段迫使或者妨碍被继承人设立、变更或者撤回遗嘱，情节严重。 (5) compelling or obstructing the decedent to establish, alter or withdraw a will by fraud or coercion, if the circumstances are serious. 继承人有前款第三项至第五项行为，确有悔改表现，被继承人表示宽恕或者事后在遗嘱中将其列为继承人的，该继承人不丧失继承权。 If the successor commits any of the acts mentioned in subparagraphs 3 to 5 of the preceding paragraph, shows genuine repentance, and the decedent expresses forgiveness or subsequently lists him as the successor in his will, the heir shall not lose his right to inheritance. 受遗赠人有本条第一款规定行为的，丧失受遗赠权。If the legatee commits any act specified in paragraph 1 of this article, he shall forfeit his right to legacy. 第二章 法定继承Chapter II Legal Succession 第一千一百二十六条 继承权男女平等。Article 1126 Men and women have equal rights of inheritance. 第一千一百二十七条 遗产按照下列顺序继承：Article 1127 Inheritance shall be inherited in the following order: （一）第一顺序：配偶、子女、父母；(1) First order: spouse, children, parents; （二）第二顺序：兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母。Second order: brothers and sisters, grandparents, maternal grandparents. 继承开始后，由第一顺序继承人继承，第二顺序继承人不继承；没有第一顺序继承人继承的，由第二顺序继承人继承。 After succession begins, it is inherited by the first-order heir, and the second-order heir does not inherit; if there is no first-order heir, it is inherited by the second-order heir. 本编所称子女，包括婚生子女、非婚生子女、养子女和有扶养关系的继子女。The term "children" as used in this Part includes legitimate children, illegitimate children, adopted children and stepchildren with dependent relationships. 本编所称父母，包括生父母、养父母和有扶养关系的继父母。The term "parents" as used in this part includes biological parents, adoptive parents and stepparents who have a dependency relationship. 本编所称兄弟姐妹，包括同父母的兄弟姐妹、同父异母或者同母异父的兄弟姐妹、养兄弟姐妹、有扶养关系的继兄弟姐妹。 Brothers and sisters referred to in this Part include brothers and sisters of the same parents, half-brothers and sisters of the same father or mother, adopted brothers and sisters, stepbrothers and sisters with dependent relationship. 第一千一百二十八条 被继承人的子女先于被继承人死亡的，由被继承人的子女的直系晚辈血亲代位继承。 Article 1128 If the decedent's children die before the decedent, they shall be inherited by direct descendants of the decedent in subrogation. 被继承人的兄弟姐妹先于被继承人死亡的，由被继承人的兄弟姐妹的子女代位继承。 If the brother or sister of the decedent dies before the decedent, the children of the brother or sister of the decedent shall succeed in place. 代位继承人一般只能继承被代位继承人有权继承的遗产份额。A subrogation heir can generally only inherit the share of the estate that the subrogated heir is entitled to inherit. 第一千一百二十九条 丧偶儿媳对公婆，丧偶女婿对岳父母，尽了主要赡养义务的，作为第一顺序继承人。 Article 1129 A widowed daughter-in-law or a widowed son-in-law who has performed the main duty of maintenance for his parents-in-law shall be regarded as the successor in the first order. 第一千一百三十条 同一顺序继承人继承遗产的份额，一般应当均等。Article 1130 Successors in the same order shall, in general, have equal shares in the inheritance. 对生活有特殊困难又缺乏劳动能力的继承人，分配遗产时，应当予以照顾。In the distribution of inheritance, consideration shall be given to heirs who have special difficulties in living and lack the ability to work. 对被继承人尽了主要扶养义务或者与被继承人共同生活的继承人，分配遗产时，可以多分。 In the distribution of the estate, heirs who have fulfilled the principal obligation of maintenance for the decedent or who live together with the decedent may receive a larger share. 有扶养能力和有扶养条件的继承人，不尽扶养义务的，分配遗产时，应当不分或者少分。 Successors who have the ability and the conditions to support them but fail to fulfill their obligations of support shall receive no or less share of the inheritance when distributing it. 继承人协商同意的，也可以不均等。What the successors agree upon through consultation may not be equal. 第一千一百三十一条 对继承人以外的依靠被继承人扶养的人，或者继承人以外的对被继承人扶养较多的人，可以分给适当的遗产。 Article 1131 Appropriate inheritance may be distributed to persons other than heirs who are dependent on the decedent for maintenance or who are more dependent on the decedent. 第一千一百三十二条 继承人应当本着互谅互让、和睦团结的精神，协商处理继承问题。遗产分割的时间、办法和份额，由继承人协商确定；协商不成的，可以由人民调解委员会调解或者向人民法院提起诉讼。 Article 1132 Successors shall settle questions of succession through consultation in a spirit of mutual understanding and accommodation, harmony and unity. The time, method and share of the division of the estate shall be determined by the successors through consultation; if consultation fails, mediation may be carried out by a people's mediation committee or a lawsuit may be brought in a people's court. 第三章 遗嘱继承和遗赠Chapter III Testamentary Succession and Legacy 第一千一百三十三条 自然人可以依照本法规定立遗嘱处分个人财产，并可以指定遗嘱执行人。 Article 1133 A natural person may make a will to dispose of his personal property in accordance with the provisions of this Law and may appoint an executor of the will. 自然人可以立遗嘱将个人财产指定由法定继承人中的一人或者数人继承。A natural person may make a will designating one or more of the legal successors to inherit his personal property. 自然人可以立遗嘱将个人财产赠与国家、集体或者法定继承人以外的组织、个人。 A natural person may make a will to donate his personal property to the state, a collective, or to an organization or individual other than the legal heir. 自然人可以依法设立遗嘱信托。Natural persons may establish testamentary trusts according to law. 第一千一百三十四条 自书遗嘱由遗嘱人亲笔书写，签名，注明年、月、日。Article 1134 A self-written will shall be written in the testator's own handwriting, signed and marked with the date, month and year. 第一千一百三十五条 代书遗嘱应当有两个以上见证人在场见证，由其中一人代书，并由遗嘱人、代书人和其他见证人签名，注明年、月、日。 Article 1135 A will written on behalf of a testator shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses, one of whom shall write it on behalf of the testator, the testator and the other witnesses, and shall indicate the year, month and day. 第一千一百三十六条 打印遗嘱应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。遗嘱人和见证人应当在遗嘱每一页签名，注明年、月、日。 Article 1136 A printed will shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses. The testator and the witnesses shall sign each page of the will and indicate the year, month and day. 第一千一百三十七条 以录音录像形式立的遗嘱，应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。遗嘱人和见证人应当在录音录像中记录其姓名或者肖像，以及年、月、日。 Article 1137 A will made in the form of a sound recording or video recording shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses. The testator and witnesses shall record their names or portraits, as well as the year, month and day, in audio and video recordings. 第一千一百三十八条 遗嘱人在危急情况下，可以立口头遗嘱。口头遗嘱应当有两个以上见证人在场见证。危急情况消除后，遗嘱人能够以书面或者录音录像形式立遗嘱的，所立的口头遗嘱无效。 Article 1138 A testator may make an oral will in a critical situation. An oral will shall be witnessed by two or more witnesses. After the emergency situation is eliminated, if the testator can make a will in writing or in the form of audio or video recording, the oral will made shall be invalid. 第一千一百三十九条 公证遗嘱由遗嘱人经公证机构办理。Article 1139 A notarial will shall be executed by the testator through a notarial office. 第一千一百四十条 下列人员不能作为遗嘱见证人：Article 1140 The following persons shall not be witnesses to a will: （一）无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人以及其他不具有见证能力的人；(1) persons without capacity for civil conduct, persons with limited capacity for civil conduct and other persons without capacity to bear witness; （二）继承人、受遗赠人；(2) successors and legatees; （三）与继承人、受遗赠人有利害关系的人。(3) persons who have an interest in the successor or legatee. 第一千一百四十一条 遗嘱应当为缺乏劳动能力又没有生活来源的继承人保留必要的遗产份额。 Article 1141 A will shall reserve the necessary share of the estate for heirs who lack the ability to work and have no source of income. 第一千一百四十二条 遗嘱人可以撤回、变更自己所立的遗嘱。Article 1142 A testator may withdraw or alter his will. 立遗嘱后，遗嘱人实施与遗嘱内容相反的民事法律行为的，视为对遗嘱相关内容的撤回。 After making a will, the testator performs a civil legal act contrary to the contents of the will, which is regarded as the withdrawal of the relevant contents of the will. 立有数份遗嘱，内容相抵触的，以最后的遗嘱为准。If there are several wills, the last will shall prevail if the contents are in conflict. 第一千一百四十三条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人所立的遗嘱无效。 Article 1143 A will made by a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct shall be null and void. 遗嘱必须表示遗嘱人的真实意思，受欺诈、胁迫所立的遗嘱无效。A will must express the testator's true intention, and a will made by fraud or coercion is invalid. 伪造的遗嘱无效。Forged wills are invalid. 遗嘱被篡改的，篡改的内容无效。If the will has been tampered with, the tampered content is invalid. 第一千一百四十四条 遗嘱继承或者遗赠附有义务的，继承人或者受遗赠人应当履行义务。没有正当理由不履行义务的，经利害关系人或者有关组织请求，人民法院可以取消其接受附义务部分遗产的权利。 Article 1144 Where obligations are attached to testamentary succession or legacy, the heir or legatee shall perform the obligations. If a party fails to perform its obligations without justifiable reasons, the people's court may, upon request of an interested party or organization concerned, cancel its right to receive the part of the estate subject to obligations. 第四章 遗产的处理Chapter IV Disposal of Heritage 第一千一百四十五条 继承开始后，遗嘱执行人为遗产管理人；没有遗嘱执行人的，继承人应当及时推选遗产管理人；继承人未推选的，由继承人共同担任遗产管理人；没有继承人或者继承人均放弃继承的，由被继承人生前住所地的民政部门或者村民委员会担任遗产管理人。 Article 1145 After the commencement of succession, the executor of the will shall be the administrator of the estate; if there is no executor of the will, the heirs shall promptly elect an administrator; if the heirs have not been elected, the heirs shall jointly act as administrators; if there is no heir or if all the heirs renounce inheritance, the civil affairs department or villagers committee at the place where the decedent lived shall act as administrator of the estate. 第一千一百四十六条 对遗产管理人的确定有争议的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请指定遗产管理人。 Article 1146 Where there is a dispute over the determination of the administrator, the interested party may apply to the people's court for the appointment of an administrator. 第一千一百四十七条 遗产管理人应当履行下列职责：Article 1147 An administrator shall perform the following duties: （一）清理遗产并制作遗产清单；(1) cleaning up the heritage and making an inventory of the heritage; （二）向继承人报告遗产情况；(2) report the estate to the heirs; （三）采取必要措施防止遗产毁损、灭失；(3) take necessary measures to prevent damage to or loss of the estate; （四）处理被继承人的债权债务；(4) disposing of the claims and debts of the decedent; （五）按照遗嘱或者依照法律规定分割遗产；(5) division of the estate in accordance with the will or in accordance with the law; （六）实施与管理遗产有关的其他必要行为。(6) to perform other necessary acts related to the administration of the estate. 第一千一百四十八条 遗产管理人应当依法履行职责，因故意或者重大过失造成继承人、受遗赠人、债权人损害的，应当承担民事责任。 Article 1148 An administrator of an estate shall perform his duties according to law and shall bear civil liability if he intentionally or through gross negligence causes damage to the heirs, legatees or creditors. 第一千一百四十九条 遗产管理人可以依照法律规定或者按照约定获得报酬。Article 1149 The administrator may receive remuneration in accordance with the provisions of law or as agreed upon. 第一千一百五十条 继承开始后，知道被继承人死亡的继承人应当及时通知其他继承人和遗嘱执行人。继承人中无人知道被继承人死亡或者知道被继承人死亡而不能通知的，由被继承人生前所在单位或者住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会负责通知。 Article 1150 After inheritance begins, the heir who knows the death of the decedent shall promptly notify the other heirs and the executor. If none of the successors knew of the decedent's death or knew of his death but could not notify him, the unit to which the decedent belonged or the residents committee or villagers committee at the place of his residence before his death shall be responsible for notification. 第一千一百五十一条 存有遗产的人，应当妥善保管遗产，任何组织或者个人不得侵吞或者争抢。 Article 1151 Any person who has an inheritance shall keep it properly, and no organization or individual may appropriate or scramble for it. 第一千一百五十二条 继承开始后，继承人于遗产分割前死亡，并没有放弃继承的，该继承人应当继承的遗产转给其继承人，但是遗嘱另有安排的除外。 Article 1152 If, after the commencement of succession, an heir dies before the division of the estate and has not renounced the inheritance, the estate that he should inherit shall be transferred to his heirs, unless otherwise arranged in the will. 第一千一百五十三条 夫妻共同所有的财产，除有约定的外，遗产分割时，应当先将共同所有的财产的一半分出为配偶所有，其余的为被继承人的遗产。 Article 1153 Unless otherwise agreed upon, in dividing the estate of the husband and wife, half of the property jointly owned by the husband and wife shall first be divided into the property of the spouse, and the remainder shall be the estate of the decedent. 遗产在家庭共有财产之中的，遗产分割时，应当先分出他人的财产。If the estate is part of the common property of the family, the property of others shall be divided first when the estate is divided. 第一千一百五十四条 有下列情形之一的，遗产中的有关部分按照法定继承办理：Article 1154 Under any of the following circumstances, the relevant part of the estate shall be handled in accordance with statutory succession: （一）遗嘱继承人放弃继承或者受遗赠人放弃受遗赠；(1) renunciation of inheritance by a testamentary successor or renunciation of legacy by a legatee; （二）遗嘱继承人丧失继承权或者受遗赠人丧失受遗赠权；(2) the testamentary successor loses his right to inheritance or the legatee loses his right to legacy; （三）遗嘱继承人、受遗赠人先于遗嘱人死亡或者终止；(3) the testamentary successor or legatee dies or terminates before the testator; （四）遗嘱无效部分所涉及的遗产；(4) the estate to which the invalid part of the will relates; （五）遗嘱未处分的遗产。(5) estate not disposed of by will. 第一千一百五十五条 遗产分割时，应当保留胎儿的继承份额。胎儿娩出时是死体的，保留的份额按照法定继承办理。 Article 1155 In the division of the estate, the share of the foetus shall be retained. If the fetus is dead at birth, the share retained shall be governed by legal succession. 第一千一百五十六条 遗产分割应当有利于生产和生活需要，不损害遗产的效用。Article 1156 The division of the estate shall be conducive to the needs of production and livelihood and shall not impair the utility of the estate. 不宜分割的遗产，可以采取折价、适当补偿或者共有等方法处理。Inheritance that is not suitable for division may be disposed of by such methods as discount, appropriate compensation or joint ownership. 第一千一百五十七条 夫妻一方死亡后另一方再婚的，有权处分所继承的财产，任何组织或者个人不得干涉。 Article 1157 If one spouse remarries after his or her death, he or she shall have the right to dispose of the property inherited, and no organization or individual may interfere. 第一千一百五十八条 自然人可以与继承人以外的组织或者个人签订遗赠扶养协议。按照协议，该组织或者个人承担该自然人生养死葬的义务，享有受遗赠的权利。 Article 1158 A natural person may conclude a bequest maintenance agreement with an organization or individual other than an heir. According to the agreement, the organization or individual shall assume the obligation of birth and burial of the natural person and enjoy the right to bequest. 第一千一百五十九条 分割遗产，应当清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务；但是，应当为缺乏劳动能力又没有生活来源的继承人保留必要的遗产。 Article 1159 In the division of the estate, the taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law shall be paid off; however, the necessary portion of the estate shall be reserved for the heirs who lack the ability to work and have no source of livelihood. 第一千一百六十条 无人继承又无人受遗赠的遗产，归国家所有，用于公益事业；死者生前是集体所有制组织成员的，归所在集体所有制组织所有。 Article 1160 Inheritance that has neither been inherited nor bequeathed shall be owned by the state and used for public welfare undertakings; if the deceased was a member of an organization under collective ownership before his death, it shall be owned by the organization under collective ownership to which he belongs. 第一千一百六十一条 继承人以所得遗产实际价值为限清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务。超过遗产实际价值部分，继承人自愿偿还的不在此限。 Article 1161 The heir shall, to the extent of the actual value of the estate acquired, pay off the taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law. The amount exceeding the actual value of the estate shall not be subject to voluntary repayment by the heir. 继承人放弃继承的，对被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务可以不负清偿责任。A successor who renounces inheritance may not be liable for the payment of taxes and debts that the decedent should have paid according to law. 第一千一百六十二条 执行遗赠不得妨碍清偿遗赠人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务。Article 1162 The execution of a legacy shall not prevent the legatee from paying off taxes and debts due according to law. 第一千一百六十三条 既有法定继承又有遗嘱继承、遗赠的，由法定继承人清偿被继承人依法应当缴纳的税款和债务；超过法定继承遗产实际价值部分，由遗嘱继承人和受遗赠人按比例以所得遗产清偿。 Article 1163 Where there is both legal inheritance and testamentary inheritance or legacy, the legal heir shall pay off the taxes and debts payable by the decedent according to law; the part exceeding the actual value of the legal inheritance shall be paid off by the testamentary heir and legatee out of the estate obtained in proportion. 第七编 侵权责任 Part VII Liability for Tort 第一章 一般规定Chapter I General Provisions 第一千一百六十四条 本编调整因侵害民事权益产生的民事关系。Article 1164 This Part adjusts civil relations arising from infringement of civil rights and interests. 第一千一百六十五条 行为人因过错侵害他人民事权益造成损害的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1165 Where the actor infringes upon the civil rights and interests of another person through his fault and causes damage, he shall bear tort liability. 依照法律规定推定行为人有过错，其不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。 If the actor is presumed to be at fault in accordance with the law and cannot prove that he is not at fault, he shall bear tort liability. 第一千一百六十六条 行为人造成他人民事权益损害，不论行为人有无过错，法律规定应当承担侵权责任的，依照其规定。 Article 1166 If the actor causes damage to the civil rights and interests of another person, regardless of whether the actor is at fault or not, and if the law provides that he shall bear tort liability, such provisions shall prevail. 第一千一百六十七条 侵权行为危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。 Article 1167 Where an infringing act endangers the safety of the person or property of another person, the infringed party shall have the right to demand that the infringer bear tortious liabilities such as ceasing the infringement, removing the obstruction, eliminating the danger, etc. 第一千一百六十八条 二人以上共同实施侵权行为，造成他人损害的，应当承担连带责任。 Article 1168 Where two or more persons jointly commit an infringing act and cause damage to others, they shall bear joint and several liability. 第一千一百六十九条 教唆、帮助他人实施侵权行为的，应当与行为人承担连带责任。 Article 1169 Whoever instigates or aids another person to commit an infringing act shall bear joint and several liability with the perpetrator. 教唆、帮助无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人实施侵权行为的，应当承担侵权责任；该无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人未尽到监护职责的，应当承担相应的责任。 A person who instigates or aids a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct to commit a tort shall bear tort liability; if the guardian of the person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct fails to fulfill his guardianship duties, he shall bear corresponding liability. 第一千一百七十条 二人以上实施危及他人人身、财产安全的行为，其中一人或者数人的行为造成他人损害，能够确定具体侵权人的，由侵权人承担责任；不能确定具体侵权人的，行为人承担连带责任。 Article 1170 Where two or more persons commit an act endangering the safety of the person or property of another person, and the act of one or more of them causes damage to the other person, the infringer shall bear responsibility if the specific infringer can be identified; if the specific infringer cannot be identified, the perpetrator shall bear joint and several liability. 第一千一百七十一条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，每个人的侵权行为都足以造成全部损害的，行为人承担连带责任。 Article 1171 If two or more persons commit tortious acts separately and cause the same damage, and each person's tortious act is sufficient to cause all the damage, the perpetrators shall bear joint and several liability. 第一千一百七十二条 二人以上分别实施侵权行为造成同一损害，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。 Article 1172 If two or more persons have committed tortious acts separately and caused the same damage, each shall bear corresponding liability if it is possible to determine the extent of liability; if it is difficult to determine the extent of liability, each shall bear equal liability. 第一千一百七十三条 被侵权人对同一损害的发生或者扩大有过错的，可以减轻侵权人的责任。 Article 1173 If the infringed party is at fault for the occurrence or extension of the same damage, the liability of the infringer may be mitigated. 第一千一百七十四条 损害是因受害人故意造成的，行为人不承担责任。Article 1174 If the damage was intentionally caused by the victim, the perpetrator shall not be liable. 第一千一百七十五条 损害是因第三人造成的，第三人应当承担侵权责任。Article 1175 Where the damage is caused by a third party, the third party shall bear tort liability. 第一千一百七十六条 自愿参加具有一定风险的文体活动，因其他参加者的行为受到损害的，受害人不得请求其他参加者承担侵权责任；但是，其他参加者对损害的发生有故意或者重大过失的除外。 Article 1176 Where a participant voluntarily participates in a recreational or sports activity involving a certain risk and suffers damage as a result of the acts of other participants, the injured party may not claim tort liability from the other participants, except where the other participants intentionally or grossly negligently caused the damage. 活动组织者的责任适用本法第一千一百九十八条至第一千二百零一条的规定。The liability of the organizer of the activity shall be governed by the provisions of Articles 1198 to 1201 of this Law. 第一千一百七十七条 合法权益受到侵害，情况紧迫且不能及时获得国家机关保护，不立即采取措施将使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，受害人可以在保护自己合法权益的必要范围内采取扣留侵权人的财物等合理措施；但是，应当立即请求有关国家机关处理。 Article 1177 If his lawful rights and interests are infringed upon, if the circumstances are urgent and protection by a State organ cannot be obtained in time, and if measures are not taken immediately, his lawful rights and interests will suffer irreparable damage, the aggrieved party may, to the extent necessary to protect his lawful rights and interests, take reasonable measures such as withholding the property of the infringer; however, he shall immediately request the relevant State organ to deal with the matter. 受害人采取的措施不当造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。If the measures taken by the victim improperly cause damage to others, he shall bear tort liability. 第一千一百七十八条 本法和其他法律对不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 1178 Where this Law or other laws provide otherwise for circumstances under which liability shall not be assumed or liability shall be mitigated, such provisions shall prevail. 第二章 损害赔偿Chapter II Compensation for Damage 第一千一百七十九条 侵害他人造成人身损害的，应当赔偿医疗费、护理费、交通费、营养费、住院伙食补助费等为治疗和康复支出的合理费用，以及因误工减少的收入。造成残疾的，还应当赔偿辅助器具费和残疾赔偿金；造成死亡的，还应当赔偿丧葬费和死亡赔偿金。 Article 1179 Where an infringement causes personal injury to another person, compensation shall be made for reasonable expenses incurred for medical treatment and rehabilitation, such as medical expenses, nursing expenses, transportation expenses, nutrition expenses, and food subsidies for hospitalization, as well as for loss of income due to absence from work. If disability is caused, compensation shall also be paid for assistive devices and disability compensation; if death is caused, compensation shall also be paid for funeral expenses and death compensation. 第一千一百八十条 因同一侵权行为造成多人死亡的，可以以相同数额确定死亡赔偿金。 Article 1180 Where the same tortious act causes the death of several persons, the death compensation may be fixed at the same amount. 第一千一百八十一条 被侵权人死亡的，其近亲属有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。被侵权人为组织，该组织分立、合并的，承继权利的组织有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。 Article 1181 If the infringed dies, his close relatives shall have the right to demand that the infringer bear tort liability. If the infringed party is an organization, and the organization is divided or merged, the organization that inherits the rights has the right to request the infringer to bear the tort liability. 被侵权人死亡的，支付被侵权人医疗费、丧葬费等合理费用的人有权请求侵权人赔偿费用，但是侵权人已经支付该费用的除外。 In the event of the death of the infringed person, the person who paid the infringed person's reasonable medical expenses, funeral expenses and other expenses shall have the right to claim compensation from the infringer, unless the infringer has already paid such expenses. 第一千一百八十二条 侵害他人人身权益造成财产损失的，按照被侵权人因此受到的损失或者侵权人因此获得的利益赔偿；被侵权人因此受到的损失以及侵权人因此获得的利益难以确定，被侵权人和侵权人就赔偿数额协商不一致，向人民法院提起诉讼的，由人民法院根据实际情况确定赔偿数额。 "Article 1182 Where the infringement of the personal rights and interests of another person causes property losses, compensation shall be made according to the losses suffered by the infringed party or the profits gained by the infringer as a result; if it is difficult to determine the losses suffered by the infringed party or the profits gained by the infringer as a result, and the infringed party and the infringer disagree on the amount of compensation through consultation and institute legal proceedings in a people's court, the people's court shall determine the amount of compensation in the light of the actual circumstances." 第一千一百八十三条 侵害自然人人身权益造成严重精神损害的，被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。 Article 1183 Where an infringement upon the personal rights and interests of a natural person causes serious mental damage, the infringed party shall have the right to claim compensation for mental damage. 因故意或者重大过失侵害自然人具有人身意义的特定物造成严重精神损害的，被侵权人有权请求精神损害赔偿。 If serious mental damage is caused by intentional or gross negligence infringement of a specific object of personal significance of a natural person, the infringed party shall have the right to claim compensation for mental damage. 第一千一百八十四条 侵害他人财产的，财产损失按照损失发生时的市场价格或者其他合理方式计算。 Article 1184 Where the property of another person is infringed upon, the property loss shall be calculated on the basis of the market price at the time of the loss or by other reasonable means. 第一千一百八十五条 故意侵害他人知识产权，情节严重的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。 Article 1185 Where an intellectual property right of another person is intentionally infringed upon, and the circumstances are serious, the infringed person shall have the right to claim corresponding punitive damages. 第一千一百八十六条 受害人和行为人对损害的发生都没有过错的，依照法律的规定由双方分担损失。 Article 1186 Where neither the victim nor the perpetrator is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, the losses shall be apportioned between them in accordance with the law. 第一千一百八十七条 损害发生后，当事人可以协商赔偿费用的支付方式。协商不一致的，赔偿费用应当一次性支付；一次性支付确有困难的，可以分期支付，但是被侵权人有权请求提供相应的担保。 Article 1187 After the damage has occurred, the parties may negotiate the mode of payment of compensation expenses. If consultation fails, the compensation expenses shall be paid in one lump sum; if it is really difficult to pay in one lump sum, payment may be made in installments, but the infringed party has the right to request corresponding guarantee. 第三章 责任主体的特殊规定Chapter III Special Provisions on the Subject of Liability 第一千一百八十八条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，由监护人承担侵权责任。监护人尽到监护职责的，可以减轻其侵权责任。 Article 1188 If a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct causes damage to another person, the guardian shall bear tort liability. If the guardian fulfills his duty of guardianship, his tort liability may be mitigated. 有财产的无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害的，从本人财产中支付赔偿费用；不足部分，由监护人赔偿。 If a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct who has property causes damage to another person, he shall pay compensation expenses from his property; the insufficient part shall be compensated by his guardian. 第一千一百八十九条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人造成他人损害，监护人将监护职责委托给他人的，监护人应当承担侵权责任；受托人有过错的，承担相应的责任。 Article 1189 If a person without or with limited capacity for civil conduct causes damage to another person, and the guardian entrusts the guardianship duties to another person, the guardian shall bear tort liability; if the trustee is at fault, he shall bear corresponding liability. 第一千一百九十条 完全民事行为能力人对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害有过错的，应当承担侵权责任；没有过错的，根据行为人的经济状况对受害人适当补偿。 Article 1190 If a person with full capacity for civil conduct is at fault for causing damage to others due to his temporary lack of consciousness or loss of control over his act, he shall bear tort liability; if he is not at fault, he shall make appropriate compensation to the victim in light of the economic situation of the actor. 完全民事行为能力人因醉酒、滥用麻醉药品或者精神药品对自己的行为暂时没有意识或者失去控制造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。 A person with full capacity for civil conduct shall bear tort liability if he temporarily loses consciousness of or control over his own conduct due to drunkenness, abuse of narcotic drugs or psychotropic substances and causes damage to others. 第一千一百九十一条 用人单位的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由用人单位承担侵权责任。用人单位承担侵权责任后，可以向有故意或者重大过失的工作人员追偿。 Article 1191 Where an employee of an employing unit causes damage to another person by performing his work, the employing unit shall bear tort liability. After the employing unit bears the tort liability, it may recover damages from the staff member who has intentionally or grossly negligent. 劳务派遣期间，被派遣的工作人员因执行工作任务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务派遣的用工单位承担侵权责任；劳务派遣单位有过错的，承担相应的责任。 During the period of labor dispatch, if the dispatched workers cause damage to others due to their performance of work tasks, the employing unit receiving labor dispatch shall bear the tort liability; if the labor dispatching unit is at fault, it shall bear the corresponding liability. 第一千一百九十二条 个人之间形成劳务关系，提供劳务一方因劳务造成他人损害的，由接受劳务一方承担侵权责任。接受劳务一方承担侵权责任后，可以向有故意或者重大过失的提供劳务一方追偿。提供劳务一方因劳务受到损害的，根据双方各自的过错承担相应的责任。 Article 1192 Where a labor service relationship is formed between individuals, and the party providing the labor service causes damage to others as a result of the labor service, the party receiving the labor service shall bear the liability for infringement. After the party receiving the labor service assumes the liability for infringement, it may recover damages from the party providing the labor service who has intentionally or grossly negligent acts. If the party providing labor services suffers damage due to labor services, it shall bear corresponding responsibilities according to the respective faults of both parties. 提供劳务期间，因第三人的行为造成提供劳务一方损害的，提供劳务一方有权请求第三人承担侵权责任，也有权请求接受劳务一方给予补偿。接受劳务一方补偿后，可以向第三人追偿。 In the course of providing labor services, if the behavior of a third party causes damage to the party providing labor services, the party providing labor services shall have the right to request the third party to bear the tort liability, and shall also have the right to request compensation from the party receiving labor services. The party receiving the labor service may recover compensation from the third party after compensation. 第一千一百九十三条 承揽人在完成工作过程中造成第三人损害或者自己损害的，定作人不承担侵权责任。但是，定作人对定作、指示或者选任有过错的，应当承担相应的责任。 Article 1193 Where the hiree causes damage to a third party or damage to itself in the course of completing its work, the hirer shall not be liable for infringement. However, if the ordering party is at fault in ordering, instructing or selecting, it shall bear corresponding liability. 第一千一百九十四条 网络用户、网络服务提供者利用网络侵害他人民事权益的，应当承担侵权责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 Article 1194 If an Internet user or Internet service provider uses the Internet to infringe on the civil rights and interests of others, they shall bear tort liability. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第一千一百九十五条 网络用户利用网络服务实施侵权行为的，权利人有权通知网络服务提供者采取删除、屏蔽、断开链接等必要措施。通知应当包括构成侵权的初步证据及权利人的真实身份信息。 Article 1195 If an Internet user uses an Internet service to commit an infringing act, the right holder has the right to notify the Internet service provider to take necessary measures such as deleting, blocking, and disconnecting the link. The notification shall include prima facie evidence constituting infringement and the true identity information of the obligee. 网络服务提供者接到通知后，应当及时将该通知转送相关网络用户，并根据构成侵权的初步证据和服务类型采取必要措施；未及时采取必要措施的，对损害的扩大部分与该网络用户承担连带责任。 After receiving the notification, the network service provider shall promptly forward the notification to the relevant network user and take necessary measures according to the preliminary evidence constituting the infringement and the type of service; if the necessary measures are not taken in time, the network user shall be jointly and severally liable for the expanded part of the damage. 权利人因错误通知造成网络用户或者网络服务提供者损害的，应当承担侵权责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。 If the obligee causes damage to the network user or network service provider due to the wrong notification, he shall bear the tort liability. Where the law provides otherwise, such provisions shall prevail. 第一千一百九十六条 网络用户接到转送的通知后，可以向网络服务提供者提交不存在侵权行为的声明。声明应当包括不存在侵权行为的初步证据及网络用户的真实身份信息。 Article 1196 After receiving the forwarded notification, a network user may submit a statement to the network service provider that there is no infringement. The statement shall include prima facie evidence of the absence of infringement and the true identity information of the network user. 网络服务提供者接到声明后，应当将该声明转送发出通知的权利人，并告知其可以向有关部门投诉或者向人民法院提起诉讼。网络服务提供者在转送声明到达权利人后的合理期限内，未收到权利人已经投诉或者提起诉讼通知的，应当及时终止所采取的措施。 After receiving the declaration, the network service provider shall forward the declaration to the obligee who sent the notification and inform him that he may complain to the relevant department or file a lawsuit with the people's court. If the network service provider fails to receive a notification that the obligee has complained or filed a lawsuit within a reasonable period of time after the forwarding statement reaches the obligee, it shall terminate the measures taken in a timely manner. 第一千一百九十七条 网络服务提供者知道或者应当知道网络用户利用其网络服务侵害他人民事权益，未采取必要措施的，与该网络用户承担连带责任。 Article 1197 If a network service provider knows or should know that a network user infringes upon the civil rights and interests of others by using its network service, and fails to take necessary measures, it shall bear joint liability with the network user. 第一千一百九十八条 宾馆、商场、银行、车站、机场、体育场馆、娱乐场所等经营场所、公共场所的经营者、管理者或者群众性活动的组织者，未尽到安全保障义务，造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1198 Any operator or manager of a guesthouse, shopping mall, bank, railway station, airport, sports stadium, place of entertainment or other business premises or public place or organizer of a mass activity who fails to fulfill his obligation to ensure safety and thus causes damage to others shall bear tort liability. 因第三人的行为造成他人损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；经营者、管理者或者组织者未尽到安全保障义务的，承担相应的补充责任。经营者、管理者或者组织者承担补充责任后，可以向第三人追偿。 If the act of a third party causes damage to others, the third party shall bear the tort liability; if the operator, manager or organizer fails to fulfill the obligation of safety guarantee, it shall bear the corresponding supplementary liability. After the operator, manager or organizer has assumed supplementary liability, he may claim compensation from a third party. 第一千一百九十九条 无民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害的，幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明尽到教育、管理职责的，不承担侵权责任。 Article 1199 If a person without capacity for civil conduct suffers personal injury during the period of study or life in a kindergarten, school or other educational institution, the kindergarten, school or other educational institution shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that the kindergarten, school or other educational institution has fulfilled its educational or administrative duties, it shall not bear tort liability. 第一千二百条 限制民事行为能力人在学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间受到人身损害，学校或者其他教育机构未尽到教育、管理职责的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1200 If a person with limited capacity for civil conduct suffers personal injury during his study or life at a school or other institution of education, and the school or other institution of education fails to perform its educational or administrative duties, he shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百零一条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人在幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构学习、生活期间，受到幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构以外的第三人人身损害的，由第三人承担侵权责任；幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构未尽到管理职责的，承担相应的补充责任。幼儿园、学校或者其他教育机构承担补充责任后，可以向第三人追偿。 Article 1201 If a person without capacity for civil conduct or a person with limited capacity for civil conduct suffers personal injury from a third party other than a kindergarten, school or other educational institution during the period of his study or life in the kindergarten, school or other educational institution, the third party shall bear tort liability; if the kindergarten, school or other educational institution fails to perform its administrative duties, it shall bear corresponding supplementary liability. After a kindergarten, school or other educational institution assumes supplementary liability, it may recover compensation from a third party. 第四章 产品责任Chapter IV Product Liability 第一千二百零二条 因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，生产者应当承担侵权责任。Article 1202 Where a defect in a product causes damage to another person, the producer shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百零三条 因产品存在缺陷造成他人损害的，被侵权人可以向产品的生产者请求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者请求赔偿。 Article 1203 Where a defect in a product causes damage to another person, the infringed party may claim compensation from the producer or seller of the product. 产品缺陷由生产者造成的，销售者赔偿后，有权向生产者追偿。因销售者的过错使产品存在缺陷的，生产者赔偿后，有权向销售者追偿。 If the product defect is caused by the producer, the seller shall have the right to recover compensation from the producer after compensation. If the product is defective due to the fault of the seller, the producer shall have the right to recover compensation from the seller after compensation has been made. 第一千二百零四条 因运输者、仓储者等第三人的过错使产品存在缺陷，造成他人损害的，产品的生产者、销售者赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。 Article 1204 If the product is defective due to the fault of a third party, such as the transporter or the warehouser, thereby causing damage to another person, the producer or seller of the product shall have the right to recover compensation from the third party after compensation has been paid. 第一千二百零五条 因产品缺陷危及他人人身、财产安全的，被侵权人有权请求生产者、销售者承担停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险等侵权责任。 Article 1205 If a product defect endangers the personal or property safety of others, the infringed party has the right to request the producer or seller to bear tort liabilities such as stopping the infringement, removing obstacles, and eliminating the danger. 第一千二百零六条 产品投入流通后发现存在缺陷的，生产者、销售者应当及时采取停止销售、警示、召回等补救措施；未及时采取补救措施或者补救措施不力造成损害扩大的，对扩大的损害也应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1206 Where defects are discovered in a product after it is put into circulation, the producer or seller shall promptly take remedial measures such as suspension of sale, warning or recall; if remedial measures are not promptly taken or are ineffective, resulting in further damage, the producer or seller shall also bear tort liability for the further damage. 依据前款规定采取召回措施的，生产者、销售者应当负担被侵权人因此支出的必要费用。 Where recall measures are taken in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the producer or seller shall bear the necessary expenses incurred by the infringed party for this purpose. 第一千二百零七条 明知产品存在缺陷仍然生产、销售，或者没有依据前条规定采取有效补救措施，造成他人死亡或者健康严重损害的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。 Article 1207 Where a product is manufactured or sold knowing that it has defects, or where effective remedial measures are not taken in accordance with the provisions of the preceding article, thereby causing death or serious damage to the health of another person, the infringed party shall have the right to claim corresponding punitive damages. 第五章 机动车交通事故责任Chapter V Liability for Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents 第一千二百零八条 机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，依照道路交通安全法律和本法的有关规定承担赔偿责任。 Article 1208 If a motor vehicle is involved in a traffic accident and causes damage, it shall be liable for compensation in accordance with the road traffic safety laws and the relevant provisions of this Law. 第一千二百零九条 因租赁、借用等情形机动车所有人、管理人与使用人不是同一人时，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人、管理人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任。 Article 1209 Where the owner, manager and user of a motor vehicle are not the same person due to leasing or borrowing, etc., if a traffic accident causes damage and the damage belongs to one party of the motor vehicle, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation; if the owner or manager of the motor vehicle is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the corresponding liability for compensation. 第一千二百一十条 当事人之间已经以买卖或者其他方式转让并交付机动车但是未办理登记，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由受让人承担赔偿责任。 Article 1210 Where the parties have transferred and delivered the motor vehicle by sale or other means but have not registered it, if a traffic accident occurs and the damage is attributable to the motor vehicle, the transferee shall bear the liability for compensation. 第一千二百一十一条 以挂靠形式从事道路运输经营活动的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由挂靠人和被挂靠人承担连带责任。 Article 1211 If a motor vehicle engaged in road transport business activities in the form of attachment causes damage in a traffic accident and the liability belongs to one party of the motor vehicle, the attaching party and the attached party shall bear joint and several liability. 第一千二百一十二条 未经允许驾驶他人机动车，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由机动车使用人承担赔偿责任；机动车所有人、管理人对损害的发生有过错的，承担相应的赔偿责任，但是本章另有规定的除外。 Article 1212 If a traffic accident occurs while driving another person's motor vehicle without permission and the damage is attributable to the responsibility of the party concerned, the user of the motor vehicle shall bear the liability for compensation; if the owner or manager of the motor vehicle is at fault for the occurrence of the damage, he shall bear the corresponding liability for compensation, except as otherwise provided for in this Chapter. 第一千二百一十三条 机动车发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，先由承保机动车强制保险的保险人在强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；不足部分，由承保机动车商业保险的保险人按照保险合同的约定予以赔偿；仍然不足或者没有投保机动车商业保险的，由侵权人赔偿。 Article 1213 Where a traffic accident occurs to a motor vehicle and the damage is attributable to the liability of the motor vehicle, the insurer that underwrites the compulsory motor vehicle insurance shall first compensate within the limit of liability of the compulsory insurance; for the insufficient part, the insurer that underwrites the commercial motor vehicle insurance shall compensate in accordance with the provisions of the insurance contract; if the insufficient part is still insufficient or no commercial motor vehicle insurance is insured, the infringer shall compensate. 第一千二百一十四条 以买卖或者其他方式转让拼装或者已经达到报废标准的机动车，发生交通事故造成损害的，由转让人和受让人承担连带责任。 Article 1214 Where a motor vehicle that has been assembled or has reached the standard for scrapping is transferred by way of sale or other means, and a traffic accident occurs, the transferor and transferee shall bear joint and several liability. 第一千二百一十五条 盗窃、抢劫或者抢夺的机动车发生交通事故造成损害的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人承担赔偿责任。盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人与机动车使用人不是同一人，发生交通事故造成损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，由盗窃人、抢劫人或者抢夺人与机动车使用人承担连带责任。 Article 1215 If a traffic accident occurs to a motor vehicle that has been stolen, robbed or looted and damages are caused, the thief, robber or looter shall be liable for compensation. If the thief, robber or looter and the user of the motor vehicle are not the same person, and if a traffic accident causes damage and the responsibility belongs to the motor vehicle, the thief, robber or looter and the user of the motor vehicle shall bear joint and several liability. 保险人在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内垫付抢救费用的，有权向交通事故责任人追偿。 The insurer shall have the right to recover from the person liable for the traffic accident if he has paid the rescue expenses in advance within the limit of liability for compulsory motor vehicle insurance. 第一千二百一十六条 机动车驾驶人发生交通事故后逃逸，该机动车参加强制保险的，由保险人在机动车强制保险责任限额范围内予以赔偿；机动车不明、该机动车未参加强制保险或者抢救费用超过机动车强制保险责任限额，需要支付被侵权人人身伤亡的抢救、丧葬等费用的，由道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付。道路交通事故社会救助基金垫付后，其管理机构有权向交通事故责任人追偿。 Article 1216 Where the driver of a motor vehicle escapes after a traffic accident and the motor vehicle participates in compulsory insurance, the insurer shall compensate within the limit of liability for compulsory motor vehicle insurance; where the motor vehicle is unknown, the motor vehicle does not participate in compulsory insurance, or the rescue expenses exceed the limit of liability for compulsory motor vehicle insurance, and it is necessary to pay the expenses for rescue and funeral of the injured person, the expenses shall be paid by the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents. After the social assistance fund for road traffic accidents has been paid in advance, its management organization has the right to recover from the person responsible for the traffic accident. 第一千二百一十七条 非营运机动车发生交通事故造成无偿搭乘人损害，属于该机动车一方责任的，应当减轻其赔偿责任，但是机动车使用人有故意或者重大过失的除外。 Article 1217 Where a traffic accident involving a non-operating motor vehicle causes damage to a free passenger, the liability of the motor vehicle shall be mitigated, except where the user of the motor vehicle has intentionally or grossly negligent conduct. 第六章 医疗损害责任Chapter VI Liability for Medical Damage 第一千二百一十八条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，医疗机构或者其医务人员有过错的，由医疗机构承担赔偿责任。 Article 1218 If a patient suffers damage in the course of diagnosis and treatment, and the medical institution or its medical personnel are at fault, the medical institution shall bear the liability for compensation. 第一千二百一十九条 医务人员在诊疗活动中应当向患者说明病情和医疗措施。需要实施手术、特殊检查、特殊治疗的，医务人员应当及时向患者具体说明医疗风险、替代医疗方案等情况，并取得其明确同意；不能或者不宜向患者说明的，应当向患者的近亲属说明，并取得其明确同意。 Article 1219 Medical personnel shall explain the patient's condition and medical measures to the patient in the course of diagnosis and treatment. If surgery, special examination or special treatment is required, the medical personnel shall promptly explain the medical risks and alternative medical schemes to the patient in detail and obtain his explicit consent; if it is impossible or inappropriate to explain to the patient, the medical personnel shall explain to the patient's close relatives and obtain their explicit consent. 医务人员未尽到前款义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。If medical personnel fail to fulfill their obligations in the preceding paragraph and cause damage to patients, medical institutions shall bear the liability for compensation. 第一千二百二十条 因抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况，不能取得患者或者其近亲属意见的，经医疗机构负责人或者授权的负责人批准，可以立即实施相应的医疗措施。 Article 1220 In case of emergency, such as saving a dying patient, the opinions of the patient or his close relatives cannot be obtained, corresponding medical measures may be immediately implemented with the approval of the responsible person of the medical institution or an authorized responsible person. 第一千二百二十一条 医务人员在诊疗活动中未尽到与当时的医疗水平相应的诊疗义务，造成患者损害的，医疗机构应当承担赔偿责任。 Article 1221 If medical personnel fail to fulfill their obligations of diagnosis and treatment corresponding to the medical level at that time in their diagnosis and treatment activities, resulting in damage to patients, medical institutions shall bear liability for compensation. 第一千二百二十二条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，有下列情形之一的，推定医疗机构有过错： Article 1222 If a patient suffers damage in the course of diagnosis and treatment and any of the following circumstances occurs, it is presumed that the medical institution is at fault: （一）违反法律、行政法规、规章以及其他有关诊疗规范的规定；(1) Violating laws, administrative regulations, rules and other provisions concerning medical treatment norms; （二）隐匿或者拒绝提供与纠纷有关的病历资料；(2) concealing or refusing to provide medical records related to the dispute; （三）遗失、伪造、篡改或者违法销毁病历资料。(3) Loss, forgery, tampering or illegal destruction of medical records. 第一千二百二十三条 因药品、消毒产品、医疗器械的缺陷，或者输入不合格的血液造成患者损害的，患者可以向药品上市许可持有人、生产者、血液提供机构请求赔偿，也可以向医疗机构请求赔偿。患者向医疗机构请求赔偿的，医疗机构赔偿后，有权向负有责任的药品上市许可持有人、生产者、血液提供机构追偿。 Article 1223 Where a patient suffers damage due to defects of drugs, disinfection products or medical devices, or unqualified blood input, the patient may claim compensation from the drug marketing authorization holder, manufacturer or blood supplier, or from a medical institution. If the patient claims compensation from the medical institution, the medical institution shall have the right to recover compensation from the responsible drug marketing authorization holder, manufacturer and blood supplier after compensation. 第一千二百二十四条 患者在诊疗活动中受到损害，有下列情形之一的，医疗机构不承担赔偿责任： Article 1224 A medical institution shall not be liable for compensation if a patient suffers damage in the course of diagnosis and treatment under any of the following circumstances: （一）患者或者其近亲属不配合医疗机构进行符合诊疗规范的诊疗；(1) The patient or his close relatives do not cooperate with the medical institution to conduct diagnosis and treatment that meets the diagnosis and treatment standards; （二）医务人员在抢救生命垂危的患者等紧急情况下已经尽到合理诊疗义务；(2) Medical personnel have fulfilled their reasonable diagnosis and treatment obligations in emergency situations such as rescuing patients in critical condition; （三）限于当时的医疗水平难以诊疗。(3) It is difficult to diagnose and treat due to the limited medical standard at that time. 前款第一项情形中，医疗机构或者其医务人员也有过错的，应当承担相应的赔偿责任。 In the first case of the preceding paragraph, if the medical institution or its medical personnel are also at fault, they shall bear corresponding liability for compensation. 第一千二百二十五条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当按照规定填写并妥善保管住院志、医嘱单、检验报告、手术及麻醉记录、病理资料、护理记录等病历资料。 Article 1225 Medical institutions and their medical personnel shall fill in and properly keep such medical records as hospitalization records, doctor's orders, inspection reports, operation and anesthesia records, pathological data and nursing records in accordance with relevant provisions. 患者要求查阅、复制前款规定的病历资料的，医疗机构应当及时提供。If the patient requests to consult or copy the medical records specified in the preceding paragraph, the medical institution shall provide them in a timely manner. 第一千二百二十六条 医疗机构及其医务人员应当对患者的隐私和个人信息保密。泄露患者的隐私和个人信息，或者未经患者同意公开其病历资料的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1226 Medical institutions and their medical personnel shall keep confidential the privacy and personal information of patients. Anyone who divulges a patient's privacy and personal information, or discloses his medical records without the patient's consent, shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百二十七条 医疗机构及其医务人员不得违反诊疗规范实施不必要的检查。 Article 1227 Medical institutions and their medical personnel shall not carry out unnecessary examinations in violation of the standards for diagnosis and treatment. 第一千二百二十八条 医疗机构及其医务人员的合法权益受法律保护。Article 1228 The legitimate rights and interests of medical institutions and their medical personnel shall be protected by law. 干扰医疗秩序，妨碍医务人员工作、生活，侵害医务人员合法权益的，应当依法承担法律责任。 Anyone who interferes with medical order, obstructs the work and life of medical personnel or infringes on the legitimate rights and interests of medical personnel shall bear legal responsibility according to law. 第七章 环境污染和生态破坏责任Chapter VII Responsibility for Environmental Pollution and Ecological Destruction 第一千二百二十九条 因污染环境、破坏生态造成他人损害的，侵权人应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1229 Where environmental pollution or ecological destruction causes damage to others, the infringer shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百三十条 因污染环境、破坏生态发生纠纷，行为人应当就法律规定的不承担责任或者减轻责任的情形及其行为与损害之间不存在因果关系承担举证责任。 Article 1230 In the event of a dispute arising from environmental pollution or ecological damage, the actor shall bear the burden of proving that there is no causal relationship between the act and the damage and that the circumstances under which the liability is not assumed or mitigated as provided for by law. 第一千二百三十一条 两个以上侵权人污染环境、破坏生态的，承担责任的大小，根据污染物的种类、浓度、排放量，破坏生态的方式、范围、程度，以及行为对损害后果所起的作用等因素确定。 Article 1231 Where two or more infringers pollute the environment or destroy the ecology, the extent of liability to be borne shall be determined on the basis of such factors as the type, concentration and amount of pollutants discharged, the manner, scope and degree of ecological destruction, and the effect of the act on the consequences of the damage. 第一千二百三十二条 侵权人违反法律规定故意污染环境、破坏生态造成严重后果的，被侵权人有权请求相应的惩罚性赔偿。 Article 1232 Where an infringer intentionally pollutes the environment or destroys the ecology in violation of the law, resulting in serious consequences, the infringed party shall have the right to claim corresponding punitive damages. 第一千二百三十三条 因第三人的过错污染环境、破坏生态的，被侵权人可以向侵权人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。侵权人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。 Article 1233 Where environmental pollution or ecological damage is caused by the fault of a third party, the aggrieved party may claim compensation from the infringer or from the third party. After compensation, the infringer has the right to recover from the third party. 第一千二百三十四条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害，生态环境能够修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人在合理期限内承担修复责任。侵权人在期限内未修复的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织可以自行或者委托他人进行修复，所需费用由侵权人负担。 Article 1234 Where violations of State regulations cause damage to the ecological environment and the ecological environment can be restored, organs prescribed by the State or organizations prescribed by law shall have the right to request the infringer to assume responsibility for restoration within a reasonable time limit. If the infringer fails to make repairs within the time limit, the organs prescribed by the state or the organizations prescribed by law may make repairs themselves or entrust others to do so, and the expenses incurred shall be borne by the infringer. 第一千二百三十五条 违反国家规定造成生态环境损害的，国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织有权请求侵权人赔偿下列损失和费用： Article 1235 Where violations of State regulations cause damage to the ecological environment, organs prescribed by the State or organizations prescribed by law shall have the right to claim compensation from the infringer for the following losses and expenses: （一）生态环境受到损害至修复完成期间服务功能丧失导致的损失；(1) losses caused by the loss of service functions during the period from damage to the ecological environment to the completion of restoration; （二）生态环境功能永久性损害造成的损失；(2) losses caused by permanent damage to ecological environment functions; （三）生态环境损害调查、鉴定评估等费用；(3) expenses for investigation, appraisal and evaluation of ecological environment damage; （四）清除污染、修复生态环境费用；(4) expenses for cleaning up pollution and restoring the ecological environment; （五）防止损害的发生和扩大所支出的合理费用。(5) Reasonable expenses incurred in preventing the occurrence and expansion of damage. 第八章 高度危险责任Chapter VIII High Risk Liability 第一千二百三十六条 从事高度危险作业造成他人损害的，应当承担侵权责任。Article 1236 Anyone who engages in highly dangerous operations and causes damage to others shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百三十七条 民用核设施或者运入运出核设施的核材料发生核事故造成他人损害的，民用核设施的营运单位应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因战争、武装冲突、暴乱等情形或者受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。 Article 1237 Where a nuclear accident occurs to a civil nuclear installation or nuclear material transported in or out of a nuclear installation and causes damage to another person, the operating unit of the civil nuclear installation shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that the damage was caused by war, armed conflict, riot, etc., or intentionally by the victim, it shall not bear liability. 第一千二百三十八条 民用航空器造成他人损害的，民用航空器的经营者应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意造成的，不承担责任。 Article 1238 If a civil aircraft causes damage to another person, the operator of the civil aircraft shall be liable for tort; however, he shall not be liable if it can be proved that the damage was intentionally caused by the victim. 第一千二百三十九条 占有或者使用易燃、易爆、剧毒、高放射性、强腐蚀性、高致病性等高度危险物造成他人损害的，占有人或者使用人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻占有人或者使用人的责任。 Article 1239 Where the possession or use of highly hazardous substances, such as inflammable, explosive, highly toxic, highly radioactive, highly corrosive or highly pathogenic substances, causes damage to others, the possessor or user shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that the damage was caused intentionally by the victim or by force majeure, the possessor or user shall not bear liability. If the infringed party is grossly negligent in the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the possessor or user may be mitigated. 第一千二百四十条 从事高空、高压、地下挖掘活动或者使用高速轨道运输工具造成他人损害的，经营者应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因受害人故意或者不可抗力造成的，不承担责任。被侵权人对损害的发生有重大过失的，可以减轻经营者的责任。 Article 1240 Where an operator engages in high-altitude, high-pressure or underground excavation activities or uses a high-speed rail vehicle and causes damage to another person, he shall bear tort liability; however, he shall not be liable if it can be proved that the damage was caused intentionally by the victim or by force majeure. If the infringed party is grossly negligent in the occurrence of the damage, the liability of the operator may be mitigated. 第一千二百四十一条 遗失、抛弃高度危险物造成他人损害的，由所有人承担侵权责任。所有人将高度危险物交由他人管理的，由管理人承担侵权责任；所有人有过错的，与管理人承担连带责任。 Article 1241 Where loss or abandonment of a highly dangerous object causes damage to others, the owner shall bear tort liability. If the owner hands over the highly dangerous object to another person for management, the manager shall bear the tort liability; if the owner is at fault, he shall bear joint liability with the manager. 第一千二百四十二条 非法占有高度危险物造成他人损害的，由非法占有人承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人不能证明对防止非法占有尽到高度注意义务的，与非法占有人承担连带责任。 Article 1242 Where the illegal possession of a highly dangerous object causes damage to others, the illegal possessor shall bear tort liability. If the owner or manager fails to prove that he has exercised a high degree of care in preventing illegal possession, he shall bear joint and several liability with the illegal possessor. 第一千二百四十三条 未经许可进入高度危险活动区域或者高度危险物存放区域受到损害，管理人能够证明已经采取足够安全措施并尽到充分警示义务的，可以减轻或者不承担责任。 Article 1243 If unauthorized entry into an area of highly dangerous activities or storage of highly dangerous objects is damaged, and the administrator can prove that adequate safety measures have been taken and that adequate warning obligations have been fulfilled, the liability may be mitigated or waived. 第一千二百四十四条 承担高度危险责任，法律规定赔偿限额的，依照其规定，但是行为人有故意或者重大过失的除外。 Article 1244 Where liability for a high degree of danger is assumed and the law provides for a limit of compensation, such provisions shall be followed, except where the perpetrator was intentional or grossly negligent. 第九章 饲养动物损害责任Chapter IX Liability for Damage Caused by Raising Animals 第一千二百四十五条 饲养的动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意或者重大过失造成的，可以不承担或者减轻责任。 Article 1245 Where an animal raised causes damage to another person, the animal keeper or manager shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that the damage was caused intentionally or through gross negligence by the infringed person, the liability may not be borne or mitigated. 第一千二百四十六条 违反管理规定，未对动物采取安全措施造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明损害是因被侵权人故意造成的，可以减轻责任。 Article 1246 Where, in violation of administrative regulations, safety measures are not taken for animals and damage is caused to others, the breeder or manager of the animal shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that the damage was intentionally caused by the infringed party, the liability may be mitigated. 第一千二百四十七条 禁止饲养的烈性犬等危险动物造成他人损害的，动物饲养人或者管理人应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1247 If dangerous animals such as fierce dogs, which are prohibited from being raised, cause damage to others, the animal keepers or managers shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百四十八条 动物园的动物造成他人损害的，动物园应当承担侵权责任；但是，能够证明尽到管理职责的，不承担侵权责任。 Article 1248 Where any animal in a zoo causes damage to another person, the zoo shall bear tort liability; however, if it can be proved that it has fulfilled its management duties, it shall not bear tort liability. 第一千二百四十九条 遗弃、逃逸的动物在遗弃、逃逸期间造成他人损害的，由动物原饲养人或者管理人承担侵权责任。 Article 1249 If an abandoned or escaped animal causes damage to others during the period of abandonment or escape, the original keeper or manager of the animal shall bear the liability for infringement. 第一千二百五十条 因第三人的过错致使动物造成他人损害的，被侵权人可以向动物饲养人或者管理人请求赔偿，也可以向第三人请求赔偿。动物饲养人或者管理人赔偿后，有权向第三人追偿。 Article 1250 Where an animal causes damage to another person due to the fault of a third party, the infringed party may claim compensation from the animal breeder or manager, or from the third party. After compensation has been paid, the animal breeder or manager shall have the right to recover compensation from a third party. 第一千二百五十一条 饲养动物应当遵守法律法规，尊重社会公德，不得妨碍他人生活。 Article 1251 In raising animals, one shall abide by laws and regulations, respect social ethics and shall not interfere with the livelihood of others. 第十章 建筑物和物件损害责任Chapter X Liability for Damage to Buildings and Objects 第一千二百五十二条 建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌、塌陷造成他人损害的，由建设单位与施工单位承担连带责任，但是建设单位与施工单位能够证明不存在质量缺陷的除外。建设单位、施工单位赔偿后，有其他责任人的，有权向其他责任人追偿。 Article 1252 Where the collapse or cave-in of a building, structure or other facility causes damage to others, the construction unit and the construction unit shall bear joint and several liability, except where the construction unit and the construction unit can prove that there are no quality defects. After the construction unit or construction unit has made compensation, if there are other responsible persons, it shall have the right to recover compensation from the other responsible persons. 因所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人的原因，建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施倒塌、塌陷造成他人损害的，由所有人、管理人、使用人或者第三人承担侵权责任。 If the collapse or cave-in of a building, structure or other facility causes damage to others due to the owner, manager, user or third party, the owner, manager, user or third party shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百五十三条 建筑物、构筑物或者其他设施及其搁置物、悬挂物发生脱落、坠落造成他人损害，所有人、管理人或者使用人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。所有人、管理人或者使用人赔偿后，有其他责任人的，有权向其他责任人追偿。 Article 1253 Where a building, structure or other facility or its shelved or suspended objects fall off or fall and cause damage to others, the owner, manager or user shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that he is not at fault. After the owner, manager or user has made compensation, if there are other persons liable, he shall have the right to recover compensation from the other persons liable. 第一千二百五十四条 禁止从建筑物中抛掷物品。从建筑物中抛掷物品或者从建筑物上坠落的物品造成他人损害的，由侵权人依法承担侵权责任；经调查难以确定具体侵权人的，除能够证明自己不是侵权人的外，由可能加害的建筑物使用人给予补偿。可能加害的建筑物使用人补偿后，有权向侵权人追偿。 Article 1254 Throwing articles from buildings is prohibited. If an article thrown from a building or falling from a building causes damage to another person, the infringer shall bear the tort liability according to law; if it is difficult to identify the specific infringer after investigation, the user of the building who may cause harm shall compensate, except for those who can prove that they are not the infringer. After compensation, the user of the building who may cause harm has the right to recover from the infringer. 物业服务企业等建筑物管理人应当采取必要的安全保障措施防止前款规定情形的发生；未采取必要的安全保障措施的，应当依法承担未履行安全保障义务的侵权责任。 Property service enterprises and other building managers shall take necessary safety measures to prevent the occurrence of the circumstances specified in the preceding paragraph; those who fail to take necessary safety measures shall bear tort liability for failing to perform safety obligations according to law. 发生本条第一款规定的情形的，公安等机关应当依法及时调查，查清责任人。In the event of the occurrence of the circumstances specified in paragraph 1 of this article, the public security organs shall promptly investigate and identify the responsible persons according to law. 第一千二百五十五条 堆放物倒塌、滚落或者滑落造成他人损害，堆放人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1255 Where a stacked object collapses, rolls or slides down and causes damage to another person, and the stacker cannot prove that he is not at fault, he shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百五十六条 在公共道路上堆放、倾倒、遗撒妨碍通行的物品造成他人损害的，由行为人承担侵权责任。公共道路管理人不能证明已经尽到清理、防护、警示等义务的，应当承担相应的责任。 Article 1256 Where any article obstructing passage is piled up, dumped or scattered on a public road, causing damage to others, the perpetrator shall bear tort liability. If the public road manager fails to prove that he has fulfilled his obligations of cleaning up, protection and warning, he shall bear corresponding responsibilities. 第一千二百五十七条 因林木折断、倾倒或者果实坠落等造成他人损害，林木的所有人或者管理人不能证明自己没有过错的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1257 If damage is caused to others by the breaking, toppling or falling of fruits of a tree, and the owner or manager of the tree cannot prove that he is not at fault, he shall bear tort liability. 第一千二百五十八条 在公共场所或者道路上挖掘、修缮安装地下设施等造成他人损害，施工人不能证明已经设置明显标志和采取安全措施的，应当承担侵权责任。 Article 1258 Where excavation, repair or installation of underground facilities in a public place or on a road causes damage to others, the constructor shall bear tort liability if he cannot prove that obvious signs have been erected and safety measures have been taken. 窨井等地下设施造成他人损害，管理人不能证明尽到管理职责的，应当承担侵权责任。 If inspection wells and other underground facilities cause damage to others, and the manager cannot prove that he has fulfilled his management duties, he shall bear tort liability. 附则 supplementary articles 第一千二百五十九条 民法所称的“以上”、“以下”、“以内”、“届满”，包括本数；所称的“不满”、“超过”、“以外”，不包括本数。 Article 1259 In the Civil Law, the terms "above,""below,""within," and "expiration" include the proper figure; the terms "less than,""more than," and "beyond" do not include the proper figure. 第一千二百六十条 本法自2021年1月1日起施行。《中华人民共和国婚姻法》、《中华人民共和国继承法》、《中华人民共和国民法通则》、《中华人民共和国收养法》、《中华人民共和国担保法》、《中华人民共和国合同法》、《中华人民共和国物权法》、《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》、《中华人民共和国民法总则》同时废止。 Article 1260 This Law shall enter into force as of January 1, 2021. Marriage Law of the People's Republic of China, Succession Law of the People's Republic of China, General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China, Adoption Law of the People's Republic of China, Guarantee Law of the People's Republic of China, Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, Property Law of the People's Republic of China, Tort Liability Law of the People's Republic of China, The General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's Republic of China shall be repealed at the same time. [1] 司法解释 judicial interpretation 播报broadcast 发布日期release date 司法解释judicial interpretation 施行日期date of implementation 2020年12月30日December 30, 2020 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民法典》物权编的解释（一） Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the Property Code of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (I) 2021年1月1日 [23] 1 January 2021[23] 2020年12月30日December 30, 2020 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民法典》继承编的解释（一） Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of Succession Part of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (I) 2021年1月1日 [24] 1 January 2021[24] 2020年12月30日December 30, 2020 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民法典》婚姻家庭编的解释（一） Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court on the Application of the Marriage and Family Section of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China (I) 2021年1月1日 [25] 1 January 2021[25] 2020年12月30日December 30, 2020 最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国民法典》时间效力的若干规定 Several Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on the Time Validity of Applying the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China 2021年1月1日 [26] 1 January 2021[26] 首案判决 First case judgment 播报broadcast 2021年1月4日，民法典施行后的首个工作日，广东省广州市越秀区法院判决民法典首例高空抛物损害责任纠纷，一儿童高空抛下矿泉水瓶，致使一名老人受到惊吓摔倒受伤，家长被判赔9万余元，引发社会广泛关注。民法典从纸面走进现实，对社会行为的指引效果也将逐步显现。 On January 4,2021, on the first working day after the implementation of the Civil Code, the court of Yuexiu District of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou City, ruled that the Civil Code was the first dispute over liability for high-altitude parabolic damage. A child dropped a mineral water bottle from high altitude, causing an old man to be frightened and injured. His parents were awarded compensation of more than 90,000 yuan, causing widespread concern in the society. Civil Code from paper into reality, the guiding effect on social behavior will also gradually appear. [27] 词条图册entry album更多图册More albums 参考资料reference data 1 （两会受权发布）中华人民共和国民法典Civil Code of the People's Republic of China ．.新华网xinhuanet[引用日期[Date of reference2020-06-1] 2 中国民法典诞生！China Civil Code was born! ．.中国人大网China People's Congress Network[引用日期[Date of reference2020-05-31] 3 新华社评论员：法治建设的里程碑Commentator of Xinhua Agency: Milestone of Rule of Law Construction ．.中国人大网China People's Congress Network[引用日期[Date of reference2020-05-31] 4 人民日报有的放矢：切实推动民法典实施--观点--人民网People's Daily Targeted: Effectively Promoting the Implementation of the Civil Code_Viewpoint_People's Daily Online ．.人民网people.com.cn[引用日期[Date of reference2021-01-23] 5 十三届全国人大三次会议表决通过《中华人民共和国民法典》 ．央视网 [引用日期2020-05-28] 6 十三届全国人大三次会议表决通过了《中华人民共和国民法典》 ．新华网 [引用日期2020-05-28] 7 关于《中华人民共和国民法典（草案）》的说明 ．中国人大网．2020-5-22 [引用日期2020-05-25] 8 第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议议程 ．中国人大网．2020-5-21 [引用日期2020-05-25] 9 傅莹：民法典编纂分两步，预计6月提请审议民法总则 ．澎湃新闻．2016-03-04 [引用日期2016-03-4] 10 新中国民法典编纂历史沿革 ．全国人民代表大会 [引用日期2018-09-1] 展开全部 学术论文 内容来自 王利明. 民商合一体例下我国民法典总则的制定．《法商研究》，2015崔建远. 论法律行为或其条款附条件．《法商研究》，2015梅夏英 王峰. 我国环境公益诉讼请求权兜底条款分析——以《民法总则(草案)》为视角．《vip》，2016王利明. 民法典编纂与中国民法学体系的发展．《中国社会科学文摘》，2019侯国跃，陈圣利. 《民法总则》的“正确打开方式”．《vip》，2018 查看全部 中华人民共和国民法典Civil Code of the People's Republic of China的概述图a schematic overview of（1张）(1 photo) 中国人民大学 Renmin University of China 法学院law school 本词条认证专家为 This entry certifies experts as 杨立新 yang Lixin 教授professor 中国人民大学法学院Law School, Renmin University of China 权威合作编辑Authoritative co-editor 权威编辑 中国人民大学法学院Law School, Renmin University of China 中国人民大学是一所以人文社会科学为主的综合...Renmin University of China is a comprehensive university focusing on humanities and social sciences. 什么是权威编辑What is an authoritative editor? 词条统计entry statistics 浏览次数：Number of visits:18730026次18730026 times 编辑次数：Number of edits:51次next历史版本the version of history 最近更新：Last update: 探花开的时间Time to explore flowers （2023-08-04） 突出贡献榜Outstanding Contribution List 小浪花朵朵开Little waves bloom a7857491812 hbtmpengjin 元元清清2009Yuan Yuanqing 2009 1立法经过legislative history 2法律全文Full text of the law 目录catalogue 第一编 总则Part 1 General provisions 第二编 物权Part II Property Rights 第三编 合同Part III Contracts 第四编 人格权Title IV Personal Rights 第五编 婚姻家庭Part V Marriage and Family 第六编 继承Part VI Succession 第七编 侵权责任Part VII Liability for Tort 附则supplementary articles 3司法解释judicial interpretation 4首案判决First case judgment 新手上路 成长任务 编辑入门 编辑规则 本人编辑new 我有疑问 内容质疑 在线客服 官方贴吧 意见反馈 投诉建议 举报不良信息 未通过词条申诉 投诉侵权信息 封禁查询与解封 ©2024 Baidu 使用百度前必读 | 百科协议 | 隐私政策 | 百度百科合作平台 | 京ICP证030173号 京公网安备11000002000001号